Women in Asia
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Culture
Traditional roles
Due to the
Traditional social norms and lagging economic development in Azerbaijan's rural regions continue to restrict women's roles in society and the economy, and there were reports that women had difficulty exercising their legal rights due to gender discrimination.[3]
Women in Cambodia, sometimes referred to as Khmer women, are supposed to be modest, soft-spoken, "light" walkers, well-mannered,[4] industrious,[5] belong to the household, act as the family's caregivers and caretakers[4] and financial comptrollers,[5] perform as the "preserver of the home", maintain their virginity until marriage, become faithful wives,[4] and act as advisors and servants to their husbands.[5] The "light" walking and refinement of Cambodian women is further described as being "quiet in [...] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their silk skirt rustling".[5]
Throughout the history of Persia, Persian women (presently known as women in Iran), like Persian men, used make-up, wore jewellery and coloured their body parts. Moreover, their garments were both elaborate and colorful. Rather than being marked by gender, clothing styles were distinguished by class and status.
Women in Kyrgyzstan traditionally had assigned roles, although only the religious elite sequestered women as was done in other Muslim societies.[10]
Historically, women in Burma (Myanmar) have had a unique
Palestinian women were not expected to secure income for the family, but women were expected to adapt to the customary roles of women in Palestinian society wherein females were traditionally molded as inferior to men.[12]
The role of women in Turkmenistan has never conformed to Western stereotypes about Muslim women.[13] Although a division of labor exists and women usually are not visible actors in political affairs outside the home, Turkmen women have never worn a veil similar to that of the women of some of its neighboring countries.[13] As Turkmenistan is a tribal nation, customs regarding women can vary within the country: for example, women in the eastern part of the country are permitted to drink some alcohol whereas women who live in the central portion of the country, particularly those of the Tekke tribe, are not permitted to imbibe alcohol. Most women possess a host of highly specialized skills and crafts, especially those connected with the household and its maintenance.[13]
Promoting gender equality
Women in
Available data on health, nutrition, education, and economic performance indicated that in the 2014 women participation in the workforce was 57%.[16] Bangladesh has a Gender Development Index of .917.[17]
As financial controllers, the women of Cambodia can be identified as having real household authority at the familial level.[18] In recent years, women have become more active in the traditionally male-dominated spheres of work and politics in Cambodia.
October 1, 1949 marks the formal establishment of the People's Republic of China.
Although equality among men and women has been a long-term goal of the People's Republic of China, the dramatic reformations that followed the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) have inconsistently affected women's empowerment and status in China.[20] Studies shows that Chinese women experienced rapid progress in terms of gender equality during the Cultural Revolution.[20] When the People's Republic of China was established, employed women accounted for only 7 percent of the workforce; whereas in 1992 women's participation in the workforce had increased to account for 38 percent.[21]
Women's representation in higher educational institutions has also increased since the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia.[25] From equal status with men in ancient times[26] through the low points of the medieval period,[27] to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful.
The roles of
The
The women's rights movement in Iran continues to attempt influencing reforms, particularly with the One Million Signatures Campaign to End Discrimination Against Women.[35]
Women in the country went through a difficult period in the 1990s, when Kazakhstan's economy, being in a period of transition, experienced a strong decline and destabilization: by 1995 real GDP dropped to 61,4% of its 1990 level, resulting also in a
Women in Kuwait are considered to be among the most emancipated women in the Gulf region.[39][40] Women in Kuwait can travel, drive, and work without their fathers' or husbands' consent and they even hold senior government positions.[39] Women in Kuwait are able to work freely and can achieve positions of power and influence.[41]
Women in Kuwait gained the
Because of the demands of the
Laotian women have long been active participants in
Due to the large number of officially recognized religions in Lebanon, Lebanese family matters are governed by at least 15 [46] personal statute codes. Lebanese women have legal protection that varies depending on their religion.[47] Marriageable age can be as young as 12.5, polygamy is allowed if the male of the family is Muslim, parental authority belongs to the patriarch of the house and legal guardian of all children, and female children receive less inheritance than a male child would.[46] Children born to a Lebanese woman and a man from another country will not have their children granted Lebanese nationality.[48]
Women in Malaysia receives support from the
Women now pursue careers and professional training in Oman, slowly moving from their previous household confinement to the public sphere.[50] In Oman, 17 October is celebrated every year as the Omani Women's Day with various pro-female events.[51]
The Pakistani women of today enjoy a better status than most Muslim women. However, on an average, the women's situation vis-à-vis men is one of systemic
Although they generally define themselves in the milieu of a masculine dominated post-colonial Asian Catholic society,
All women, regardless of age, are required to have a male guardian in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world that prohibits women from driving. The World Economic Forum 2009 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 130th out of 134 countries for gender parity. It was the only country to score a zero in the category of political empowerment. The report also noted that Saudi Arabia is one of the few Middle Eastern countries to improve from 2008, with small gains in economic opportunity.[62]
21% of Saudi women are in the workforce and make up 16.5% of the overall workforce.[63][64]
There is evidence that some women in Saudi Arabia do not want change. Even many advocates of reform reject Western critics, for "failing to understand the uniqueness of Saudi society."[65][66][67] Journalist Maha Akeel is a frequent critic of her country's patriarchal customs. Nonetheless, she agrees that Westerners criticize what they do not understand. She has said: "Look, we are not asking for ... women's rights according to Western values or lifestyles ... We want things according to what Islam says. Look at our history, our role models."[68]
Women in Singapore, particularly those who have joined
Syria Comment described that Syrian women have been able to acquire several
The role of women in the
Women in Yemen have historically had much less power in society than men. Although the government of Yemen has made efforts that will improve the rights of women in Yemen (including the formation of a Women's Development Strategy and a Women Health Development Strategy),[73] many cultural and religious norms, along with poor enforcement of this legislation from the Yemeni government, have prevented Yemeni women from having equal rights to men.
Today, Yemeni women do not hold many economic, social or cultural rights. Even more striking is the reality that while suffrage was gained in 1967 and constitutional and legal protection was extended to women during the first years of Yemen unity between 1990 and 1994, they continue to struggle “in exercising their full political and civil rights”.[74] History shows that women have played major roles in Yemeni society. Some women of pre-Islamic and early Islamic Yemen held elite status in society. The Queen of Sheba, for example, “is a source of pride for the Yemeni nation”.[74] In addition, Queen Arwa has been noted for her attention to infrastructure, which added to a documented time of prosperity under her rule.[74] Modern day women of Yemen, however, are subject to a society that reflects largely agrarian, tribal, and patriarchal traditions. This, combined with illiteracy and economic issues has led women to continuously be deprived of their rights as citizens of Yemen.
The roles of women in Thailand's national development has not yet been fully established. Factors that affect women's participation in the socio-economic field include "inadequate gender awareness in the policy and planning process" and social stereotyping.[75]
During the Soviet period, women in Turkmenistan assumed responsibility for the observance of some Muslim rites to protect their husbands' careers.[13] Many women entered the work force out of economic necessity, a factor that disrupted some traditional family practices and increased the incidence of divorce.[13] At the same time, educated urban women entered professional services and careers.[13] The social and legal situation of women in Uzbekistan has been influenced by local traditions, religion, the Soviet rule, and changing social norms since independence.[76]
Women in Vietnam played a significant role in defending
Women in government
As of 2007, several women in Azerbaijan held senior government positions, including deputy speaker of parliament, several deputy ministers, and deputy chair of the Central Election Commission.
Bangladesh as of 2015 has a female
Women cannot vote or be elected to high political positions in Saudi Arabia.
Women in Taiwan have especially achieved prominent roles in politics.
Women in Thailand were among the first women in
Violence and sexual harassment against women
Violence against women in Afghanistan is high, although the situation is improving slowly as the country progresses with the help of the international community.[92]
Bride kidnapping occurs in Azerbaijan.[93] In the Azeri kidnap custom, a young woman is taken to the home of the abductor's parents through either deceit or force. Regardless of whether rape occurs or not, the woman is generally regarded as impure by her relatives, and is therefore forced to marry her abductor.[94]
Women in India continue to face atrocities such as rape, acid throwing, dowry killings while young girls are forced into prostitution; as of late rape has seen a sharp increase following several high-profile cases of young girls brutally raped in public areas.[95][96][97] According to a global poll conducted by Thomson Reuters, India is the "fourth most dangerous country" in the world for women,[98][99] and the worst country for women among the G20 countries.[100]
Societal discrimination and domestic violence against women has been identified as a significant problem, particularly in the Israeli Bedouin society.[101]
In the 21st century, the issue of violence against women in Kazakhstan has come to public attention, resulting in the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence of 2009.[102] However, as in other parts of Central Asia, bride kidnapping remains a problem.[103][104]
Local and regional NGOs have helped to increase awareness of violence against women in Lebanon.[105][106] Government policies regarding this are poor however, and attempts to improve this area have been met with resistance.[107] Lebanon's laws do not recognize the concept of spousal rape,[46] and attempt to add this to law have been attacked by Lebanese clerics.[108]
Pakistani women face atrocities like rape, acid throwing, honour killings, forced marriages, forced prostitution and the buying and selling of women.[109] The past few years have been witness to a steep increase in such crimes.[109]
Forced sterilization
Although Uzbek law provides some safeguards for the security of women in the country, women continue to face numerous problems, especially violence. There are reports that
Sex-selective abortion and female infanticide
Armenia is one of the countries in Asia which faces the issue of sex-selective abortion.[114][115][116][117][118] Reports of female infanticide following the execution of the One-child policy indicated the persistence of women's low status in China.[20]
Notable women in Asia
Notable women from Asia include
Kyrgyz oral literature includes the story of
See also
- South East Asia Court of Women on HIV and Human Trafficking
- Missing women of Asia
- Asian Women (journal)
- Women in Buddhism
- Women in Hinduism
- Women in Islam
- Women in Sikhism
Central Asia
- Women in Kazakhstan
- Women in Kyrgyzstan
- Women in Tajikistan
- Women in Turkmenistan
- Women in Uzbekistan
East Asia
- Women in the People's Republic of China
- Women in Hong Kong
- Women in Japan
- Women in Macau
- Women in Mongolia
- Women in North Korea
- Women in South Korea
- Women in Taiwan
- Women in Tibet
South Asia
- Women in Afghanistan
- Women in Bangladesh
- Women in the British Indian Ocean Territory
- Women in Bhutan
- Women in India
- Gender inequality in India
- Gender pay gap in India
- Women in agriculture in India
- Women in Maldives
- Women in Nepal
- Women in Pakistan
- Women in Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
- Women in Brunei
- Women in Cambodia
- Women in East Timor
- Women in Indonesia
- Women in Laos
- Women in Malaysia
- Women in Myanmar
- Women in the Philippines
- Women in Singapore
- Women in Thailand
- Women in Vietnam
Western Asia
- Women in Armenia
- Women in Azerbaijan
- Women in Bahrain
- Women in Georgia
- Women in Iran
- Women in Iraq
- Women in Israel
- Women in Jordan
- Women in Kuwait
- Women in Lebanon
- Women in Oman
- Women in the Palestinian territories
- Women in Qatar
- Women in Saudi Arabia
- Women in Syria
- Women in the United Arab Emirates
- Women in Yemen
- Kurdish women
- Women in Turkey
- Negev Bedouin women
- Arab women
- Sahrawi women
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Ramusack, Barbara N. and Sharon L. Sievers. Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History
External links
- Asian women, Amazing Women in History.com