Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Bids for the
2016 (2016) Summer Olympics and Paralympics
Overview
Games of the XXXI Olympiad
XV Paralympic Games
Winner: Rio de Janeiro
Runner-up: Madrid
Shortlist: Tokyo · Chicago
Details
CommitteeIOC
Election venueCopenhagen
121st IOC Session
Map
Location of the bidding cities

Location of the bidding cities
Important dates
First BidSeptember 13, 2007
Second bidJanuary 14, 2008
ShortlistJune 4, 2008
DecisionOctober 2, 2009
Decision
WinnerRio de Janeiro (66 votes)
Runner-upMadrid (32 votes)
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2016 Summer Olympics
)
  • World and Olympic records
  • Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
  • Paralympics (medal table)
    		•
    Paralympic agitos
    Part of a series on
    2016 Summer Paralympics

    Seven cities submitted bids for 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics on September 13, 2007, aiming to host the Games of the XXXI Olympiad.[1] All of them were recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on September 14, 2007, becoming Applicant cities.[2] Although several cities submitted to be in consideration to host the 2016 Olympics, including New York City and Los Angeles, on June 4, 2008, the IOC Executive Board shortlisted the four strongest bids to become Candidate cities. Those cities were Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo; the decisions were made during a meeting in Athens, Greece.[3][4] The remaining Applicant cities—Baku, Doha and Prague—were eliminated.[5]

    The four Candidate cities were selected according to a detailed study of the Applicant Files received by the IOC Working Group on January 14, 2008.[6] The four cities submitted the Candidature Files to the IOC on February 11, 2009.[7] They were analyzed by the IOC Evaluation Commission, which made site inspections in Chicago (April 4–7, 2009), Tokyo (April 16–19, 2009), Rio de Janeiro (April 27–May 2, 2009) and Madrid (May 5–8, 2009).[8] Under the leadership of Nawal El Moutawakel, the Evaluation Commission released its report on September 2, 2009; one month prior to the election.[9][10]

    With the presence of the heads of state from all four Candidate cities, the

    Bella Center; followed by Tokyo, Rio de Janeiro and Madrid; which were attended by several celebrities such as the King of Spain, Oprah Winfrey and Pelé.[12][13] Before the vote, the IOC Evaluation Commission presented its report to the Session.[12] Chicago fell in the first round, followed by Tokyo, after the eligible IOC members have been asked to vote, in a three-round exhaustive ballot process.[14][15]

    Rio de Janeiro defeated Madrid in the final round by 66 votes over 32, winning the rights to host the

    Summer Olympics.[18] The announcement was made by Jacques Rogge, president of the IOC, in a widely broadcast ceremony.[19] The lengthy and intensive bidding process, considered to be one of the tightest in history, was marked by several controversies such as espionage, racism and opposition movements.[20]

    Out of the six cities that failed to be awarded the 2016 Olympics, four of them bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku, Doha, Madrid and Tokyo were official Applicant Cities, with Madrid and Tokyo advancing to become Candidate Cities and with Tokyo eventually being selected.

    Bidding process

    The Olympic bidding process begins with the submission of a city's application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by its National Olympic Committee (NOC) and ends with the election of the host city by the members of the IOC during an ordinary session. The process is governed by the Olympic Charter, as stated in Chapter 5, Rule 34.[21]

    Since 1999, the process has consisted of two phases. During the first phase, which begins immediately after the bid submission deadline, the "applicant cities" are required to answer a questionnaire covering themes of importance to a successful Games organization. This information allows the IOC to analyze the cities' hosting capacities and the strengths and weaknesses of their plans. Following a detailed study of the submitted questionnaires and ensuing reports, the IOC Executive Board selects the cities that are qualified to proceed to the next phase. The second phase is the true candidature stage: the accepted applicant cities (from now on referred to as "candidate cities") are required to submit a second questionnaire in the form of an extended, more detailed, candidature file.

    international sport federations, NOCs, athletes, the International Paralympic Committee, and international experts in various fields.[23] The members of the Evaluation Commission then make four-day inspection visits to each of the candidate cities, where they check the proposed venues and are briefed about details of the themes covered in the candidature file. The Evaluation Commission communicates the results of its inspections in a report sent to the IOC members up to one month before the electing IOC Session.[22]

    The IOC Session in which a host city is elected takes place in a country that did not submit an application to stage the Olympics.

    absolute majority of votes; if this does not happen in the first round, the bid with the fewest votes is eliminated and another voting round begins. In the case of a tie for the lowest number of votes, a special runoff vote is carried out, with the winner proceeding to the next round. After each round, the eliminated bid is announced.[24][25] Following the announcement of the host city, the successful bid delegation signs the "Host City Contract" with the IOC, which delegates the responsibilities of the Games organisation to the city and respective NOC.[26]

    Evaluation

    Application phase

    A young girl adds her signature in support of Rio de Janeiro's candidacy to host the 2016 Summer Olympics (January 2009)

    The deadline to submit applications for the 2016 Summer Olympics was September 13, 2007. The seven cities that submitted bids before that date also met the January 14, 2008 deadline for submission of the first phase questionnaire.

    Olympic rings on their candidature emblem, together with a label identifying each as a Candidate City. The International Olympic Committee went against precedent when it selected Rio de Janeiro over Doha—a city which scored higher yet was eliminated from the field. Doha's weaknesses of a small population, lack of facilities, and Games dates outside of the IOC's desired window may have been too large an obstacle for the IOC to accept.[30]
    Typically, the IOC selects all the top scoring bids which reach the established minimum benchmark.

    The Working Group divided the Evaluation Report on eleven detailed themes and weightings: Government support, legal issues and public opinion (2);[31] General infrastructure (5);[32] Sports venues (4);[33] Olympic Village(s) (3);[34] Environmental conditions and impact (2);[35] Accommodation (5);[36] Transport concept (3);[37] Safety and security (3);[38] Experience from past sports events (2);[39] Finance (3);[40] and, Overall project and legacy (3).[41] Weightings, varying between 1 and 5 (5 being the highest), were attributed by the Working Group to each criterion, reflecting the level of information requested of the Applicant Cities at this stage of the bid process, and the potential of achieving the level required for the organisation of the Olympic Games in the seven years' preparation time.[28] The Working Group set the benchmark at 6 as minimum required grade (on a scale of 0 to 10). This grade was attributed by the Working Group to the main and sub-criteria for each Applicant City, reflecting the assessment of the Working Group (quality, number, location, concept, etc.).[28]

    Table of scores given by the IOC Working Group to assess the quality and feasibility of the 2016 Applicant cities[42]
    Criteria Weight
     AZE  USA  QAT  ESP  CZE  BRA  JPN
    Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
    Accommodation 5 2.6 4.8 9.4 9.8 5.5 7.7 7.8 8.8 5.1 5.8 5.5 6.4 9.6 10.0
    Environmental conditions and impact 2 4.2 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.4 8.2 7.4 8.8 5.4 7.4 5.6 7.6 7.6 8.8
    Experience from past sports events 2 3.8 6.4 5.4 8.0 6.0 7.6 7.2 8.2 4.4 6.4 6.6 7.9 6.0 8.0
    Finance 3 4.8 6.4 6.5 8.0 6.7 8.6 6.5 8.5 4.8 6.7 6.0 7.7 7.0 8.5
    General infrastructure 5 3.8 5.6 5.5 7.4 5.5 7.5 7.9 8.9 4.2 6.0 5.3 7.2 7.6 8.9
    Government support, legal issues and public opinion 3 5.7 7.4 6.2 7.9 7.0 8.7 7.5 9.0 4.3 6.7 7.3 8.8 7.0 8.5
    Olympic Village(s) 3 6.8 8.1 7.0 8.6 6.9 8.6 7.4 8.7 4.9 7.2 6.0 7.7 7.5 8.9
    Overall project and legacy 3 3.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 4.0 5.0 5.5 8.0 7.0 9.0
    Safety and security 3 4.4 5.8 7.1 8.2 5.5 7.1 7.1 7.9 4.4 6.1 4.6 7.0 7.9 9.0
    Sports venues 4 3.2 5.6 5.8 7.2 6.8 8.2 7.9 8.8 5.0 6.3 5.8 7.4 6.9 8.7
    Transport concept 3 6.0 8.5 5.3 7.8 6.5 8.3 8.0 9.0 4.8 7.0 5.5 7.5 7.5 8.5
    Total average 4.3 7.0 6.9 8.1 5.3 6.4 8.3

    Candidature phase

    Alexander Popov
    from Russia, IOC Member and ASOIF Representative Els van Breda Vriesman from The Netherlands and IPC Representative Gregory Hartung from Australia.

    The Commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. visiting Chicago April 2 to 8, Tokyo April 14 to 20, Rio de Janeiro April 27 to May 3, and Madrid May 4 to 9. In a change from previous years, the commission's visits were extended from four days to seven.[43] They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members one month before the elections in October 2009.[44]

    Election

    At the

    UTC
    (6:49 pm in Copenhagen and 1:49 pm in Rio de Janeiro). The results were as shown:

    2016 host city election ballots results

    City NOC Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Ineligible members
    Rio de Janeiro Brazil Brazil (COB) 26 46 66 Members from countries with candidate cities (7) Other IOC members (4)
    Madrid Spain Spain (COE) 28 29 32
    Tokyo Japan Japan (JOC) 22 20 —
    Chicago
    United States
    (USOC)     		18 — —
     
    Venue Vote details
    Bella Center
    121st IOC Session
    October 2, 2009
    Denmark Copenhagen
    		 Eligible members 95 97 99
    Participants 94 96 98
    Abstentions 0 1 0
    Valid ballots 94 95 98

    Bidding cities

    Candidate cities

    City Country National Olympic Committee Result
    Rio de Janeiro  Brazil Brazilian Olympic Committee (COB) Winner
    Main article: Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    Sugarloaf Mountain (Portuguese: Pão de Açucar), a prominent landmark of the city, as their symbol.[57] This landscape results in a heart shape that, in its turn, represents the Brazilian's unquestionable passion and enthusiasm for sports.[57]

    Madrid  Spain Spanish Olympic Committee (COE) First runner-up
    Main article: Madrid bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    The same day London was chosen for organizing the

    Manzanares River.[60] The bid was also popular with the Madrileños, boasting 85% support and 60% believing they could win the bid.[61] One potential problem was that no continent has hosted successive Summer Games since the special circunstances who led Helsinki to host the 1952 Summer Olympics followed London as 1948 Summer Olympics host city. London was scheduled to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, and Athens, Greece fielded the 2004 Summer Olympics. Furthermore, the 2014 Winter Olympics are also slated for Europe in the Russian city of Sochi, and the 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin, Italy
    . Bid head Coghen pointed out, however, that the IOC chooses "cities, not continents". It was Madrid's second consecutive failure, after losing out to London for the 2012 Olympics, and later in 2020, marking the city's third failure. The bid logo is a coloured hand print called "Corle" welcoming citizens to Madrid. An "m" is hidden in the palm standing for Madrid. It was selected via a public contest.

    Tokyo  Japan Japanese Olympic Committee (JOC) Second runner-up
    Main article: Tokyo bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    The

    Nagano. Tokyo touted "the most compact and efficient Olympic Games ever" with a dramatic setting on the shores of Tokyo Bay. Similar to other past winning cities, Tokyo pledged to refurbish a run-down industrial area, and to reclaim land from the bay. Despite massive campaigning in trains, parks and street, Tokyo's public support trailed behind the other lead cities. It fell to 56% in May 2009,[63] from 62% in December 2007[64] and 72% in March 2008,.[65] While Tokyo continued its attempts to popularize the bid in high-profile venues[66] and events, such as the Tokyo Marathon,[67] the Beijing Games were held nearby in 2008.[59] Specifically, the voting only one year after Beijing perhaps interfered with Tokyo's bid.[68] Tokyo's logo was a musubi, a traditional knot which signifies times of blessing, in this case using the Olympic colors. Tokyo was the second city eliminated, leaving Rio de Janeiro in the run-off against Madrid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was later chosen as host of the 2020 Summer Olympics
    in 2013.

    Chicago  United States
    United States Olympic Committee
    (USOC)     		Third runner-up
    Main article: Chicago bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    On April 14, 2007, the

    U.S. President Barack Obama who attended the IOC vote in Copenhagen. However, local public support was smaller than other bidding cities[76] and the city press ran articles against the bid. Chicago was reported by the media to be the strongest contender in terms of infrastructure, support, and money. However Chicago was ranked 3rd by an IOC evaluation report as to the technical aspect of their bid behind Tokyo and Madrid.[77][78][59] Having received the fewest votes in the first round, Chicago was the first city eliminated from contention. This was seen as a major upset against the Chicago bid team.[79] Eight years after Chicago losing the bid, Los Angeles was later won to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.[80]

    Applicant cities

    City Country National Olympic Committee Result
    Baku  Azerbaijan
    National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic
    (AZMOC)     		Not shortlisted
    Main article: Baku bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    Gobustan Rock Plateau, which features the remains of settlements and burials reflecting ancient human culture.[84]

    Doha  Qatar Qatar Olympic Committee (QOC) Not shortlisted
    Main article: Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    Doha submitted its bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics

    Arab World other than Cairo to mount a serious bid, with pundits speculating the IOC may reward it by promoting it to the final shortlist. Although in a troubled area, Qatar is known as an open-minded country which is promoting acceptance and change and promoted a strong message of peace and acceptance for the region. In July and August, the average temperature in Doha can easily reach 45 °C (113 °F), thus they proposed mounting the Games in October. It is not without precedent (e.g. Mexico City and Sydney), but is technically outside the requirements. As Doha and Qatar in general (500,000 and 1,400,000 inhabitants, respectively) is among the smallest cities to bid to host the modern games, the Qataris would have to be innovative in bringing in spectators from neighboring countries to raise ticket sales. A side consideration is that like Azerbaijan, Qatar also has a short Olympic legacy,[59] and has been criticised for its practice of giving "passports of convenience" to foreign athletes to pad their record.[88] Only two new venues were to have been built, a velodrome and a baseball stadium, although a new Athletes' village was to be designed. Khalifa International Stadium currently seats 50,000, under the 60,000 to meet the IOC standards.[89] Also, Qatar has plans to build the world's most advanced Paralympics stadium and the world's first underground stadium for matches during the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar. The Doha logo for the 2016 bid is the al dahma, the flower of the spring. The design uses motifs from traditional henna decorations and Doha is written in Arabic in the design.[90]

    Prague  Czech Republic Czech Olympic Committee (ČOV) Not shortlisted
    Main article: Prague bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    On March 22, 2007,

    Pavel Bem, Prague's bid became a long-shot.[93] Considering the lack of current stadia and other important Olympic sports infrastructure and the 2012 London hosting of the games, Prague was warming up for a later Olympic bid.[59] Prague struggled with broader support in the Czech Republic; even president Václav Klaus publicly worried about budget estimates and white elephants.[94] A public opinion poll in October 2007 mustered a quite low 50% support.[95] Prague's bid logo features a branch from a laurel wreath
    , a traditional symbol of victory and celebration.

    Potential cities overview

    See also: Dubai bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, and San Francisco bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics

    Predicting indices

    Two websites, GamesBids.com and Around the Rings, feature predicting indices which specialize in evaluations of Olympiad bids. They periodically release analysis of the candidates and assigns them a score between 0 and 100, or 0 and 110 respectively. The score produces a number that can be used to rate a bid relative to past successful bids - and possibly gauge its potential future success. GamesBids.com's scale is called BidIndex,[120] AtR's is called the Power Index.[121][122]

    Table of unofficial predicting indices
    Bidding city GamesBids
    BidIndex     		Around the Rings
    PowerIndex
    Baku (bid details) 36.43 ...
    Chicago (bid details) 61.24 83
    Doha (bid details) 53.46 ...
    Madrid (bid details) 57.80 80
    Prague (bid details) 37.17 ...
    Rio de Janeiro (bid details) 61.42 84
    Tokyo (bid details) 59.02 80

    Both indices correctly predicted the winner, Rio de Janeiro, but failed to predict the poor showing of Chicago, which was the first to be eliminated from the final 4, as well as the strong showing of Madrid, who was the last contender against Rio.

    Notes

    1. ^ Released on September 10, 2009. Doha, Prague, and Baku are no longer being rated. Their scores are from May 28, 2008.
    2. ^ as of September 27, 2009

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    96. ^ 2016 Tingalpa Olympics - ABC Brisbane (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
    97. ^ Thailand To Bid For 2016 Summer Olympic Games
    98. ^ (in French) Bruxelles candidate pour les Jeux Olympiques 2016 Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, DH.be, 23 Sep 2003.
    99. ^ (in French) La Flandre veut ses JO, DH.be, 19 Sep 2003
    100. ^ Argentina Wants To Bid For Olympics
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    102. ^ BBC News: Delhi set for 2016 bid
    103. ^ BBC News: Delhi will bid for 2020 Olympics
    104. ^ Dubai To Build Sports City Ahead of 2016 Bid
    105. ^ Sapporo Japan Opts Out Of 2016 Summer Bid
    106. ^ Chicago Chosen to Bid for 2016 Olympic Games
    107. ^ Istanbul Refrains From 5th Consecutive Olympic Bid - Will Bid For 2020 Games Instead
    108. ^ Portugal Considers 2016 Summer Games Bid
    109. ^ Mexico's Olympic Committee Rejects Monterrey's 2016 Olympic Bid
    110. ^ TheGlobeAndMail.com No Toronto bid for 2016 Games, mayor says
    111. ^ Third time lucky for T.O. Games bid?, www.TheStar.com, July 10, 2007
    112. ^ Montreal Contemplates Bid For 2016 Summer Olympic Games - GamesBids.com
    113. ^ Thirty years later, Montreal's Olympic Stadium has finally been paid off - CBC.ca
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    116. ^ Kenya not ready to bid for 2016 Olympics Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
    117. ^ Rome To Become Italy’s 2016 Olympic Bid Candidate, GamesBids.com, 3 Oct 2006, accessed 12 Oct 2006
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    119. ^ SanDiegometro.com The World's First Binational Olympics Proposed For Tijuana And San Diego Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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