Espiritu Santo languages
| Espiritu Santo | |
|---|---|
| Santo | |
| Geographic distribution | Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | espi1234 |
The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu. Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.[1]
Languages
Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon (2010) and François (2015) are provided below.
Tryon (2010)
Tryon (2010) recognizes 33 living languages and 2 extinct languages. They are:[1]
| Language | Speakers | Area | Villages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Valpei (Tavanlav) | 300 | North-West Santo | Wunpuko, Valpei, Petani, Matalip, Pwar, Molpoe, Hakua, Maroa, Pwat, Pwatmwel (Onmwertev), Mwalovuko, Wunapak |
| Nokuku (Vevatot) | 250 | North-West Santo | Olpoe, Nokuku, Lajmoli, Vunon, Penaoru, Petawota |
| 'Oa | 300 | North-West Santo | Tasmate, Sulesal, Vasalea |
| Vunapu | 250? | North-West Santo | Vunapu, Pesena |
| Piamatsina | 250? | North-West Santo | Piamatsina, Piamaeto, Peavot |
| Tolomako (Big Bay) | 900 | North-West Santo | Jureviu, Tuturu, Tavunamalo, Peavot, Vasi, Pialulup, Matantas |
Kula |
350 | West Santo | Wusi, Kerepua, Elia 1 |
| Bura | 300 | West Santo | Linduri, Putonro, Saktui, Maram, Patiare, Mapten, Nukupospos |
| Kene | 300 | West Santo | Vuimele, Navura, Papaisale, Arumalate, Latavoa, Pilipili, Lepurpuri, Potlavaisevu |
| Akei | 4000 | West Santo | Toramaori, Lalaolo, Tovotovo, Kerevinumbu, Tasiriki, Ukoro, Malovira, Tasmalum |
| Daruru | 100? | West Santo | Pelmol |
| Retlatur | 100 | South Santo | Tanovusivusi |
| Ale | 500 | South Santo | Fimele, Wailapa |
Aje |
10 | South Santo | Patunmevu, Nambaka, Wunamoli |
| Ande | 500 | South Santo | Tanmet, Lotunai, Ipayato, Tasmalum, Morouas |
| Araki | 10 | South Santo | Araki Island
|
Movono |
370 | South Santo | Tangoa Island |
Farsav |
400 | South Santo | Nambel, Tanovoli, Narango, Funafosi, Nambauk |
Merei |
400 | Central Santo | Tavuimoli, Nazaraka, Mataipevu, Patuitano, Morokari, Angoru, Tombet, Navele, Vusvogo |
| Kiai | 450 | Central Santo | Wailapa, Fortsenale, Namoru |
Farmores ) |
200? | Central Santo | Tanmet, Lemben, Tsarailan, Namafun, Patmarifu, Sarete, Mavunlif |
| Moiso | 100 | Central Santo | Moriuli |
Soisoru |
200 | Central Santo | Morkriv, Pilnuri, Bengie |
| Tamambo | 4000 | East Santo | Malo |
| Aore | extinct | East Santo | Aore |
Biliru |
3 | East Santo | Tambotalo, Belnatsa, Beleru, Belembut, Lambue |
Farafi |
300? | East Santo | Butmas, Tur, Maniok, Shark Bay, Naturuk |
| Ngen | 250 | East Santo | Vanafo (Tanafo), Mon Exil, Palon, Shark Bay |
Miris ) |
85 | East Santo | Fumbak, Naturuk, Nambauk |
Se |
20 | East Santo | Vanafo, Butmas |
| Atin (Farnanatin) | 120 | East Santo | Nambauk (Patunfarambu), Fumatal |
| Farnanto | 100 | East Santo | Nambauk, Tanmet, Tafua |
| Mavea (Lonavu) | 500 | East Santo | Mavea, Aissi, Tutuba |
| Nethalp | extinct | East Santo | Lorediakarkar |
Nekep |
4000 | East Santo | Hog Harbour, Port Olry, Kole 1 |
François (2015)
The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from Alexandre François (2015:18-21).
| No. | Language | Other names | Speakers | ISO 639-3 | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 | Tolomako | Bigbay |
900 | tlm |
Espiritu Santo |
| 28 | Piamatsina | 250 | ptr |
Espiritu Santo | |
| 29 | Vunapu | 380 | vnp |
Espiritu Santo | |
| 30 | Valpei | 300 | vlp |
Espiritu Santo | |
| 31 | Nokuku | 250 | nkk |
Espiritu Santo | |
| 32 | Meri |
Oa |
300 | tmt |
Espiritu Santo |
| 33 | Wusi | Kula | 350 | wsi |
Espiritu Santo |
| 34 | Bura | 300 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 35 | Merei |
Lametin |
400 | mnl |
Espiritu Santo |
| 36 | Mores | Ko |
200 | mrp |
Espiritu Santo |
| 37 | Ande | Morouas |
500 | Espiritu Santo | |
| 38 | Toksiki | Roria |
200 | rga |
Espiritu Santo |
| 39 | Kiai | Fortsenal |
450 | frt |
Espiritu Santo |
| 40 | Moiso | 100 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 41 | Kene | 300 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 42 | Daruru | 100 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 43 | Akei | Tasiriki |
4000 | tsr |
Espiritu Santo |
| 44 | Retlatur | 100 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 45 | Wailapa | Ale | 500 | wlr |
Espiritu Santo |
| 46 | Farsaf |
Nambel |
400 | nrg |
Espiritu Santo |
| 47 | Varavara |
Aje |
300 | alm |
Espiritu Santo |
| 48 | Narmoris |
220 | plb |
Espiritu Santo | |
| 49 | Biliru |
Tambotalo | 3 | tls |
Espiritu Santo |
| 50 | Atin | 120 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 51 | Ati |
Meris |
85 | Espiritu Santo | |
| 52 | Farnanto | 100 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 53 | Se |
Fanafo | 20 | Espiritu Santo | |
| 54 | Sinia |
Navut | 520 | nsw |
Espiritu Santo |
| 55 | Butmas-Tur |
Farafi |
520 | bnr |
Espiritu Santo |
| 56 | Ngen | Shark Bay |
450 | ssv |
Litaro
|
| 57 | Tholp |
Nethalp | 0 | lnn |
Espiritu Santo |
| 58 | Sakao | Nkep |
4000 | sku |
Espiritu Santo |
| 59 | Mavea | Mafea |
34 | mkv |
Mavea
|
| 60 | Tutuba | 500 | tmi |
Espiritu Santo, Tutuba | |
| 61 | Aore | 0 | aor |
Aore
| |
| 62 | Tamambo | Tamabo |
4000 | mla |
Malo
|
| 63 | Tangoa | Movono |
370 | tgp |
Espiritu Santo, Tangoa |
| 64 | Araki | 8 | akr |
Araki
|
Lynch (2019)
John Lynch (2019)[2] proposes the following classification scheme for the Espiritu Santo languages, with the development of bilabial consonants to linguolabials as the primary marker of the "Nuclear Santo" group:
- Espiritu Santo
- West Santo Group
- Nuclear Santo Group
References
- ^ a b Tryon, Darrell. 2010. The languages of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. In John Bowden and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Malcolm Ross (eds.), A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: papers in honour of Andrew K. Pawley, 283-290. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- . Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ISBN 9781922185235.