Anuta language
11°37′S 169°51′E / 11.61°S 169.85°E
Anuta | |
---|---|
Native to | Anuta Island |
Native speakers | (270 cited 1999)[1] |
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | aud |
Glottolog | anut1237 |
ELP | Anuta |
The Anuta language (or Anutan, locally te taranga paka-Anuta) is a
Anuta is generally regarded as Nuclear Polynesian language, although it bears considerable Tongic influence.[3]
In 1977, Richard Feinberg published a two-volume dictionary and basic grammar of the language.
Phonology
Anuta has an extremely small consonant inventory. This is as a result of several phoneme
- fafine → papine (women, female)
- vasa → vata (open sea, ocean)
- lahi → rai (big) [4]
The allophonic variation is one of the Tikopian influences.[4]
Labial | Alveolar | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m | n
|
ŋ |
Plosive | p | t ~ s
|
k |
Fricative | v ~ w | ||
Liquid | l ~ ɾ
|
Vowels have a short and long form.[2]: 12 The length of a vowel makes a difference in phonetics and meaning in Polynesian languages, and may be written with vowel gemination ⟨aa⟩ or with a macron above ⟨ā⟩.[5]
- matua (husband) vs. maatua (elderly person) vs. maatuaa (parent)
- taŋata (man) vs. taaŋata (men) vs. taŋaata (brother-in-law)
In other times, long vowels are to emphasis.[5]
- maatea (great, extreme) → maaatea
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
The stress in Anutan normally falls on the first syllable.[4]
The ākamana Polynesian syllabary for Anutan appears like this:
a e i o u a ā ē ī ō ū k ka ke ki ko ku m ma me mi mo mu n na ne ni no nu ŋ ŋa ŋe ŋi ŋo ŋu p pa pe pi po pu r ra re ri ro ru t ta te ti to tu v va ve vi vo vu
- ⟨ŋ⟩ may be substituted by either ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨g⟩ for typographical reasons.
Morphology
Anuta shows many morphological similarities with
Grammar
Anuta follows the word order
Anuta distinguishes
2nd person pronouns should always be attached with either the particles ko, e, mo, or te.
When the pronoun is standing alone, usually in a response of a question, it is attached with the particle ko.[2]
- Mea ko ai? ("who is it?")
- Ko au ("it is I")
singular | dual | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | au, kau | maaua, ma | matou, matou |
inclusive | taaua, ta | tatou, tou | ||
2nd person | koe, ke | korua, koru | kotou, kotou | |
3rd person | ia, ei, na | naaua, na | natou, natou |
Similar to personal pronouns,
singular | dual | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular object | plural object | ||||
1st person | exclusive | toku, taku | oku, aku | ma, o maaua | matou, o matou |
inclusive | ta, o taaua | tatou, o tatou | |||
2nd person | tou, tau | ou, au | koru, o korua | kotou, o kotou | |
3rd person | tona, tana, na | ona, ana | na, o naaua | natou, o natou |
Two ways of possessive construction. One, the possessive pronoun is directly attached to the object or two, directly attached to the dual or plural forms.
In singular possessive pronouns, when the object changes from singular to plural the /t/ drops.[2]
- Toku taina ("my brother) → Oku taina ("my brothers")
- Tou topi ("your garden") → Ou topi ("your gardens")
Verbs
Any of the verbs in Anutan can be used as a noun by attaching "te".
- infinitive = ke
- future = ka
- present = e
- past indicative = ne
- perfect = ku
These tense markers may be attached to verbs without personal pronouns.[2] Usually placed between the noun and the verb.
If time is unimportant in the context of the sentence, tense markers will be dropped.
Numerals
Numbers in Anuta are usually with tense markers.[2]
Anutan use decimal counting systems. Tens use the same unit term pua making 'twenty' pua rua, 'thirty' pua toru and so forth. After tens, the number indicated in the tens are marked with maa meaning 'and'. Eleven would be puangapuru maa tai meaning 'ten and one'. The same goes for twenty's, thirty's, etc.[2]
If the object of counting are humans the word toko will be placed in front of the number if it is enumerated.[2]
- Te tangata e tai = One man
- Nga tangata e toko rua = two men
Counting fish would be marked with mata but is limited to ten or more.[2]
- Te ika e matangapuru = Ten fish
- Te ika e mata nima maa iva = Fifty-nine fish
Anuta | English |
---|---|
tai | one |
rua | two |
toru | three |
pa | four |
nima | five |
ono | six |
pitu | seven |
varu | eight |
aud|iva | nine |
puangapuru | ten |
puangapuru maa tai | eleven |
puangapuru maa rua | twelve |
pua rua | twenty |
pua toru | thirty |
(e) pua te rau | hundred |
(e) ape/te ape e tai | one thousand |
(e) mano/te mano e tai |
Resources
A 200-word word list is available at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.[6]
References
- Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier. Two Volumes. HRAFlex Books. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.
Notes
- ^ Anuta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Feinberg, Richard (1977). The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier, Volume 1. Human Relations Area Files. p. 139.
- ^ Feinberg, Richard (1989). "Possible prehistoric contacts between Tonga and Anuta". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 98 (3): 312.
- ^ a b c d e "Anutan language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ OCLC 252596862.
- ^ Biggs, Bruce; Clark, Ross. "Anuta". Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. Simon Greenhill, Robert Blust & Russell Gray. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.