Estrone sulfate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about estrone sulfate as a hormone. For its use as a medication, see Estrone sulfate (medication).

Estrone sulfate
Skeletal formula of estrone sulfate
Space-filling model of the estrone sulfate molecule
Names
IUPAC name
17-Oxoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl hydrogen sulfate
Systematic IUPAC name
(3aS,3bR,9bS,11aS)-11a-Methyl-1-oxo-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,9b,10,11,11a-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl hydrogen sulfate
Other names
E1S; Oestrone sulfate; Estrone 3-sulfate; Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard
 100.006.888 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 207-120-4
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C18H22O5S/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(23-24(20,21)22)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)19/h3,5,10,14-16H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3,(H,20,21,22)/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1
    Key: JKKFKPJIXZFSSB-CBZIJGRNSA-N
  • C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CCC2=O)CCC4=C3C=CC(=C4)OS(=O)(=O)O
Properties
C18H22O5S
Molar mass 350.429 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Estrone sulfate, also known as E1S, E1SO4 and estrone 3-sulfate, is a

endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester and conjugate.[1][2][3]

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estrone sulfate is used as a

menopausal hormone therapy; for information on estrone sulfate as a medication, see the estrone sulfate (medication)
article.

Biological function

E1S itself is biologically inactive, with less than 1% of the

steroid sulfatase inhibitor, indicating the importance of transformation of estrone sulfate into estrone in the estrogenicity of E1S.[8][9]

Unlike unconjugated estradiol and estrone, which are

sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6).[11][12][13][14]

E1S, serving as a precursor and intermediate for estrone and estradiol, may be involved in the

benign breast disease, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer.[1][15][16] For this reason, enzyme inhibitors of steroid sulfatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and inhibitors of OATPs, which prevent activation of E1S into estrone and estradiol, are of interest in the potential treatment of such conditions.[1][16][15]

Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors
Estrogen Other names
RBA
Tooltip Relative binding affinity (%)a 		REP (%)b
ER
ERα
ERβ
Estradiol E2 100 100 100
Estradiol 3-sulfate
 E2S; E2-3S ? 0.02 0.04
Estradiol 3-glucuronide E2-3G ? 0.02 0.09
Estradiol 17β-glucuronide
 E2-17G ? 0.002 0.0002
Estradiol benzoate EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate 10 1.1 0.52
Estradiol 17β-acetate E2-17A 31–45 24 ?
Estradiol diacetate EDA; Estradiol 3,17β-diacetate ? 0.79 ?
Estradiol propionate
 EP; Estradiol 17β-propionate 19–26 2.6 ?
Estradiol valerate EV; Estradiol 17β-valerate 2–11 0.04–21 ?
Estradiol cypionate EC; Estradiol 17β-cypionate ?c 4.0 ?
Estradiol palmitate Estradiol 17β-palmitate 0 ? ?
Estradiol stearate Estradiol 17β-stearate 0 ? ?
Estrone E1; 17-Ketoestradiol 11 5.3–38 14
Estrone sulfate E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate 2 0.004 0.002
Estrone glucuronide E1G; Estrone 3-glucuronide ? <0.001 0.0006
Ethinylestradiol EE; 17α-Ethynylestradiol 100 17–150 129
Mestranol EE 3-methyl ether 1 1.3–8.2 0.16
Quinestrol EE 3-cyclopentyl ether ? 0.37 ?
Footnotes: a =
ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters. c = The affinities of estradiol cypionate for the ERs are similar to those of estradiol valerate and estradiol benzoate (figure
). Sources: See template page.

Chemistry

See also: List of estrogens, Estrogen ester, and List of estrogen esters

E1S, also known as estrone 3-sulfate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate, is a

derivative of estrone.[17] It is an estrogen conjugate or ester, and is specifically the C3 sulfate ester of estrone.[17] Related estrogen conjugates include estradiol sulfate, estriol sulfate, estrone glucuronide, estradiol glucuronide, and estriol glucuronide, while related steroid conjugates include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and pregnenolone sulfate
.

The logP of E1S is 1.4.[15]

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis

E1S is produced via

estrogen sulfotransferases from the peripheral metabolism of the estrogens estradiol and estrone.[18][19][20] Estrogen sulfotransferases are expressed minimally or not at all in the gonads.[21] In accordance, E1S is not secreted in meaningful amounts from the gonads in humans.[22][18] However, measurable amounts of estrogen sulfates are said to be secreted by the ovaries in any case.[23]

Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones
Sex Sex hormone Reproductive
phase 		Blood
production rate 		Gonadal
secretion rate 		Metabolic
clearance rate 		Reference range (serum levels)
SI units Non-SI units
Men Androstenedione
–
 2.8 mg/day 1.6 mg/day 2200 L/day 2.8–7.3 nmol/L 80–210 ng/dL
Testosterone
–
 6.5 mg/day 6.2 mg/day 950 L/day 6.9–34.7 nmol/L 200–1000 ng/dL
Estrone
–
 150 μg/day 110 μg/day 2050 L/day 37–250 pmol/L 10–70 pg/mL
Estradiol
–
 60 μg/day 50 μg/day 1600 L/day <37–210 pmol/L 10–57 pg/mL
Estrone sulfate
–
 80 μg/day Insignificant 167 L/day 600–2500 pmol/L 200–900 pg/mL
Women Androstenedione
–
 3.2 mg/day 2.8 mg/day 2000 L/day 3.1–12.2 nmol/L 89–350 ng/dL
Testosterone
–
 190 μg/day 60 μg/day 500 L/day 0.7–2.8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL
Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL
Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day 310–660 pmol/L 80–180 pg/mL
Postmenopause 40 μg/day Insignificant 1610 L/day 22–230 pmol/L 6–60 pg/mL
Estradiol Follicular phase 90 μg/day 80 μg/day 1200 L/day <37–360 pmol/L 10–98 pg/mL
Luteal phase 250 μg/day 240 μg/day 1200 L/day 699–1250 pmol/L 190–341 pg/mL
Postmenopause 6 μg/day Insignificant 910 L/day <37–140 pmol/L 10–38 pg/mL
Estrone sulfate Follicular phase 100 μg/day Insignificant 146 L/day 700–3600 pmol/L 250–1300 pg/mL
Luteal phase 180 μg/day Insignificant 146 L/day 1100–7300 pmol/L 400–2600 pg/mL
Progesterone Follicular phase 2 mg/day 1.7 mg/day 2100 L/day 0.3–3 nmol/L 0.1–0.9 ng/mL
Luteal phase 25 mg/day 24 mg/day 2100 L/day 19–45 nmol/L 6–14 ng/mL
Notes and sources
Notes: "The concentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. The secretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate." Sources: See template.

Distribution

Whereas free steroids like estradiol are

hydrophilic and are unable to do so.[24][25] Instead, steroid conjugates require active transport via membrane transport proteins to enter cells.[24][25]

Studies in animals and humans have had mixed findings on uptake of exogenously administered E1S in normal and

tumorous mammary gland tissue.[26][27][28][24][25] This is in contrast to substantial uptake of exogenously administered estradiol and estrone by the mammary glands.[26] Another animal study found that E1S wasn't taken up by the uterus but was taken up by the liver, where it was hydrolyzed into estrone.[29][26]

Metabolism

The

metabolic clearance rate is 80 L/day/m2.[3]

Ovarian tumors have been found to express steroid sulfatase and have been found to convert E1S into estradiol.[30][31] This may contribute to the often elevated levels of estradiol observed in women with ovarian cancer.[30][31]

The image above contains clickable links
Description: The
hydroxyl (–OH) groups
. Sources: See template page.

Levels

mid-cycle during the normal menstrual cycle in women.[32][33]
The vertical dashed line in the center is mid-cycle.

E1S levels have been characterized in humans.

menopausal hormone therapy.[35] In addition, E1S levels in pregnant women were 19 ± 5 ng/mL in the first trimester, 66 ± 31 ng/mL in the second trimester, and 105 ± 22 ng/mL in the third trimester.[35] E1S levels are about 10 to 15 times higher than those of estrone in women.[36]

References

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    . The source of E1SO4 in humans is from the peripheral conversion of E1 and E2, 6,7 [...] In human females there is little evidence for the ovarian secretion of E1SO4. 7 Since most of our monkeys were ovariectomized, we cannot say that the rhesus ovaries do not secrete E1SO4, but it is probably unlikely.
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Further reading

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