European Canadians
Total population | |
---|---|
19,062,115 (2021 census) Europeans, European Americans, European Australians, European New Zealanders, British (English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish), Irish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Portuguese |
European Canadians, or Euro-Canadians, are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Europe.[2][3] They form the largest panethnic group within Canada.
In the 2021 Canadian census, 19,062,115 Canadians self-identified as having origins from European countries, forming approximately 52.5% of the total Canadian population.[4] Due to changes in the census format, these totals are not directly comparable with previous censuses. Further, as the census permitted a respondent to enter up to six possible ethnic origins in their census questionnaire, this figure includes individual respondents that reported a mixed ancestry of both European and non-European origins. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population, or a precise change from previous years.[5]
Terminology
As with other panethnic groups, Statistics Canada records ethnic ancestry by employing the term "European origins" under the ethnic origin population section in the census data,[6] but does not specifically use the term "European Canadian". "Euro-Canadians" and "European Canadians" are terms primarily used by those opposed to immigration to Canada from the Third World, and their use has been criticised as conflating distinctions between very different European groups and nationalities.[7] Those employing the terms can recognise that most Canadians of European descent do not see that as their collective identity and instead identify with a specific ethnicity or country of ancestral origin, characterising themselves as for example "Anglo" or "Québecois" rather than as part of a larger "Euro-Canadian" group.[8] For most of the history of European settlement in North America, the French and the English were seen as two distinct races, with distinct cultures and national spirits.[9][10]
Statistics Canada has cautioned that "the reporting of ethnicity, and subsequent interpretation of the results, has become increasingly complex due to a number of factors, and poses challenges for historical data comparisons. The concept of ethnicity is fluid and is probably one of the more complex concepts measured in the census."[11] As well, patterns of self-reporting ethnic origins on the census vary with different population groups in Canada, with particular fluidity on self-reporting of the category "Canadian".[12][13] Use of statistics in this subject area must be approached with these cautions in mind. The sum of the identified ethnic groups is greater than the total population estimate, because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census,[14]: note103 [12] therefore, it is not entirely accurate to assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population.
The phrase "Euro-Canadian" can sometimes be a term used by members of the far right who express racist ideology, as for example in the name "Euro-Canadian Freedom Front", a telephone hotline maintained by the neo-Nazi Heritage Front in the 1990s.[15][16]
Subgroups
There are several subgroups of Canadians of European origin.[17] Although approximately defined categories (due to imprecise, or ethnocultural, regionalization of the continent), the subgroups have been utilized widely in ethnic and cultural identification.[18][19] This is especially relevant in diaspora, as is the case with European people in Canada.[20]
Statistics Canada does not use the term "European Canadian". The 2021 census asked individuals to self-identify their ethnic origins,[14] within seven general categories:
- British Isles origins, British Canadians (English Canadians, Irish Canadians, Scottish Canadians, and Welsh Canadians)
- French origins, including French Canadians
- Other Western European origins, including Luxembourger Canadians, Swiss Canadians
- Northern European origins, including Danish Canadians, Finnish Canadians, Icelandic Canadians, Norwegian Canadians, Swedish Canadians
- Southern European origins, including Greek Canadians, Italian Canadians, Maltese Canadians, Portuguese Canadians, and Spanish Canadians
- Southeast European origins, including Slovenian Canadians
- Eastern European origins, including Belarusian Canadians, Czech Canadians, Estonian Canadians, Hungarian Canadians, Latvian Canadians, Lithuanian Canadians, Polish Canadians, Russian Canadians, Slovak Canadians, and Ukrainian Canadians
History
The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the
16th century
English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in Newfoundland in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in present-day Canada was at St. Johns Newfoundland, in 1583. Newfoundland's population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration, much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the Great Famine of Ireland.
The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland.
17th century
The
Hélène Desportes is considered the first child with European ancestry to be born in New France. She was born circa 1620, to Pierre Desportes (born Lisieux, Normandie, France) and Françoise Langlois.[23]
The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at
Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as
18th century
Early to mid century
The area that forms the present day province of
In 1749, Colonel
A few Germans came to
After the fall of
A large group of Ulster Scots, many of whom had first settled in New Hampshire, moved to Truro, Nova Scotia in 1761.
New Brunswick became the home for many Scots. In 1761, a Highland regiment garrisoned Fort Frederick. The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later. Their numbers were swelled by the arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution. One of the New Brunswick and Canada's most famous regiments was "The King's First American Regiment" founded in 1776. It was composed mostly of Highlanders, many of whom fought with their traditional kilts to the sound of bagpipes. The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington's forces at the Battle of Brandywine. When it disbanded after the War, most of its members settled in New Brunswick.
In 1772, a wave of Gaels began to arrive in
Late century
Prince Edward Island (PEI) was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers. One prominent settler in PEI was John MacDonald of Glenaladale, who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden. The name Macdonald still dominates on the island, which received a large influx of settlers, predominantly Catholics from the Highlands, in the late 18th century.
The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America, and particularly New England, because of the resettlement of many
At the end of the 18th century,
In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the
Welsh mapmaker David Thompson was one of the great explorers of the North West Company in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and is often called "Canada's Greatest Geographer". He covered 130,000 kilometres on foot and surveyed most of the Canada–United States border in the early days of exploration.
19th century
Early century
Upper Canada was a primary destination for English, Scottish and Scots-Irish settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century, and was on the front lines in the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States. The province also received immigrants from non English-speaking sources such as Germans, many of whom settled around Kitchener (formerly called Berlin).[29] Ontario would become the most populous province in the Dominion of Canada at the time of Confederation, and, together with Montreal, formed the country's industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for English Canada.
English, Scottish, and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal throughout the 1800s. Montreal would become Canada's largest city and commercial hub in Canada.
In the early 19th century, a large group of Germans (
Another large group of Scottish Gaels immigrated to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island in 1803. This migration, primarily from the
One of the first efforts to encourage Welsh emigration to Canada began in 1812, when Welsh native John Mathews endeavoured to bring his family to Canada. Mathews left home at a young age and went on to become a successful businessman in the United States. When he returned to Wales, he found his family living in poverty and became convinced they should emigrate to Canada. In 1817 his family settled in the township of Southwald, near what is now London, Ontario. By 1812 he had brought over more relatives who built homes on the 100-acre (0.40 km2) lots granted to them by Colonel Thomas Talbot.
Mid century
A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843 there were over 30,000 Scots in New Brunswick.[34]
Broader English, Scottish, and Irish settlement of British Columbia began in earnest with the founding of Fort Victoria in 1843 and the subsequent creation of the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849. The capital, Victoria developed during the height of the British Empire and long self-identified as being "more English than the English".
After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from
During the Great Famine of Ireland (1845–52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork.[35] Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were Irish speakers, with many knowing no other language on arrival.[36]
The first South Slavs (including Serbs) to arrive in Canada came to British Columbia in the 1850s.[37] Many of them came from the state of California in the United States, while others directly emigrated from the Balkans.[38] They primarily originated from the Bay of Kotor and the Dalmatian coast which had similar climates as their destinations.[39][40][41] The majority of these migrants came from territories controlled by Austria-Hungary for political and economic reasons, and only a small number came directly from Independent Serbia.[40] Those who settled were typically young single men and employed in mining or forestry near such towns as Phoenix, Golden Prince Rupert and Kamloops.[42]
The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. By 1871, nearly 55% of the population of Waterloo County had German origins.[43] Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.[44]
Late century
The French-English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English-speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century. The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of
The history of Yugoslav-Bosnian arrivals to Canada dates back to as far as the 19th century., Michigan.
Western Canada started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Plautdietsch-speaking Russian Mennonites of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (now Ukraine) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the Canadian Prairies.
20th century
Early century
Nearly one million European immigrants, primarily from non-British and non-French origins, came through Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the early-mid 1900s.[46]
In 1902, Welsh immigrants arrived from Patagonia, which had been incorporated into Argentina in 1881. Compulsory military service and a series of floods that ruined Welsh farmers' crops led to some emigrants resettling at Llewelyn near Bangor, Saskatchewan, where they once again took up farming. A community of Welsh farmers was also established at Wood River near Ponoka, Alberta.[citation needed]
In the early 20th century, Yugoslavs (Serbs) arrived in the
Until the
During the
Mid to late century
German immigration and settlement to Canada accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the
Victoria Hayward described the cultural changes of the Canadian Prairies as a "mosaic" in the 1920s, as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from central and eastern Europe settled across the Prairies beginning in earnest during the late 19th century, with large scale immigration flows lasting through the mid-20th century.
"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West…It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."[59]
After 1921, all immigrants from Yugoslavia, including Serbs, were designated as "Yugoslavs".[41] The interwar period saw a major increase in Serbian immigration to Canada.[39] More than 30,000 Yugoslavs came to Canada between 1919 and 1939, including an estimated 10,000 Serbs. Many of these immigrants were single, working men who settled in the northern region of the province of Ontario.[37]
Another early use of the term mosaic to refer to Canadian society was by
In the aftermath of the Holocaust, displaced Jews emigrated to Canada from Europe, rejuvenating Canada's Yiddish-language European culture.[61][62][63]
After the
A community of Portuguese immigrants, primarily from the Azores Islands, came to settle in Canada beginning in significant numbers in 1953.[64]
Demography
Population
Beginning with the first Canadian census
The 2021 census recorded Canadians of European descent in the following categories: British Isles origins; French origins; other Western European origins; other Northern European origins; Southern European origins; Southeast European origins; Eastern European origins; and other European origins.[5]
"Canadian" was the single largest ethnic origin reported in the 2021 census, reported by 5,677,205 individuals, although the grouping from the British Isles was collectively larger, at 10,712,280. The British category included 5,322,830 English, 4,392,200 Scottish, 4,413,115 Irish, and 455,720 Welsh. It was followed by French at 4,011,665. Other large groups included individuals of German (2,955,695), Italian (1,546,390), Ukrainian (1,258,635), Dutch (988,585), and Polish (982,820) origin.[5]
Vertical bar chart demographic of European Canadians between 1871 and 2021 |
Population (1871-2021) Canadian census
|
Vertical bar chart demographic of European Canadians between 1871 and 2021 |
Population percentage (%) per census (1871-2021)
|
Year | Population | % of total population |
---|---|---|
1871 [66][67] |
3,433,315 | 98.495% |
1881 [67][68] |
4,146,900 | 95.886% |
1901 [67][68] |
5,170,522 | 96.262% |
1911 [67][68][69] |
7,005,583 | 97.21% |
1921 [65][67][68][69] |
8,568,584 | 97.504% |
1931 [65][66][70] |
10,134,313 | 97.663% |
1941 [65][66][71] |
11,242,868 | 97.708% |
1951 [65][66][72] |
13,582,574 | 96.953% |
1961 [65][66][73] |
17,653,864 | 96.796% |
1971 [65][66][74] |
20,763,915 | 96.27% |
1981 [75][b] |
22,024,190 | 91.45% |
1996 [76][c] |
24,748,455 | 86.751% |
2001 [77][d] |
23,414,150 | 78.998% |
2011 [78] |
20,157,965 | 61.359% |
2016 [79] |
19,683,320 | 57.119% |
2021 [1] |
19,062,115 | 52.472% |
Ethnic and national origins
Ethnicity | Population ( 1871)[68]
|
% of Canadian population (1871) | Population (1881)[68] | % of Canadian population (1881) | Population (1901)[68] | % of Canadian population (1901) | Population (1911)[68] | % of Canadian population (1911) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Austrian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10,947 | 0.2% | 42,535 | 0.6% |
Basque | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Belgian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,994 | 0.1% | 9,593 | 0.1% |
Bosnian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Bulgarian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Croatian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Cypriot | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Czechoslovakian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Czech
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Danish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Dutch
|
29,662 | 0.9% | 30,412 | 0.7% | 33,845 | 0.6% | 54,986 | 0.8% |
English
|
706,369 | 20.3% | 881,301 | 20.4% | 1,260,899 | 23.5% | 1,823,150 | 25.3% |
Estonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Finnish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,502 | 0.1% | 15,497 | 0.2% |
French
|
1,082,940 | 31.1% | 1,298,929 | 30.0% | 1,649,371 | 30.7% | 2,054,890 | 28.5% |
German
|
202,991 | 5.8% | 254,319 | 5.9% | 310,501 | 5.8% | 393,320 | 5.5% |
Greek
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 291 | 0.0% | 3,594 | 0.0% |
Hungarian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,549 | 0.0% | 11,605 | 0.2% |
Icelandic
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Irish
|
846,414 | 24.3% | 957,403 | 22.1% | 988,721 | 18.4% | 1,050,384 | 14.6% |
Italian
|
1,035 | 0.0% | 1,849 | 0.0% | 10,834 | 0.2% | 45,411 | 0.6% |
Kosovar | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Latvian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Lithuanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Luxembourger
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Macedonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Maltese
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Moldovan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Montenegrin
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Norwegian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Polish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,285 | 0.1% | 33,365 | 0.5% |
Portuguese
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Romanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Russian
|
607 | 0.0% | 1,227 | 0.1% | 19,825 | 0.4% | 43,142 | 0.6% |
Scottish
|
549,946 | 15.8% | 699,863 | 16.2% | 800,154 | 14.9% | 997,880 | 13.9% |
Serbian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Slovak
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Slovene
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Spanish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Swedish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Swiss
|
2,962 | 0.1% | 4,588 | 0.1% | 3,865 | 0.1% | 6,625 | 0.1% |
Ukrainian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Welsh
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Yugoslav | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Ethnicity | Population (1921)[68] | % of Canadian population (1921) | Population (1941)[80][81] | % of Canadian population (1941) | Population ( | % of Canadian population (1951) | Population (1961)[80][81] | % of Canadian population (1961) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Basque | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Belgian
|
20,234 | 0.2% | 29,711 | 0.3% | 35,148 | 0.3% | 61,382 | 0.3% |
Bosnian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Bulgarian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Byelorussian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Croatian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Cypriot | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Czechoslovakian | N/A | N/A | 42,912 | 0.4% | 63,959 | 0.4% | 73,061 | 0.4% |
Czech
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Danish
|
N/A | N/A | 37,439 | 0.3% | 42,671 | 0.3% | 85,473 | 0.5% |
Dutch
|
117,506 | 1.2% | 212,863 | 1.8% | 264,267 | 1.9% | 429,679 | 2.4% |
English
|
2,545,496 | 29.0% | 2,968,402 | 25.1% | 3,630,344 | 25.9% | 4,195,175 | 23.0% |
Estonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Finnish
|
21,494 | 0.2% | 41,683 | 0.4% | 43,745 | 0.3% | 59,436 | 0.3% |
French
|
2,452,751 | 27.9% | 3,483,038 | 29.5% | 4,319,167 | 30.8% | 5,540,346 | 30.4% |
German
|
294,636 | 3.4% | 464,682 | 3.9% | 619,995 | 4.4% | 1,049,599 | 5.8% |
Greek
|
5,740 | 0.1% | 11,692 | 0.1% | 13,966 | 0.1% | 56,475 | 0.3% |
Hungarian
|
13,181 | 0.1% | 54,598 | 0.5% | 60,460 | 0.4% | 126,220 | 0.7% |
Icelandic
|
N/A | N/A | 21,050 | 0.2% | 23,307 | 0.2% | 30,623 | 0.2% |
Irish
|
1,107,817 | 12.6% | 1,267,702 | 10.7% | 1,439,635 | 10.3% | 1,753,351 | 9.6% |
Italian
|
66,769 | 0.8% | 112,625 | 1.0% | 152,245 | 1.1% | 459,351 | 2.5% |
Kosovar | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Latvian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Lithuanian
|
N/A | N/A | 7,789 | 0.1% | 16,224 | 0.1% | 27,629 | 0.2% |
Luxembourger
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Macedonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Maltese
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Moldovan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Montenegrin
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Norwegian
|
N/A | N/A | 100,718 | 0.9% | 119,266 | 0.9% | 148,681 | 0.8% |
Polish
|
53,403 | 0.6% | 167,485 | 1.4% | 219,845 | 1.6% | 323,517 | 1.8% |
Portuguese
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Romanian
|
N/A | N/A | 24,689 | 0.2% | 23,601 | 0.2% | 43,805 | 0.2% |
Russian
|
100,064 | 1.1% | 83,708 | 0.7% | 91,279 | 0.6% | 119,168 | 0.7% |
Scottish
|
1,173,637 | 13.4% | 1,403,974 | 11.9% | 1,547,470 | 11.0% | 1,902,302 | 10.4% |
Serbian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Slovak
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Slovene
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Spanish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Swedish
|
N/A | N/A | 85,396 | 0.7% | 97,780 | 0.7% | 121,757 | 0.7% |
Swiss
|
12,837 | 0.2% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Ukrainian
|
N/A | N/A | 305,929 | 2.6% | 395,043 | 2.8% | 473,337 | 2.6% |
Welsh
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Yugoslav | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 21,214 | 0.2% |
Ethnicity | Population (1991)[82] | % of Canadian population (1991) | Population ( 1996)[83]
|
% of Canadian population (1996) | Population ( 2001)[84]
|
% of Canadian population (2001) | Population ( 2006)[85]
|
% of Canadian population (2006) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 14,935 | 0.1% | 22,395 | 0.1% |
Austrian
|
107,671 | 1.2% | 37,715 | 0.3% | 32,231 | 0.2% | 106,535 | 0.6% |
Austrian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 147,585 | 0.5% | 194,255 | 0.6% |
Basque | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,715 | 0.0% | 4,975 | 0.0% |
Belgian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 129,780 | 0.4% | 168,910 | 0.5% |
Bosnian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15,720 | 0.1% | 21,045 | 0.1% |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 150,585 | 0.5% | 403,915 | 1.3% |
Bulgarian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15,195 | 0.1% | 27,255 | 0.1% |
Byelorussian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5,115 | 0.0% | 10,505 | 0.0% |
Croatian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 97,050 | 0.3% | 110,880 | 0.4% |
Cypriot | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,060 | 0.0% | 3,395 | 0.0% |
Czechoslovakian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 33,540 | 0.1% | 36,970 | 0.1% |
Czech
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 79,910 | 0.3% | 98,090 | 0.3% |
Danish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 170,780 | 0.6% | 200,035 | 0.6% |
Dutch
|
961,600 | 3.4% | 916,215 | 3.1% | 923,310 | 3.1% | 1,035,965 | 3.3% |
English
|
8,605,125 | 30.7% | 6,832,095 | 23.1% | 5,978,875 | 20.2% | 6,570,015 | 21.0% |
Estonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 22,085 | 0.1% | 23,930 | 0.1% |
Finnish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 114,690 | 0.4% | 131,040 | 0.4% |
French
|
8,369,210 | 29.9% | 5,597,845 | 18.9% | 4,668,410 | 15.8% | 4,941,210 | 15.8% |
German
|
2,793,775 | 10.0% | 2,757,140 | 9.3% | 2,742,765 | 9.3% | 3,179,425 | 10.2% |
Greek
|
191,475 | 0.7% | 203,345 | 0.7% | 215,105 | 0.7% | 242,685 | 0.8% |
Hungarian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 267,255 | 0.9% | 315,510 | 1.0% |
Icelandic
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 75,090 | 0.3% | 88,875 | 0.3% |
Irish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3,822,660 | 12.9% | 4,354,155 | 13.9% |
Italian
|
1,147,780 | 4.1% | 1,207,475 | 4.2% | 1,270,370 | 4.3% | 1,445,335 | 4.6% |
Kosovar | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,200 | 0.0% | 1,530 | 0.0% |
Latvian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 22,615 | 0.1% | 27,870 | 0.1% |
Lithuanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 36,485 | 0.1% | 46,690 | 0.1% |
Luxembourger
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,390 | 0.0% | 3,225 | 0.0% |
Macedonian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 31,265 | 0.1% | 37,055 | 0.1% |
Maltese
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 33,000 | 0.1% | 37,120 | 0.1% |
Moldovan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Montenegrin
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,055 | 0.0% | 2,370 | 0.0% |
Norwegian
|
286,240 | 1.0% | N/A | N/A | 363,760 | 1.2% | 432,515 | 1.4% |
Polish
|
740,720 | 2.6% | 786,735 | 2.7% | 817,085 | 2.8% | 984,565 | 3.2% |
Portuguese
|
292,185 | 1.0% | 335,110 | 1.1% | 357,690 | 1.2% | 410,850 | 1.3% |
Romanian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 131,830 | 0.4% | 192,170 | 0.6% |
Russian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 337,960 | 1.1% | 500,600 | 1.6% |
Scottish
|
4,248,365 | 15.2% | 4,260,840 | 14.4% | 4,157,210 | 14.0% | 4,719,850 | 15.1% |
Serbian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 55,540 | 0.2% | 72,690 | 0.2% |
Slovak
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 50,860 | 0.2% | 64,145 | 0.2% |
Slovene
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28,910 | 0.1% | 35,935 | 0.1% |
Spanish
|
158,915 | 0.6% | 204,360 | 0.7% | 213,105 | 0.7% | 325,730 | 1.0% |
Swedish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 282,760 | 1.0% | 334,765 | 1.1% |
Swiss
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 110,795 | 0.4% | 137,775 | 0.4% |
Ukrainian
|
1,054,295 | 3.8% | 1,026,470 | 3.5% | 1,071,060 | 3.6% | 1,209,085 | 3.9% |
Welsh
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 350,365 | 1.2% | 440,965 | 1.4% |
Yugoslav | 21,404 | 0.2% | 68,587 | 0.4% | 65,505 | 0.2% | 65,305 | 0.2% |
Ethnicity | Population ( 2011)[86]
|
% of Canadian population (2011) | Population ( 2016)[14]
|
% of Canadian population (2021) | Population ( 2021)[87]
|
% of Canadian population (2021) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian
|
28,270 | 0.1% | 36,185 | 0.1% | 41,625 | 0.1% |
Austrian
|
197,990 | 0.6% | 207,050 | 0.6% | 189,535 | 0.5% |
Basque | 5,570 | 0.0% | 6,965 | 0.0% | 7,740 | 0.0% |
Belgian
|
176,615 | 0.5% | 186,665 | 0.5% | 182,175 | 0.5% |
Bosniak | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,770 | 0.0% |
Bosnian
|
22,920 | 0.1% | 26,740 | 0.1% | 28,490 | 0.1% |
British Isles (not otherwise specified) | 576,030 | 1.8% | 644,695 | 1.9% | 938,950 | 2.6% |
Bulgarian
|
30,485 | 0.1% | 34,565 | 0.1% | 33,080 | 0.1% |
Byelorussian
|
15,565 | 0.0% | 20,710 | 0.0% | 18,850 | 0.0% |
Croatian
|
114,880 | 0.3% | 133,970 | 0.4% | 130,820 | 0.4% |
Cypriot | 4,815 | 0.0% | 5,650 | 0.0% | 4,830 | 0.0% |
Czechoslovakian | 40,035 | 0.1% | 40,715 | 0.1% | 33,135 | 0.1% |
Czech
|
94,805 | 0.3% | 104,580 | 0.3% | 98,925 | 0.3% |
Danish
|
203,080 | 0.6% | 207,470 | 0.6% | 196,945 | 0.5% |
Dutch
|
1,067,245 | 3.2% | 1,111,655 | 3.2% | 988,585 | 2.7% |
English
|
6,509,500 | 19.8% | 6,320,085 | 18.3% | 5,322,830 | 14.7% |
Estonian
|
23,180 | 0.1% | 24,530 | 0.1% | 23,455 | 0.1% |
Finnish
|
136,215 | 0.4% | 143,645 | 0.4% | 144,055 | 0.4% |
French
|
5,065,690 | 15.4% | 4,670,595 | 13.6% | 4,011,670 | 11.0% |
German
|
3,203,330 | 9.8% | 3,322,405 | 9.6% | 2,955,695 | 8.1% |
Greek
|
252,960 | 0.8% | 271,410 | 0.8% | 262,135 | 0.7% |
Greek Cypriot | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,935 | 0.0% |
Hungarian
|
316,765 | 1.0% | 348,085 | 1.0% | 320,155 | 0.9% |
Icelandic
|
94,205 | 0.3% | 101,795 | 0.3% | 101,990 | 0.3% |
Irish
|
4,544,870 | 13.8% | 4,627,000 | 13.4% | 4,413,120 | 12.2% |
Italian
|
1,488,425 | 4.5% | 1,587,970 | 4.6% | 1,546,390 | 4.3% |
Kosovar | 2,760 | 0.0% | 2,865 | 0.0% | 3,730 | 0.0% |
Latvian
|
27,355 | 0.1% | 30,725 | 0.1% | 28,135 | 0.1% |
Lithuanian
|
49,130 | 0.1% | 59,285 | 0.2% | 52,040 | 0.1% |
Luxembourger
|
3,790 | 0.0% | 3,915 | 0.0% | 4,145 | 0.0% |
Macedonian
|
36,985 | 0.1% | 43,110 | 0.1% | 39,440 | 0.1% |
Maltese
|
38,780 | 0.1% | 41,920 | 0.1% | 40,665 | 0.1% |
Moldovan | 8,050 | 0.0% | 14,915 | 0.0% | 18,190 | 0.0% |
Montenegrin
|
2,970 | 0.0% | 4,160 | 0.0% | 4,310 | 0.0% |
Northern Irish | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 25,205 | 0.1% |
Norwegian
|
452,705 | 1.4% | 463,275 | 1.3% | 466,500 | 1.3% |
Pennsylvania Dutch | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 17,315 | 0.0% |
Polish
|
1,010,705 | 3.1% | 1,106,585 | 3.2% | 982,815 | 2.7% |
Portuguese
|
429,850 | 1.3% | 482,605 | 1.4% | 448,305 | 1.2% |
Romanian
|
204,625 | 0.6% | 238,050 | 0.7% | 215,885 | 0.6% |
Russian
|
550,520 | 1.7% | 622,445 | 1.8% | 548,145 | 1.5% |
Scottish
|
4,714,970 | 14.4% | 4,799,005 | 13.9% | 4,392,200 | 12.1% |
Serbian
|
80,320 | 0.2% | 96,530 | 0.3% | 93,355 | 2.6% |
Slovak
|
66,545 | 0.2% | 72,285 | 0.2% | 68,210 | 0.2% |
Slovene
|
37,170 | 0.1% | 40,470 | 0.1% | 38,595 | 0.1% |
Spanish
|
368,305 | 1.1% | 396,460 | 1.2% | 342,045 | 0.9% |
Swedish
|
341,845 | 1.0% | 349,645 | 1.0% | 334,510 | 0.9% |
Swiss
|
146,830 | 0.4% | 155,120 | 0.5% | 145,570 | 0.4% |
Ukrainian
|
1,251,170 | 3.8% | 1,359,655 | 3.9% | 1,258,635 | 3.5% |
Welsh
|
458,705 | 1.4% | 474,805 | 1.4% | 455,720 | 1.3% |
Yugoslav | 48,320 | 0.1% | 38,480 | 0.1% | 30,565 | 0.1% |
Language
In the
Language | Population (1991)[88] | % of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991) |
Population ( 1996)[89]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996) |
Population ( 2001)[90]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Albanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Armenian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 26,295 | 0.6% | 0.1% | 27,350 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Belarusan
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 420 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 530 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bosnian | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Bulgarian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,330 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 9,130 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Catalan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Croatian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 50,105 | 1.1% | 0.2% | 54,880 | 1.1% | 0.2% |
Czech | N/A | N/A | N/A | 24,985 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 24,795 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Danish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 20,280 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 18,230 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Dutch | 124,535 | 3.5% | 0.5% | 133,805 | 2.9% | 0.5% | 128,670 | 2.5% | 0.4% |
Estonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10,690 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,720 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Finnish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 24,735 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 22,400 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Flemish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 6,980 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 6,010 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Frisian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,915 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3,185 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
German | 424,645 | 12.0% | 1.6% | 450,140 | 9.8% | 1.6% | 438,080 | 8.4% | 1.5% |
Greek | 114,370 | 3.2% | 0.4% | 121,180 | 2.6% | 0.4% | 120,365 | 2.3% | 0.4% |
Hungarian | 72,900 | 2.1% | 0.3% | 77,235 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 75,550 | 1.5% | 0.3% |
Icelandic | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,675 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 2,075 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Italian | 449,660 | 12.7% | 1.7% | 484,500 | 10.5% | 1.7% | 469,485 | 9.0% | 1.6% |
Latvian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,635 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,230 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Lithuanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,385 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,770 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Macedonian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 19,300 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 16,905 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Maltese | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7,120 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 7,375 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Norwegian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10,235 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 8,725 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Polish | 171,975 | 4.9% | 0.6% | 213,410 | 4.6% | 0.7% | 208,370 | 4.0% | 0.7% |
Portuguese | 186,995 | 5.3% | 0.7% | 211,290 | 4.6% | 0.7% | 213,815 | 4.1% | 0.7% |
Romanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 35,710 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 50,900 | 1.0% | 0.2% |
Russian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 57,495 | 1.3% | 0.2% | 94,555 | 1.8% | 0.3% |
Scottish Gaelic
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 2,175 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2,155 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Serbian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 28,620 | 0.6% | 0.1% | 41,175 | 0.8% | 0.1% |
Serbo-Croatian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 17,940 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 26,685 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Slovak | N/A | N/A | N/A | 18,285 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 17,540 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Slovene | N/A | N/A | N/A | 14,085 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 12,800 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Spanish | 158,655 | 4.5% | 0.6% | 212,890 | 4.6% | 0.8% | 245,495 | 4.7% | 0.8% |
Swedish | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9,760 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,070 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Ukrainian | 166,830 | 4.7% | 0.6% | 162,695 | 3.5% | 0.6% | 148,085 | 2.8% | 0.5% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,670 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1,615 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Yiddish
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | 21,415 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 19,290 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Language | Population ( 2006)[91]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006) |
Population ( 2011)[92]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011) |
Population ( 2016)[14]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8,770 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 10,265 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Albanian | N/A | N/A | N/A | 23,820 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 26,890 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Armenian | 30,130 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 29,795 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 33,355 | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Belarusan
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 810 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bosnian | 12,790 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 11,685 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 12,210 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Bulgarian | 16,790 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 19,050 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 20,025 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Catalan | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 865 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Croatian | 55,335 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 49,730 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 48,200 | 0.7% | 0.1% |
Czech | 24,450 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 23,585 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 22,290 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Danish | 18,735 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 14,145 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 12,630 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Dutch | 128,905 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 110,490 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 99,020 | 1.4% | 0.3% |
Estonian | 8,245 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,385 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,445 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Finnish | 21,030 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,415 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 15,295 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Flemish
|
5,665 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 4,690 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 3,895 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Frisian
|
2,890 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 14,935 | 0.1% | N/A | 2,100 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
German | 450,570 | 7.3% | 1.4% | 409,200 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 384,035 | 5.2% | 1.1% |
Greek | 108,925 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 106,525 | 1.5% | 0.3% | 117,285 | 1.9% | 0.4% |
Hungarian | 73,335 | 1.2% | 0.2% | 67,920 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 61,235 | 0.8% | 0.2% |
Icelandic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,285 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Italian | 455,040 | 7.4% | 1.5% | 407,485 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 375,635 | 5.1% | 1.1% |
Latvian | 6,995 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,200 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,455 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Lithuanian | 8,335 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,245 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,075 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Macedonian | 18,440 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 17,245 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 16,775 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Maltese | 6,405 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,220 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,565 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Norwegian | 7,225 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5,800 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 4,615 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Polish | 211,175 | 3.4% | 0.7% | 191,645 | 2.9% | 0.6% | 181,710 | 2.5% | 0.5% |
Portuguese | 219,270 | 3.6% | 0.7% | 211,335 | 3.2% | 0.6% | 221,540 | 3.0% | 0.6% |
Romanian | 78,500 | 1.3% | 0.3% | 90,300 | 1.4% | 0.3% | 96,665 | 1.3% | 0.3% |
Russian | 133,575 | 2.2% | 0.4% | 164,330 | 2.5% | 0.5% | 188,255 | 2.6% | 0.5% |
Scottish Gaelic
|
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,090 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Serbian | 51,665 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 56,420 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 57,350 | 0.8% | 0.2% |
Serbo-Croatian
|
12,510 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10,155 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,555 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Slovak | 18,825 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,580 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 17,580 | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Slovene | 13,135 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10,775 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 9,790 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Spanish | 345,345 | 5.6% | 1.1% | 410,670 | 6.3% | 1.2% | 458,850 | 6.3% | 1.3% |
Swedish | 8,220 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 7,350 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6,840 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Ukrainian | 134,500 | 2.2% | 0.4% | 111,540 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 102,485 | 1.4% | 0.3% |
Welsh | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,075 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Yiddish
|
16,295 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 15,205 | 0.2% | 0.0% | 13,555 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Language | Population ( 2021)[87]
|
% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2021) |
% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2021) |
---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | 12,270 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Albanian | 29,265 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Armenian | 33,720 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Belarusan
|
720 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Bosnian | 13,820 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Bulgarian | 19,035 | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Catalan | 905 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Croatian | 43,500 | 0.6% | 0.1% |
Czech | 20,025 | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Danish | 9,945 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Dutch | 80,315 | 1.0% | 0.2% |
Estonian | 4,485 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Finnish | 12,200 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Flemish
|
2,935 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Frisian
|
1,570 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
German | 272,865 | 3.5% | 0.8% |
Greek | 93,335 | 1.2% | 0.3% |
Hungarian | 51,500 | 0.7% | 0.1% |
Icelandic | 905 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Italian | 319,505 | 4.1% | 0.9% |
Irish | 665 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Latvian | 4,430 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Lithuanian | 6,130 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Low Saxon | 1,270 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Macedonian | 14,795 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Maltese | 4,425 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Norwegian | 3,535 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Pennsylvania German
|
9,065 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Plautdietsch | 33,200 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Polish | 160,170 | 2.0% | 0.4% |
Portuguese | 240,680 | 3.1% | 0.7% |
Romanian | 93,160 | 1.2% | 0.3% |
Russian | 197,905 | 2.5% | 0.5% |
Rusyn | 500 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Scottish Gaelic
|
425 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Serbian | 57,425 | 0.7% | 0.2% |
Serbo-Croatian
|
N/A | N/A | N/A |
Slovak | 15,255 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Slovene | 7,965 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Spanish | 538,870 | 6.9% | 1.5% |
Swedish | 5,890 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Swiss German | 7,575 | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Ukrainian | 84,705 | 1.1% | 0.2% |
Welsh | 825 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Yiddish
|
12,060 | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Immigration
Year | Population | % of immigrants in Canada |
% of Canadian population |
---|---|---|---|
1986[93] | 2,430,470 | 62.2% | 9.3% |
1991[93] | 2,364,695 | 54.5% | 8.4% |
1996[93] | 2,334,005 | 47.0% | 7.9% |
2001[94] | 2,287,535 | 42.0% | 7.4% |
2006[95] | 2,269,705 | 36.7% | 7.0% |
2011[96] | 2,226,100 | 30.8% | 6.5% |
2016[97] | 2,082,765 | 27.6% | 5.7% |
2021[98] | 1,967,620 | 23.5% | 5.3% |
Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2021) |
The various cultures of the Canadians of European descent have had a predominant influence on the
Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity, without eradicating specific regional or cultural identities such as Aboriginal or Québecois.[dubious ] Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.
Many Canadians see the Cultural Mosaic, which promotes multiculturalism and an equality of cultures, as a distinctive feature of Canadian culture, one that sets it apart from the melting pot philosophy of many Americans.[101][102]
Music
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (November 2021) |
Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs:
- The Maple Leaf Forever - is an older but unofficial national anthem written by Scotsman Alexander Muir in 1867.[111] It was in consideration for official national anthem, however, as no French version was ever written, it was never popular with Francophones.[112]
Sport
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (November 2021) |
- Ice Hockey - British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe.[113] The sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston, Ontario, utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey.[114] According to legend, the first hockey pucks were molded from fresh cow dung that was then allowed to freeze in below-zero outdoor temperatures.[115] Whether or not this was how the first puck was made, the use of horse or cow droppings was common thereafter, a distinctively Euro-Canadian aspect of the game made possible by the country's Northern climate.[116][117]
Notable people
Prime Ministers
Most of the heritage that all twenty-three Canadian Prime Ministers come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Ulster Scot or Welsh) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.
|
|
Diaspora
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (November 2021) |
Substantial numbers of European Canadians of French extraction migrated to New England beginning in the late nineteenth century, taking jobs in the cotton mills there and forming a Catholic French-speaking immigrant community.[118] Notable francophone European-Canadian Americans included Beat novelist Jack Kerouac and best-selling novelist Grace Metalious.
Notable Canadians of European descent who settled in the United States or lived in the United States for extended periods have included Joni Mitchell, Lorne Michaels, Hal Foster, Todd McFarlane, Norm Macdonald, Pamela Anderson, Justin Bieber, Seth Rogen, Fay Wray, Mary Pickford, Michael J. Fox, Saul Bellow and William Shatner. Ted Cruz was born in Canada and his family returned to the United States when he was a child; he became active in American politics as a dual citizen but renounced his Canadian citizenship when competing to be the Republican presidential candidate, effective 2014.
See also
- European emigration
- Métis people (Canada)
- Ethnic origins of people in Canada
- White Americans
- European Americans
- Demographics of Canada
- White demographic decline
References
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- ^ www.oxforddictionaries.com Euro-Canadian definition
- JSTOR 646839.
Example of Euro-Canadian being used
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "This Day in Hockey History – March 3, 1875 – Montreal Brings In Hockey". The Pink Puck. March 3, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
- ^ "When an Influx of French-Canadian Immigrants Struck Fear Into Americans". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
- ^ All European responses (including multiple origins).
- ^ All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (10,647,625), "French origins" (5,628,815), and "European origins" (8,472,015).[76]
- ^ All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (9,971,615), "French origins" (4,710,580), and "European origins" (8,731,955).[77]
Bibliography
- Bassler, Gerhard P. (July 30, 2013). "German Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Foster, Linda; Forgay, Jane (1993). Waterloo County to 1972: an annotated bibliography of regional history. Waterloo: Waterloo Regional Heritage Foundation. ISBN 9780969693604.
- Campbell, Wilfred; Bryce, George (1911). The Scotsman in Canada. The Musson Book Company.
- Lehmann, Heinz (1986). Bassler, Gerhard P. (ed.). The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture. Translated by Bassler, Gerhard P. Jesperson Press. ISBN 978-1-55081-308-1.
- Mandres, Marinel (2020). "An Unprecedented Dichotomy: Impacts and Consequences of Serbian Internment in Canada during the Great War". In Hinther, Rhonda L.; Mochoruk, Jim (eds.). Civilian Internment in Canada: Histories and Legacies. University of Manitoba Press. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-88755-845-0.
- Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110127. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
- Reaman, George Elmore (1957). The Trail of the Black Walnut (revised ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7351-8.
- Tomović, Vladislav A. (2002). Canadian Serbs: A History of Their Social and Cultural Traditions (1856-2002). Batlik. ISBN 978-0-92064-240-5.
- Vuković, Sava (1998). History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941. Kragujevac: Kalenić.
Further reading
- Allen, Willow Samara. "Learning to become white girls in a settler colonial context: Exploring the racial socialization of white Euro-Canadian women." Settler Colonial Studies 10.3 (2020): 378–402.
- Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442610187.
- Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. U of Toronto Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780802095848.
- Haig-Brown, C.; Nock, D.A. (2006). With Good Intentions: Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1138-5.
- Kallen, Evelyn (2003). Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada: A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity, Racism, and Systemic Inequality. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780195417425.
- Kralt, John. "Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins - A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census,"
- Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group
- McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 41.1 (2007): 5-30.
- Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
- Yedlin, Tova (1985). Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada: Adaptation and Preservation. Central and East European Studies Society of Alberta. ISBN 9780888649539.
Statistical
- Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867-1967. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).
- Statistics Canada (October 27, 2010). Canada Year Book. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE.