Geography of Middle-earth
The geography of Middle-earth encompasses the physical, political, and moral
In
Cosmology
Tolkien's Middle-earth was part of his created world of
After the destruction of
Physical geography
Beleriand, Lindon
The extreme west of Middle-earth in the First Age was
Eriador
In the northwest of Middle-earth, Eriador was the region between the Ered Luin and the Misty Mountains. Early in the Third Age, the northern kingdom of Arnor founded by Elendil occupied a large part of the region. After its collapse, much of Eriador became wild; regions such as Minhiriath, on the coast south of the River Baranduin (Brandywine), were abandoned. A small part of the region was occupied by Hobbits to form the Shire. To the northwest lay Lake Evendim, once called Nenuial by the Elves. A remnant of the ancient forest of Eriador survived throughout the Third Age just to the east of the Shire as the Old Forest, the domain of Tom Bombadil.[T 2] Northeast of there is Bree, the only place where hobbits and Men live in the same villages. Further east from Bree is the hill of Weathertop with the ancient fortress of Amon Sûl, and then Rivendell, the home of Elrond. South from there is the ancient land of Hollin, once the elvish land of Eregion, where the Rings of Power were forged. At the Grey Havens (Mithlond), on the Gulf of Lune,
Misty Mountains
The Misty Mountains were thrown up by the Dark Lord
Rhovanion
East of the Misty Mountains, Anduin, the Great River, flows southwards, with the forest of
Lands to the South
Just to the South of both Fangorn and Isengard is the wide grassy land of the
Across the river to the East is the land of
To the south of Gondor and Mordor lie Harad and Khand.[7]
Lands to the East
To the east of Rhovanion and to the north of Mordor lies the Sea of Rhûn, home to the
Thematic mapping
The events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings take place in the north-west of the continent of Middle-earth. Both
Stentor Danielson, a Tolkien scholar, notes that Tolkien did not provide the same "elaborate textual history" to contextualise his maps as he did for his writings. Danielson suggests that this has assisted the tendency among Tolkien's fans to treat his maps as "geographical fact".[13] He calls Fonstad's atlas "magisterial",[13] and comments that like Tolkien, Fonstad worked from the assumption that the maps, like the texts, "are objective facts" which the cartographer must fully reconcile. He gives as an instance the work that she did to make the journey of Thorin's company in The Hobbit consistent with the map, something that Tolkien found himself unable to do. Danielson writes that in addition, Fonstad created "the most comprehensive set" of thematic maps of Middle-earth, presenting geographic data including political boundaries, climate, population density, and the routes of characters and armies.[13]
Political geography
At the end of the Third Age, much of the northwest of Middle-earth is wild, with traces here and there of ruined cities and fortresses from earlier civilisations among the mountains, rivers, forests, hills, plains and marshes.[18] The major nations that appear in The Lord of the Rings are Rohan[19] and Gondor on the side of the Free Peoples,[20] and Mordor and its allies Harad (Southrons) and Rhûn (Easterlings) on the side of the Dark Lord.[21] Gondor, once extremely powerful, is by that time much reduced in its reach, and has lost control of Ithilien (bordering Mordor) and South Gondor (bordering Harad).[22] Forgotten by most of the rest of the world is the Shire, a small region in the northwest of Middle-earth inhabited by hobbits amidst the abandoned lands of Eriador.[23]
Analysis
Moral geography
With his "Southrons" from Harad, Tolkien had – in the view of John Magoun, writing in the
Other scholars such as Walter Scheps and Isabel G. MacCaffrey have noted Middle-earth's "spatial cum moral dimensions",
Origins
Tolkien scholars including
Some Middle-earth placenames were based on the sound of places named in literature; thus, Beleriand was borrowed from the Broceliand of medieval romance.[29] Tolkien tried out many invented names in search of the right sound, in Beleriand's case including Golodhinand, Noldórinan ("valley of the Noldor"), Geleriand, Bladorinand, Belaurien, Arsiriand, Lassiriand, and Ossiriand (later used as a name for the easternmost part of Beleriand).[T 7] The Elves have been linked to Celtic mythology.[31] The Battle of the Pelennor Fields has parallels with the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields.[32] The Misty Mountains derive from the Poetic Edda, where the protagonist in the Skírnismál notes that his quest will involve misty mountains peopled with orcs and giants,[33] while the mountains' character was partly inspired by Tolkien's travels in the Swiss Alps in 1911.[T 8] Mirkwood is based on Myrkviðr, the romantic vision of the dark forests of the North.[34] Scholars have likened Gondor to
About the origins of his storytelling and the place of cartography within it, Tolkien stated in a letter:[33]
I wisely started with a map, and made the story fit (generally with meticulous care for distances). The other way about lands one in confusions and impossibilities, and in any case it is weary work to compose a map from a story.[T 11]
Writing in
The linguist David Salo writes that Gondor recalls "a kind of decaying Byzantium"; its piratical enemy Umbar like the seagoing Carthage; the Southrons (of Harad) "Arab-like"; and the Easterlings "suggesting Sarmatians, Huns and Avars".[38]
Geomorphology
The
References
Primary
- ^ Carpenter 2023, 31
- ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 6 "The Old Forest"
- ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens", and Appendix B
- ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"
- ^ Tolkien 1980, pp. 271, 281
- ^ Tolkien 1937, p. 105
- ^ Tolkien 1986, "Commentary on Canto I"
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #306 to Michael Tolkien, 1967
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #168 to R. Jeffrey, September 1955
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #131 to Milton Waldman c. 1951, #154 to Naomi Mitchison 25 September 1954, #156 draft to Robert Murray 4 November 1954, #227 to Mrs E. C. Ossen Drijver 5 January 1961
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954
Secondary
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ^ Shippey 2005, pp. 324–328 "The Lost Straight Road".
- ^ Larsen, Kristine (2008). Sarah Wells (ed.). "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths". In the Ring Goes Ever on: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference. 2. The Tolkien Society: 394–403.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 9–15.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 72–75.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 79–82.
- ^ a b Fonstad 1991, p. 53.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 83–89.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 90–93.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 76–77.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ^ ISSN 2471-934X.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. vii, ix–xi.
- ^ Bratman, David (2007). "Studies in English on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien". Tolkien Estate. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- S2CID 170238657.
- S2CID 140630128.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 132–133, 136–137.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 143–147, 151, 154.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Walker 2009, pp. 51–53.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8754-8303-0.
- OCLC 1041902253.
- JSTOR 23065305.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5.; minor sources are listed on the image's Commons page.
- ^ S2CID 170176739.
- ^ Shippey 2005, pp. 66–74, 90–97, and throughout
- ^ Fimi, Dimitra (August 2006). ""Mad" Elves and "Elusive Beauty": Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien's Mythology". Dimitra Fimi.
- ISBN 978-0-9816607-1-4.
- ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 80–81, 114
- ISBN 0-415-96942-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-6482-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-258029-0.
- ^ Swycaffer, Jefferson (1983). "Historical Motivations for the Siege of Minas Tirith". Mythlore. 10. article 14.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-1926-5.
- ^ Acks 2017a.
- ^ Acks 2017b.
Sources
- Acks, Alex (1 August 2017a). "Tolkien's Map and The Messed Up Mountains of Middle-earth". Tor.com. Archivedfrom the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- Acks, Alex (10 October 2017b). "Tolkien's Map and the Perplexing River Systems of Middle-earth". Tor.com. Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- ISBN 0-618-12699-6.
- ISBN 978-0261102750.
- ISBN 978-0-618-13470-0.
- OCLC 9552942.
- OCLC 519647821.
- ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
- ISBN 978-0-395-29917-3.
- ISBN 978-0-395-42501-5.
- Walker, Steve (2009). The Power of Tolkien's Prose: Middle-Earth's Magical Style. New York: ISBN 978-0-230-61992-0.