Kamianets-Podilskyi

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Kamianets-Podilskyi Кам'янець-Подільський
City
UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	32300—32318
Area code	+380-3849

Kamianets-Podilskyi (

Kamianets-Podilskyi is a historical center of Podolia region, serving as a capital of Podillia Duchy, Podolian Voivodeship, Podolia Governorate following Russian occupation, Podolia vilayet during Ottoman occupation. During the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the city officially served as the temporary capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1919 to 1920.^[3]

Name

Originally known as Kamianets, its name was changed to the current following the partitions of Poland and occupation by the Russian Empire in 1795.

The first part of the city's dual name originates from kamin' (Ukrainian: камiнь) or kamen, meaning 'stone' in Old Slavic. The second part of its name relates to the historic region of Podilia (Ukrainian: Подíлля), of which Kamianets-Podilskyi is considered to be the historic capital. Therefore, the town name literally means 'The Stones of Podilia'.

Equivalents of the name in other languages are

Modern Kamianets-Podilskyi was first mentioned in 1062, when it belonged to smaller principalitie of

In 1699, the city was given back to Poland under King Augustus II the Strong according to the Treaty of Karlowitz. The fortress was continually enlarged and was regarded as the strongest in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The preserved ruins of the fortress still contain the iron cannonballs stuck in them from various sieges.

During this period,

• 
  Lithograph of Napoleon Horda between 1862 and 1876
• 
  Kamianets-Podilskyi fortress 1865
• 
  Kamenets from a height, the beginning of the 20th century
• 
  Church of St. Nicholas, 1902
• 
  Polish market, centralny plac, 1906
• 
  Centralny plac, 1906-1910
• 
  Postova Street, to the right of the Jewish shops, Old Town, 1910
• 
  Kamianets-Podilskyi aerial survey, 1914
• 
  Austro-Hungarian troops enter the Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1918
• 
  Kamianets-Podilsky bridge, 1918

World War I and post-war tribulations

During World War I, the city was occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1915.

After the

Soviet occupation[19]^[20] (1921-1991)

After the defeat of the

In December 1927,

The

Following the

A structural network of the OUN functioned on the territory of the city: Kamianets-Podilsky District, which belonged to the UPA-South. During the German occupation, Ukrainian national forces formed local self-government bodies: the regional administration, the regional department of education. Hryhoriy Kybets was appointed the head of the regional administration.^[30]

In January 1942, the Nazis began mass arrests and executions of people from Bandera in Kamianets-Podilskyi, more than 150 Ukrainian nationalists were shot.

In 1944-45, the 19th tactical division of the Kamianets UPA, the Lysonya military district, and the UPA-West military group operated on the territory of Kamianechchyna in 1944-45. The department was later divided into two parts in the summer of 1945. And self-defense bush units of the UPA from Ternopil Oblast also went on raids.^[31]

In 1986, the population of the city reached 100,000 people, according to this indicator, Kamianets moved from the category of medium to large cities.

On October 16, 1990, a rally was held in the city in support of the students of Kyiv, who announced a hunger strike as a sign of protest against the government's policies. In the central square of the city, the demands of the students to the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR regarding the adoption of laws on local self-government and the non-signing of the Union Treaty, and to the City Council regarding the raising of the blue-yellow flag were approved. On October 16, the presidium of the city council satisfied the students' demand and was the first in Khmelnytskyi to raise the national flag.^[32]

Independent Ukraine^[33]

On 16 July 1990, the new Ukrainian parliament adopted a declaration of sovereignty.^[34]

On 16 January 1991, Pope John Paul II re-established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi, which was dissolved under Soviet occupation.

Since August 24, 1991, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been part of independent Ukraine and is a significant economic, cultural, educational and tourist center of the state.^[35][36][37]

In 2004, residents of the city actively participated in the Orange Revolution, people held rallies on the Renaissance Square.^[38]

On December 1, 2013, city students from the Ivan Ohienko National University, Podilsk State Agrarian and Technical University and other educational institutions protested in the city, marching in a column through the streets and forming a viche near the city council, they expressed their anger at the authorities for their arbitrariness.^[39]

In the future, many residents of the city gathered every day for vigils under the city council to express their protests against the regime and to support the Euromaidan in Kyiv. The largest rally in terms of numbers took place on January 26, 2014, about 2,000 people took part in it.^[41][42][43]

As of 2015^[update], Kamianets-Podilskyi was the third-largest city of Podolia after

Until 18 July 2020, Kamianets-Podilskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi was merged into Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion.^[45][46][47]

Jewish history

During the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–58), the Jewish community of Kamianets-Podilskyi suffered much from Khmelnytsky's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of the Crimean Tatars (their main object being the extortion of ransoms) on the other.^[48]

About the middle of the 18th century, Kamianets-Podilskyi became celebrated as the center of the furious conflict then raging between the Talmudic Jews and the

Kamianets-Podilskyi was also the residence of the wealthy Joseph Yozel Günzburg. During the latter half of the 19th century, many Jews from Kamianets-Podilskyi emigrated to the United States, especially to New York City, where they organized a number of societies.^[48]

One of the first and largest

According to the data of the first all-Ukrainian population census in 2001, the population of the city was 99,610 people.[53]

Language

The city is located on the territory of the Podilian dialect, which belongs to the group of Volhynian-Podilian dialects of the southwestern group. The West-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the Dniestrian Ukrainian dialect, and the South-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect, are common in the city.^[54][55][56] Kamianets-Podilskyi is included in the "Atlas of the Ukrainian Language".^[57]

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:^[58]

Religion

All major religious groups in Ukraine are represented in the city, a large part of Kamianets residents are Catholics, many are Orthodox.^[59] Throughout history, various Catholic monastic orders have functioned in Kamianets-Podilskyi: Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God, Trinitarians, and as of 2023, the city has Pauline orders and the Society of Christ.^[60]

• 
  Trinity Church
• 
  The refectory of the Dominican monastery
• 
  Church of Saints Peter and Paul
• 
  Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul
• 
  Zdvychensk church

Climate

Culture

Main sights

The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include the Polish, Ruthenian and Armenian markets.^[11] Famous tourist attractions include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Holy Trinity Church, the city hall building, and the numerous fortifications.

"Respublica" Festival is a music and art festival for youth featuring modern music, literature, and street art. This festival is held annually, gathering hundreds of young art lovers, musicians, and art enthusiasts. Many of the city's buildings are decorated with murals, created during these festivals. The murals depict historical events, as well as modern concepts.

Twin towns and sister cities

Kamianets-Podilskyi is

• Dolný Kubín, Slovakia
• Kalisz, Poland^[63]
• Zalau, Romania
• Brantford, Canada^[64]
• Wiesbaden, Germany^[65]

Kamianets-Podilskyi's other sister cities are:

Notable residents

• Mikhail Alperin (born 1956), Ukrainian jazz pianist.
• Maria Berlinska (born 1988), Ukrainian military volunteer and women's rights advocate, born here.
• Andriy Bondar (born 1974), Ukrainian poet, translator and writer.
• Andrei Bondarenko (born 1987), Ukrainian operatic baritone, born here.
• Chebotaryov density theorem
  .
• Moisey Gamarnik (born 1936), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist and inventor, born here.
• Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934), Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman, one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century, lived and worked in universaty here.
• Sergey Gorshkov (1910–1988), Russian and Soviet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union, born here.
• Ilarion Ohienko (1882–1972), Ukrainian Orthodox cleric, linguist, church historian, and historian of Ukrainian culture. In 1919, he was Minister of Education in the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and first rector of Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University.
• striker for Dynamo Kyiv
  , born here.
• Vasyl Matviychuk (born 1982), Ukrainian long-distance runner.
• UNR Army
  , born here
• UNR Army
  , born here.
• Marko Mazurenko (1871–1929), corporal general of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, born here.
• David Günzburg (Baron de Günzburg; 1857–1910) Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader, born here.
• Israel J. Hochman (1872–1940), American klezmer violinist and recording artist, born here.
• Sergius Ingerman (1868–1943), American physician and socialist, born here.
• Józef Kallenbach (1861–1929), Polish historian of literature, born here .
• Yuriy Khimich (1928–2003), a Ukrainian painter, born here.
• Andrii Klantsa (born 1980), cardiac surgeon, scientist, Merited Doctor of Ukraine, Doctor of Science in Public Administration.
• Stanisław Koniecpolski (1590 or 1594–1646), Polish military commander, fought here.
• Yevhen Petrushevych (1863–1940), Ukrainian lawyer, politician, and president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, lived and worked here, when WUPR government settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi.
• Myron Tarnavsky (1869–1938), Ukrainian supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, fought here
• Mark Kopytman (1929–2011), Soviet-Israeli composer, musicologist, and pedagogue, born here.
• Murray Korman (1902–1961), American publicity photographer.
• Leib Kvitko (1890–1952), Yiddish poet, author of children's poems, and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.
• Mykola Leontovych (1877–1921), Ukrainian composer, studied and graduated from the city's Theological Seminary.
• Iryna Merleni (born 1982), female wrestler.
• Aleksander Michałowski (1851–1938), Polish pianist, born here.
• Mieczysław Mickiewicz (1879–before 1939), Polish politician, born here.
• Szymon Okolski (1580–1653), Polish historian, lived here.
• Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1876—1945), Polish writer, explorer, professor, anti-communist and political activist; lived here.
• Morris Schappes (1907–2004), American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor.
• Zvee Scooler (1899–1985), actor and radio commentator, best known as the Rabbi in Fiddler on the Roof; born here.
• Mendele Mocher Sforim (1836–1917), Jewish author; lived here
• Leo Sirota (1885-1965), Jewish pianist .
• Samuel Spielberg, Steven Spielberg's paternal grandfather.
• Mihail Starenki (1879–?), Bessarabian politician born here.
• Leonid Stein (1934–1973), Soviet chess Grandmaster, born here.
• Paul Burman (1888–1932), Estonian painter and graphic artist of Baltic German descent, born here.
• Moshe Stekelis (1898–1967), Russian-Israeli archaeologist .
• Arthur Tracy (1899–1997), American singer, born here.
• Anton Vasyutinsky (1858–1935), painter, coin and medal designer, born here.
• Mikhail Veller (born 1948), Russian-Estonian writer, born here.
• Ion Vinokur (1930–2006), Ukrainian archaeologist, historian, lived and worked here.
• Jan de Witte (1709–1785), Polish architect and commander of the local fortress.
• Jerzy Wołodyjowski, Polish colonel, prototype for one of Henryk Sienkiewicz's characters, Michał Wołodyjowski; killed here.
• Oleksandr Zaremba (born 1978), Ukrainian historian, military reenactor, festival organizer, and civic activist.
• Józef Zajączek (1752–1826), Polish general, born here.
• Maurice Zbriger (1896–1981), Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor, born here.
• Isidor Zuckermann (1866–1946), Austrian businessman.
• Jan Olszanski (1919–2003), Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate as the first diocesan Bishop of the reestablished Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi from 16 January 1991 until his retirement on 4 May 2002.

Gallery

• 
  Fortetsya str. Zamkova
• 
  Frozen waterfall
• 
  Novoplanivskyi Bridge
• 
  Armenian Bell Tower
• 
  House of Culture
• 
  Sculpture of the Mother of God
• 
  Orthodox church
• 
  Stephen Báthory Tower
• 
  Art object "I love Kamianets-Podilskyi"
• 
  Pyatnytska Street
• 
  Fortress walls
• 
  Triumphal Arch
• 
  The impregnable fortress
• 
  Fortress, 2023
• 
  Fortress at dawn
• 
  Fortress
• 
  Residential building str. Lesya Ukrainka

References