Maithils
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 73 million | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Nepal | 3.1 million (2011 Census)[3] |
Languages | |
Maithili Hindi and Nepali[4] | |
Religion | |
Majority: Hinduism Minority: Islam · Buddhism · Others | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Magahi · Bhojpuris · Awadhis |
Maithils (
History
Vedic period
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan speaking peoples who established the Videha kingdom. During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.[10]
The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which was based in Mithila.[11]
Medieval period
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the
Maithili-speaking dynasties and kingdoms
- Karnat dynasty, 1097 CE–1324 CE[15]
- Oiniwar dynasty, 1325 CE–1526 CE[16]
- Raj Darbhanga, 1557 CE −1947 CE[17]
- Malla dynasty, 1201 CE-1779 CE[18]
- Senas of Makwanpur, 1518 CE –1762 CE[19]
Region
India
Majority of Maithils normally reside north of the Ganges; based around Darbhanga and the rest of North Bihar.[20] Native Maithili speakers also reside in Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Ranchi and Mumbai.[21]
Indian Mithila comprises Tirhut, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Munger, Bhagalpur and Santhal Pargana divisions.[6]
Darbhanga in particular played an important role in the history of Mithila and is considered one of its "core centers". It was the center of Raj Darbhanga who ruled most of the region.[22] Madhubani was also where
Nepal
The adjoining districts of the eastern Terai form Nepalese Mithila.[27] This area was part of the kingdom of Videha.[28] The kingdom appears in the Ramayana. Many people claim Janakpur to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita but this is disputed as many consider Sitamarhi as Her birthplace. Maithils in Nepal have been working towards a "Free Maithil state".[29]
There is a movement in the Maithili-speaking areas of Nepal for a separate province.
Ethnicities and castes
Many ethnic groups and castes inhabit the Mithila region including
Maithil Brahmins are the
Maithil Rajputs are scattered throughout the region and are divided into various sub-clans with the most prominent being the
Language
The common language of the Maithil people is Maithili, which is one of the recognised regional languages of India and the second national language of Nepal listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and the Interim Constitution of Nepal. The Tirhuta script, also known as the Mithilakshar script, was used as the original script of the language. However, during the 20th century most Maithili writers gradually adopted Devanagari script for Maithili.[35] Some traditional pandits still use Tirhuta script for pātā (ceremonial letters related to important functions, such as marriage).
Culture
Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. Panjabi
Household structure
Traditionally Maithils lived in Badaghars called longhouses with big families of many generations, sometimes 40–50 people. All household members pool their labour force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.[38]
Religion
The religious practices of the Maithils is based on orthodox Hinduism as Mithila has historically been a principal seat of Hindu learning.[39]
Politics
Maithils hold significant influence in the politics of both India and Nepal. They dominate the polity of Bihar, India's third most populous state, by virtue of their majority in 144 of the 243 constituencies of the
Cross-border regionalism
Mithila regionalism unites Maithils of India and Maithils of Nepal from both sides of the international border. Since they share a common history, language, culture, and ethnicity, they feel part of one Mithila. Positive events on one side of the international border are celebrated on the other side, and negative events are mourned on both sides.[citation needed]
See also
- History of Mithila Region
- Culture of Mithila Region
- Maithili language
- Mithila
- Maithil cuisine
References
Notes
- ^ "Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state". m.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-wise Population (Census) Data: 2001 Census, India". Educationforallinindia.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "Maithil Population (Nepali Census) Data: 2011 Census, Nepal". Educationforallnepal.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Demographics of Maithil population of Nepal".
- ISBN 9788170990628. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ ISBN 9789380186283.
- ISBN 9780521459709. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ISBN 9781136649561. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ISBN 9781598846607. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143
- ^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86
- ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ISBN 9788180697074. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- JSTOR 44138330.
- ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.
- ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
- JSTOR 603754.
- .
- ^ (India), Bihar; Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1957). "Bihar district gazetteers, Volume 17". p. 16. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ^ Maithils at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ISBN 9788170171560. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
- ^ "नालंदा ने आनंदित किया लेकिन मिथिला के बलिराजगढ़ की कौन सुध लेगा ? – News of Bihar". NewsOfBihar.com. 16 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- ^ Narayan, Sachindra (1 June 1983). "Sacred Complexes of Deoghar and Rajgir". Concept Publishing Company – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9788170226918. Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- .
- ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143
- ISBN 9781136649561. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ISBN 9781136649561. Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2017.
- ^ "Samiti vows to protest for Mithila Province".
- ^ "Province 2 endorses Madhes as its name, Janakpurdham as provincial capital". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Parishad, Bihar Purāvid (1983). "The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Volumes 7–8". pp. 412–415. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Chaudhary, Pranava (May 22, 2011). "US scholar's project of encoding Tirhuta script into digital media". The Times of India. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ Maithil women wore Red Boarded Yellow or White Saree during Jhijhiya Naach. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Mithila as well as Bengal wearing शाखा पोला" www.jhajistore.com". Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ Lam, L. M. (2009). "Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Maithils in Central Nepal" (PDF). University of Adelaide. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
- ISBN 9788120805651. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Official status sought for Maithili in Province 2". 26 December 2017.
Bibliography
- Alan R. Beals & John Thayer Hitchcock (1960). "Field Guide to India". India: National Academies.