Pakistan Navy: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:17, 5 February 2019

Due to the absence of the Constitution, the Ministry of Defense ran under the government act of 1935 with British monarchy overseeing the armed forces development, leading the Pakistan Navy to fall under the Royal patronage until the Constitution was promulgated that established the Navy as a federal institution in 1956.^[21]

The Navy endured a difficult history— with only 200 officers and 3,000 sailors were inherited to the Navy– the most senior being

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy's warships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the Royal Navy.

Even though, neither the Navy nor the Air Force was notified of the

On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S. M. Anwar, launched artillery operation— an attack on the radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town of Dwarka.^[35] The operation ended with limited damage to the area.^[35] After gunnery bombardment, Ghazi was deployed against the Indian Navy's Western Naval Command at Bombay on 22 September and ended her operations and reported safely back to Karachi Naval Dockyard on 23 September 1965.^[35]

The naval operation in Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of the Pakistan Navy and it had also alerted Indian Navy commanders to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own naval shortcomings.^[37] After the war, the United States imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring options for military procurement from China, France, and Soviet Union.^{: 62 [23]} The United Kingdom offered the Navy to jointly built the Type 21 frigate but was rejected by Ayub administration that would only allow the financial capital to be spent on submarine procurement.^{: 63 [23]}

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own

By 1971, the Navy NHQ staffers and their commanders knew very well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in East Pakistan (now

Furthermore, the defections from Navy's Bengali officers and sailors had jeopardize the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the Awami League's militant wing, the Mukti Bahini in a program known as Jackpot.^[41] Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged due to this operation on 15 March 1971.^[41] East-Pakistan's geography was surrounded by India on all three landward sides by the Indian Army as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from blocking the coasts.^[41]

During this time, the Navy NHQ was housed in Karachi that decided to deploy the newly MLU Ghazi submarine on East while Hangor in West for the intelligence gathering purposes.^[41]

At the end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night....

— Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971, .^[42]

The missile-based attacks were the complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700 sailors perished at the barracks.[45]

The

The Navy's only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.[46] Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.^[47] The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the submarine.^{[48][49][50][51]}

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.^[52] According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.^[43]

The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and

According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost half its force in the war.^[57] Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.^[58]

According to the testimony provided by the [Rear-Admiral]]

In 1974, the Naval Aviation branch was established with the transfer of the Westland Sea King helicopters from the United Kingdom in 1975, followed by test firing the surface-to-ship Exocet missile as a befitting response to the Indian Navy in 1979.^[59] With the ability to fire the land-based Exocet missile from a reconnaissance aircraft, the Navy became the first of its king in the South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.^{: 77 [64]}

In 1976, the Navy moved towards successfully acquiring the military computers from the British firm, the

When Gen. Pervez Musharraf was confirmed as the Chairman Joint Chiefs, Admiral Fasih Bokhari reportedly submitted his resignation from his commission in protest, and left the command to Admiral Abdul Aziz Mirza.^{: 35 [72]}

Over the issue of the Indian Air Force's shot down of the aircraft, the Navy filed a lawsuit against the Indian Air Force at the International Court of Justice, but the claim was later dismissed due to overreaching of the court's mandate.^{: 62–63 [72][76][76]}

Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.

— Pervez Musharraf, 1999, ^[71]

After his incident in 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the air-independent propulsion of Agosta submarine to substitute with nuclear propulsion, however the proposal was dismissed.^[71]

War on Terror in Afghanistan and operations in North-West (2001–present)

Since 2004, the Navy's deployment took place in Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in the multinational NAVCENT in Bahrain, and took the leadership of the CTF-150 and CTF-151 as well as taking active participation in the Operation Enduring Freedom in 2006–10.^[78][79][80] In 2008, the task force group consisting of PNS Badr, PNS Shah Jahan, PNS Nasr, and the Pakistan Air Force's Explosive Ordnance Disposal participated in the Exercise Inspired Union with the U.S. Navy in the Indian Ocean to develop skills in a prevention of seaborne terrorism.^[81]

Its deployment in the

The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.^[87] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.

— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations, ^[87]

In times of national calamities and emergencies, the Pakistan Navy has been deployed in relief operations and nation building programs in the country.^[88] In 2004, a tactical task force under then-Commodore Asif Sandila coordinated the peacetime relief operations in Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Bangladesh when the underwater earthquake caused a tsunami and struck the South Asian nations.^{[89][90][91][92][93][94][95]} In 2005, the Navy deployed the PNS Badr (D-184) to help assists the relief efforts for the earthquake that struck the northern part of the country on October 2005.^[59]

In 2010, the Navy coordinated its one the largest relief operation during the nationwide flash floods, with Navy divers rescuing and evacuating more than 352,291 people on August 2010.^[96] In addition, the Navy and Marines personnel provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur.^[97] As of January 2011^[update], under the program PN Model Village, the Navy's civil engineering corps built the model houses in the affected areas for the internally displaced person (IDPs).^[98]

On 10 June 2018, Pakistan Navy and Maritime Security Agency rescued eleven Iranian crew members on an sunken Iranian boat in the Northern Arabian Sea, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) away from Karachi.^[99][100]

Corporate and business activities

The Pakistan Navy has the wider commercial and financial interests in the country, and is a forerunner of the Bahria Foundation (lit. Naval Foundation).^[101] From 1996–2000, the Navy was a major sponsor of the Bahria Town– the real estate enterprise– and reportedly received market shares for the use of its name in commercial building projects.^[102] In 2002, the Navy filed a civil lawsuit to refrain the Bahria Town using its name for profiteering– the lawsuit was eventually settled in civil court in favor of Navy in 2018.^[102]

For external billets appointment, the federal government takes the senior leadership of the Navy as secondment to manage the federal institutions such as the Karachi Port Trust, Port of Karachi, and the Port of Gwadar.^[103][104]

Organization

Command and control structure

Leadership in the Navy is provided by the

• • • Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS)[108]
    • Chief of Staff of Personnel (COS-Personnel)^[108]
    • Chief of Staff of Operation (COS-Ops.)^[108]
    • Chief of Staff of Logistics (COS-Log.)^[108]
    • Comptroller of Civilian Personnel^[107]
    • Judge Advocate General^[107]
    • Naval Secretary[107]
• See
  Chief of Naval Staff
  for more command PSO-level appointments

Naval components and branches

Due the influence from the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy since its earliest inception, the Pakistan Navy has a unique command structure and the Navy's functionality is divided in various branches.^: 73 [1]

There are sixteen military branches in the Navy that are in fact administrative, directed by the several appointed

Source: Organizations

The each and appointed deputy chiefs of naval staff headed their respected branches and report directly to the chiefs of staff their respected command at the

Commands

Since its restructuring and reorganization over the several years, the Pakistan Navy now operates eight operational and tactical field commands, two of the important commands of aviation and submarines are reporting directly to the senior Pakistan Fleet Command.

Geographically, there three operational and tactical commands, such as Karachi Command (COMKAR), Northern Command (COMNOR), and Central Punjab Command (COMCEP), are administrating the bulk of naval installations, offshore establishments, and training facilities besides the seven oceanic based commands.^: 73[1]

In 2012, the Pakistan Navy established the

The Pakistan Navy has a dedicated military division towards conducting the unconventional warfare, combat diving, naval interdiction, and the asymmetric warfare operations, established under the watchful guidance of the United States Navy's SEALs in 1966.^[111]

This elite and competitive division in the Navy is known as the

The Navy Special Service Group is influenced from the competitive training of the Army Special Service Group, and is headquartered at the PNS Iqbal in Karachi where the physical conditioning and weapon tactics training took place.^[113] The Navy Special Service Group's specialization further included training and mastery in the visit, board, search, and seizure methods, naval interdiction, and security operations to prevent seaborne-based terrorism.^[114]

In sharp contrast to the Army Special Service Group, the Navy Special Service Group is a tighter unit composed of highly qualified and selected personnel who are modeled and inspired by the U.S. Navy SEALs training and tradition.^[113] Actual number of personnel of Navy Special Service Group is classified and their deployment are also subjected to classified information.^[113]

In 1970–71, the Navy established the

The 1st Marines Battalion, the special operation unit, of the Pakistan Marines is specifically trained by the Pakistan Army to conduct the infiltration and conducting the anti-aircraft warfare operations, and the Marines's 1st Battalion is currently deployed in Sir Creek.^[118]

Military philosophy

Combat doctrine

The combat military doctrine and defense philosophy of the Pakistan Navy is primarily directed towards preventing the opportunity to the Indian Navy to launch or the remake of the missile attacks on the port cities of Pakistan that took place in 1970s.^[107]

From 1947 until 1971, the Pakistan Navy was seen as a force only suitable for the coastal defense that needed the

Over the years, the Pakistan Navy engaged in developing the tactical doctrine that includes the acquisition, development, employment, and aggressive deployment of the long-range and depth reaching submarines in an effort to target and destroy its adversaries by attacking surface warships before reaching the country's ports.^[107] The mining of the Karachi's harbor is also taken as a serious consideration of preventing the enemy from launching the missile attacks in the port city of Karachi.^[107]

In 1983–85, the Pakistan Navy commissioned the the

Responding to the development of the INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy reportedly announced the launch of the nuclear powered submarine program to counter the submarine threat in 2012.^[123]

The Navy eventually pushed for attaining the naval-based nuclear

From its commencement on August of 1947, the Pakistan Navy had traditionally followed the ranks and insignia of the Royal Navy but disbanded in favor of adopting the officer ranks system of the United States Navy as early as 1950s.^{: 73 [1][125]}

Unlike the army or air force where there are several paths to become the officers, there is only one way of becoming the naval officer by must attending the

Besides the military officers, the Department of Navy also offers employments to civilians in financial management, accountancy, medical services, computing, and administration, and has currently employed ~2,000 civilians that met the Navy's quota in 2018.[6]

According the various admissions and estimations provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Pakistan Navy's combined standing navy is ~40,500 personnel including the active duty personnel, Navy Reserves, Marines Corps, the Maritime Security Agency (MSA), and the 2,000 personnel from the naval-side of the Coast Guards– the branch within the Pakistan Army.^{: 73 [1] [128]}

Pay grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 O-1 Insignia Title Fleet Admiral Admiral Vice-Admiral Rear-Admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lieutenant-Commander Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Midshipman Abbreviation FA Adm. V-Adm. R-Adm. Cdre. Capt. Cdr. Lt-Cdr. Lt. S-Lt. Mid. NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF-1 Rank Hierarchy Five-star Four-star Three-star Two-star One-star

Enlisted personnel

The recruitment and the enlistment in the navy is nationwide and the recruitment in the Navy is carried out by the release of the employment tender in the

After passing out from the nine-month long boot camp, the enlisted personnel are directed for subsequent job training at the PNS Karsaz in Karachi on the matters of technical subjects and assigned for different branches in the Navy.^[129]

Promotion in the Navy from the enlistment to officers ranks are much quicker than the army or the air force, as the Department of Navy offers financial aid to those enlisted personnel successful in their profession to attend the

Their technical experiences in their fields is consolidated into the professional training that forms their basis to attend the respective university for them to earned the four-year college degree.[129]

The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective anchors color patches or badges chevrons on their shoulders.^[129] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.^[129]

Structure of Enlisted Ranks of the Pakistan Navy
Pay grade	E-9	E-8	E-7	E-6	E-5	E-4	E-3	E-2	E-1
Insignia
Title	Master Chief Petty Officer	Fleet Chief Petty Officer	Chief Petty Officer	Petty Officer	Petty Officer (2nd-Class)	Petty Officer (1st-class)	Leading Seaman–III	Able Seaman–II	Seaman–I
Abbreviation	MCPO	FCPO	CPO	—	–	PO	LH	AS-II	OS-I
NATO Code	OR-9	OR-8	OR-7	OR-6	OR-5	OR-4	OR-3	OR-2	OR-1

Recruitment and training

After the Navy was established on August of 1947, the Navy had to send its officers and enlisted personnel to be trained at the

After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the quota system to give fair chance to the residents of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to enlist in the military.^: 75 [1] In 2007, the Navy gave commissioned to its first Baloch batch, consisting of fifty-three women and seventy-two enlists from Balochistan in Pakistan.^[132] In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Balochistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.^[133] The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.^[133]

Recruitment in the Navy remains to be challenge for the naval recruiters to enlists citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the

As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had approximately ~30,200 active duty personnel.[128] In 2014, the estimates established the Navy's manpower strength at 30,700 active duty personnel.^[135] but its combined manpower strength is increased and approximated at ~38,500 personnel based on recent estimates in 2018.^: 73 [1]

Education and training

Schooling, teaching, and institutions

The Pakistan Navy offers the wide range of lucrative careers to the high school graduates in the technical fields by issuing specialized diplomas and certifications at the PNS Karsaz and the PNS Bahadur, which consists of the schools of operations, underwater, surface weapons, communications, and the naval police.^[129][136] Instructions and technical education on technical fields and the engineering are primarily taught at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College that is open for both military and public admission, and offers college degree programs at undergraduate and post-graduate level.^[137]

When the Navy was established in 1947, there was no technical schools for the Navy to look after the ship maintenance and

In 1966, the Pakistan Naval Academy was established under the guidance of the United States Navy, and is a premier institution of higher learning whose alumni included the Commanders of the Royal Qatari Navy, Royal Saudi Navy, and the Sri Lanka Navy while other nations naval cadets have also attended the naval academy.^[139]

In 1968, the

Established in 1971, the

The Navy established the

The first Officer Commanding of the Pakistan Marines was an

The Navy also maintains a paramilitary division which prevents federal navy personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity. The

Rear-Admiral

.

The

Major-General.^[150]

Awards and honors

Service awards

Nishan-e-Haider

Main article: Nishan-e-Haider

In

military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر) is the highest and most prestigious honor awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.^{: 220 [151]} The honor is a namesake of Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.^{: 4 [152]}

Since 1947, there has been no naval officer or naval enlisted personnel in the Pakistani military that has been conferred or honored with this prestigious medal.[153]

Recipient of the foreign awards

Naval fleet

Main article: List of active Pakistan Navy ships

Ships

The names of commissioned combat and non-combat ships of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS" ("Pakistan Naval Ships"). The names of ships are selected by the Ministry of Defence, often to honour important people or places in the history of Pakistan.^{[154][155][156]}

The Navy currently operates nine frigates, including a single former US Navy Template:Sclass-, four former Royal Navy Type 21 Amazon-class frigates and four Template:Sclass-s, which are an improved version of the Type 053H3 frigates. Two of the Amazon-class frigates, locally designated as the Template:Sclass-, have been decommissioned. In June 2017, Pakistani Navy placed an order for two Type 054A frigates with China to replace the existing Type 21 frigates in service.^[157] In June 2018, an additional order for two more frigates was placed with China Shipbuilding Trading Company. The Navy intends to replace Tariq-class ships with Type 054A frigates by 2021.^{[158][159][160][160]} In addition, the Navy operates three former Template:Sclass2-s, locally designated as the Munsif class.^[161]

The Navy also operates three Template:Sclass- based on the Chinese Type 037II Houjian missile boat, two Jalalat II class produced using a German design, two Jurrat-class missile boats, one Larkana-class gunboat and two MRTP-33-class attack craft from Turkey.^[162][163] They are primarily divided among the 10th Patrol Craft Squadron and the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.^[164] In 2017, it was announced that Pakistan has signed a deal with Turkey to acquire four Template:Sclass-s, two 75 m (246 ft) multi-purpose corvettes from American shipbuilder Swift and two offshore patrol vessels from Dutch shipbuilder Damen Shipyards.^{[165][166][167]}

Submarines

See also:

Karachi Shipyard, and Karachi Naval Dockyard

The Submarines Service Force (SSF) is the major combatant command of Pakistan Navy, with primary mission including the commencing of peaceful engagement, surveillance and intelligence management, special operations, precision strikes, battle group operations, and the control of Pakistan's border seas. The Submarine command also takes responsibility to protect country's sea lanes of communication as well as to protect the economical interests, foreign trade and development of the country.[168]^[169]

The Navy currently operates a total of five

diesel-electric submarines acquired from France, namely, two Agosta-70 class and three Agosta-90B class equipped with air-independent propulsion.^[170] In April 2015, eight export version of Type 039B submarines from China for $5 billion was approved. Four submarines are expected to be delivered by 2023 and the remainder delivered by 2028.^[171]

In April 2014, the Pakistan Navy announced that it is in the process of shifting primary operations and naval assets, including its entire fleet of diesel-electric submarines (SSKs), from Karachi to the Jinnah Naval Base in Ormara.^[172] The Navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike and precision capability by developing naval variants of the Babur cruise missile from submarines, surface combatants.^[168]

Auxiliary ships

The Navy operates a former Poolster-class replenishment oiler, called PNS Moawin which was acquired from the Royal Netherlands Navy and a Template:Sclass- replenishment oiler, PNS Nasr, which was acquired from China. In addition, the Navy also operates two small tankers and two coastal tankers which were locally built by KSEW.^[173][174]

A dredging vessel, a hydrographic survey vessel, a tall ship, a backhoe dredger, two split hopper barges and two

landing craft mechanized are also operated by the Navy.^{[175][176][177]}

Pakistan Naval Air Arm

Main article: Pakistan Naval Air Arm

After realising the naval failure in the 1971 war, the Navy sought to modernise.

Mirage 5 ROSE fighter jets, later transferred the entire squadron to Navy armed with Exocet missiles.^[37] Since then, the Mirage 5 are piloted by the navy fighter pilots after passing the course with PAF Academy and certifying a diploma from a weapons system and combat training school.^[37] The Mirage 5 belonged to the PAF as well as operated by the air force, but are piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who are under the command of senior ranking Navy officer.^[37] The Westland lynx helicopters have now been removed from active service and a tender has been issued for their removal.^[179]

Pakistan Naval Air Arm Pakistan Naval Aviation is an important arm of the Pakistan Navy and assists in the surface and submarine flights to guarantee the safety of Pakistan sea borders.

Pakistan Naval Air Defence

Main article: Pakistan Naval Air Defence

In 2010, the Navy established another command after launching an air defence system, using the

Space Research Commission (SRC) in the North Arabian Sea.^[181]

Along with the members of Pakistan Marines, the PNAD members are deployed in all over the country to support the marine operations of Pakistan Navy.

• FN16 Or HY-6 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, tested on 25 December 2010 by Naval Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km)
• Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, test fired on 25 December 2010 by Naval marines.

See also

• List of active Pakistan Navy ships
• Maritime Security Agency
• Pakistan Naval Academy
• Pakistan Navy War College
• Kalmat Naval Base
• Ahsan Naval Base
• Jinnah Naval Base
• Makran Naval Base
• Mehran Naval Base
• Qasim Marine Base

References

Citations

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Internet

• "Orbat". Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947–2005. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

• Official website