PNS Ghazi

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the submarine named Ghazi, bought by the Pakistan Navy in 1975, see PNS Ghazi (S134).

The Tench-class submarine in the U.S. Navy's service as Diablo in 1964.
History
United States
NameUSS Diablo
Builder
Maine, United States[1]
Laid down11 August 1944[1]
Launched1 December 1944[1]
Commissioned31 March 1945[1]
Decommissioned1 June 1964[1]
Stricken4 December 1971[2]
IdentificationSS-479
FateTransferred to Pakistan on 1 June 1964[1]
Pakistan
NamePNS Ghazi
Cost$1.5 million
USD (1968) (Refit and MLU cost)[8]
Acquired1 June 1964
Refit2 April 1970
Homeport
Karachi Naval Base
IdentificationS-130
Honours and
awards
FateLost under unknown circumstances with 93 personnel onboard on 4/5 December 1971 in Bay of Bengal in East of Indian Ocean.[3][4][5][6][7]
General characteristics
Class and type
diesel-electric submarine[2]
Displacement
  • 1,570 long tons (1,595 t) surfaced[2]
  • 2,414 long tons (2,453 t) submerged[2]
Length311 ft 8 in (95.00 m)[2]
Beam27 ft 4 in (8.33 m)[2]
Draft17 ft (5.2 m) maximum[2]
Propulsion
Speed
  • 20.25 knots (37.50 km/h; 23.30 mph) surfaced[9]
  • 8.75 knots (16.21 km/h; 10.07 mph) submerged[9]
Range11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)[9]
Endurance
  • 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) submerged[9]
  • 75 days on patrol
Test depth
Complement
Armament

PNS/M Ghazi (S–130)

reporting name: Ghazi), SJ, was a Tench-class diesel-electric submarine, the first fast-attack submarine in the Pakistan Navy. She was leased from the United States Navy in 1963.[15]
: 68 

She served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1963 and was loaned to Pakistan under the

1971 wars.[8]

In 1968 Ghazi executed a submerged circumnavigation of Africa and southern parts of Europe through the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, due to the closure of the Suez Canal, in order to be refitted and updated at Gölcük, Turkey. The submarine could be armed with up to 28 Mk.14 torpedoes and had the capability of mine-laying added as part of her refit.[8][5]

Starting as the only submarine in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, Ghazi remained the Pakistan Navy's flagship submarine until she sank under mysterious circumstances near India's eastern coast while conducting naval operations en route to the Bay of Bengal.[17] While the Indian Navy credits Ghazi's sinking to its destroyer INS Rajput,[18][19][20][21][22] the Pakistani military oversights and reviews stated that "the submarine sank due to either an internal explosion or accidental detonation of mines being laid by the submarine off the Visakhapatnam harbour".[23][24][25][26][27]

In 2010, it was revealed the

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[6][28][29][30] Nonetheless, Indian historians consider the sinking of Ghazi to be a notable event; as they have described the sinking as one of the "last unsolved greatest mysteries of the 1971 war."[27][31][32]

Service with United States Navy

Diablo, a long-range

launched on 1 December 1944, sponsored by the wife of U.S. Navy Captain V. D. Chapline on 31 March 1945 with Lieutenant Commander Gordon Graham Matheson as her first commanding officer.[33][34][35][36]

She was the only warship of the United States Navy to be named Diablo, which means "devil" in Spanish.: 134–135 [37] The submarine's assigned and issued insignia patch identified the caricature image of the devil running with a torpedo in the sea.[38]

After being commissioned at the

East Coast arriving at New York City on 11 October, except for a visit to Charleston, South Carolina in October where she remained at New York until 8 January 1946.[35]

From 15 January 1946 to 27 April 1949, Diablo was based in the

New Orleans, Louisiana, for the training of naval reservists in March 1948.[9]

Diablo arrived at Naval Station Norfolk in Virginia, her new home port, on 5 June 1949, and participated in Operation Convex in 1951, and alternated training cruises with duty at the Sonar School at Key West.[1] Her homeport became New London in 1952 and she arrived there 17 September to provide training facilities for the Submarine School.[33]

From 3 May to 1 June 1954, she was attached to the Operational Development Force at Key West for tests of new weapons and equipment.[33] She participated in Operation Springboard in the Caribbean from 21 February to 28 March 1955, and continued to alternate service with the Submarine School with antisubmarine warfare and fleet exercises in the Caribbean and off Bermuda, as well as rendering services to the Fleet Sonar School and Operational Development Force at Key West.[35] Between February and April 1959, she cruised through the Panama Canal along the coasts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile for exercises with South American navies.[33] On 27 May 1960, she entered Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for an overhaul which continued until October 1960.[36]

In 1962 her hull classification symbol was changed to AGSS-479.[2]

Diablo was decommissioned on 1 June 1964 and was commissioned in the Pakistani Navy the same day.

Awards

Service with Pakistan Navy

Main articles: Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program and Pakistan–United States military relations
USS Diablo's sea trial in the Cape Cod Canal in 1945

The procurement and acquisition of Ghazi was a result of lengthy and complicated negotiation between the administrations of Pakistan and the United States.: 57–60 [39] Since the 1950s the Pakistan Navy had been seeking to procure imported submarines, initially negotiating with the Royal Navy and subsequently also with the United States Navy.: 58 [39]

With

Kennedy administration on a four-year lease with an option of renewing or purchasing the submarine afterwards in 1963.[8][5]

Ghazi was the first submarine to be operated by a Navy in

Fleet Snorkel under the Guppy program of the U.S. Navy at the Philadelphia Naval Dockyard, and was mostly unmodernized when she joined the services of Pakistan Navy.: 61 [39] Naval historians had described Ghazi as an unarmed "clockwork mouse" used for training purposes.: 61 [37][39]: 135–136  Nonetheless, the Indian Navy immediately was under the impression that it was militarized and an updated submarine that posed a serious threat.: 59 [39]

She was fitted with 14 vintage

fast-attack submarine.[41] She was named and designated as Ghazi (lit. Holiest Warrior) by the Pakistan Navy in 1964.: 136 [37]

Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

Main article:
Naval operations in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war theatre

On 5 August 1965

Lieutenant Zafar Muhammad who would later command her, as a Commander, in 1971.[42]

Notable

1965
included:

She was the only submarine in the conflict arena that was deployed in the

Gujarat, India.[41] She was also seeking INS Vikrant, the only aircraft carrier, but did not detect her target during the entire conflict.[8] On 9 September 1965 INS Beas made an unsuccessful depth charge attack in an attempt to make a contact with Ghazi.[8]

On 17 September 1965 Ghazi made a surface contact and identified INS Brahmaputra and fired three World War II-era Mark 14 torpedoes and increased depth to evade counterattack.[8] According to submarine war logs three distinct explosions were heard at about the time when the torpedoes should have impacted but Brahmaputra was not sunk, neither had it been hit since the warship did not release depth charges nor had it detected the Sonar Emissions of the Ghazi.[8] No ships were sunk or damaged in the area and Ghazi safely reported back to base.[8]

Upon her return she won ten war awards including two decorations of Sitara-e-Jurat, one Tamgha-i-Jurat and the President's citations and six Imtiazi Sanads while her commander, Cdr. K.R. Niazi was decorated with the Sitara-e-Jurat and chief petty officers were decorated with the Tamgha-i-Jurat.[41][42] It is not known what Ghazi's target was or what the three mysterious explosions were since no inquiry report was ever submitted.[8]

After the war in 1965–66 an arms embargo was placed on both India and Pakistan, but was later waived by the United States, strictly based on the

Turkish Navy for a refit and mid-life update that was to be carried out at Gölcük in Turkey – the only facility to update the Tench-class submarines.[8]

Because of the

DESTO.[5]

During her submerged circumnavigation voyage she briefly stopped at

electromechanical equipment.[5] It took her two months to complete her circumnavigation of Africa and Europe.[5]

Refitting and

$11.1 million in 2015–16).[8] The program started in March 1968 and completed in April 1970 and it is believed that the U.S-made ill-fitted World War II era Mk.14/Mk.10 naval mines were bought "secretly" from Turkey.[8]

Eastern Front of Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

Main article: Naval operations in the Eastern theatre

Under the command of

Karachi coast after successfully completing the submerged circumnavigation of Africa which was taken in order to undergo a refitting program and mid-life updates of her military computers on 2 April 1970.: 108 [16][5]

In August 1971 the Indian Navy transferred INS Vikrant, its aircraft carrier, to the

Navy NHQ objected to the idea of deploying Ghazi in the total absence of a seaport, straying away from their original plan.[41] Many senior commanders had felt that the deployment of Ghazi was highly dangerous and impossible to achieve by sending the obsolete submarine behind enemy lines but deployment came when it became apparent that war was inevitable.[41]

Prior to her deployment Ghazi continued to experience equipment failures and reportedly had aging issues. Since it was the only submarine of the Pakistan Navy and had the range and capability to undertake operations in the distant waters controlled by India, Ghazi was pressed into operation to destroy or damage Vikrant.

locate and sink Vikrant and secondary was to mine India's eastern seaboard, which was to be fulfilled irrespective of the accomplishment of the first.[8]

Another problem faced by PNS Ghazi was the poor conditions of maintenance facilities at Chittagong port in East Pakistan.[45]

Fate

The mysterious sinking of Ghazi took place on 4 December 1971 during its hunt to find Vikrant and/or during the minelaying mission on the Visakhapatnam Port, Bay of Bengal.[44] The cause of the sinking is still unknown, and Indian and Pakistani sources have different views.

On 16 November she was in contact with the Navy NHQ and Commander Khan charted the

Madras where reportedly the Indian aircraft carrier was stationed, but she was 10 days late and INS Vikrant was now actually somewhere near the Andaman Islands.: 82 [46][47] Unable to detect her target, PNS Ghazi's commanders became disillusioned about their hunt for Vikrant and turned back to Visakhapatnam to start laying mines off the harbour with a confidence that it would take a swipe at INS Vikrant or at least bottle up the Indian Navy's heavy units clustered in this major Indian naval base on the night of 2–3 December 1971."[41]

On 1 December 1971,

Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan briefed Captain Inder Singh, the commanding officer of INS Rajput, that a Pakistani submarine had been sighted off the Sri Lankan coast and was absolutely certain that the submarine would be somewhere around Madras or Visakhapatnam.[48] He made it clear that once INS Rajput had completed refueling she must leave the harbor with all navigational aids switched off.[48]

According to Indian claims at 23:40 on 3 December 1971, taking on board a pilot, INS Rajput moved through the channel to the exit from Visakhapatnam.[48][49]

At midnight, shortly after passing the entrance buoy, the starboard lookout reported a breaker on the surface of the water right on the nose. According to the Indian Navy's claims, Captain Singh changed the course at full speed across the specified point and ordered to drop two depth charges, which was done.[48] The explosions were "stunning", and Rajput suffered a serious material concussion to its structure. However, visible results of this attack are not given.[48] INS Rajput for some time surveyed the area dumping bombs, no longer found any contact — either visual or acoustic. A few minutes later the destroyer continued her way to the coast of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[48][49]

On the night of 4–5 December 1971, Ghazi sank with all 93 servicemen on board (11 officers and 82 enlisted[50]) under mysterious circumstances: 157 [44][51] off the Visakhapatnam coast, allowing the Indian Navy to effect a naval blockade of East Pakistan.: 157 [51]

Intelligence and deception

See also: Military deception

According to Indian DNI's director Rear-Admiral Mihir K. Roy, Ghazi's existence was revealed when a signal addressed to naval authorities in Chittagong was intercepted, requesting information on a lubrication oil only used by submarines and minesweepers.[44][52]

Indian Navy intelligence tracked Ghazi with a codename issued as

Kali Devi,[4] and the Indian Navy began to realize that the Pakistanis would inevitably be forced to send their submarine Ghazi to the Bay of Bengal, as the sole ship which could operate in these waters.[4]

Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan of the Eastern Naval Command had maintained that it was clear that Pakistan would have deployed Ghazi in the Bay of Bengal and a part of its plan was an attempt to sink the Indian aircraft carrier Vikrant.[8] At the same time concerted action was taken to disseminate misinformation designed to mislead the enemy about the true location of the aircraft carrier, and to foster confidence that the carrier was stationed at Visakhapatnam.[8][48] In particular the D 41 Rajput was instructed to move from Vishakhapatnam to Madras, sending signals as if it were the Vikrant.

All these activities were apparently successful in deceiving Ghazi when on 25 November 1971, the Navy NHQ communicated with Ghazi that stated: "Intel indicates carrier in port".[49]

Aftermath

On 26 November 1971, Ghazi was expected to communicate with the Navy NHQ to submit its mission report but did not communicate with its base.[53] The Navy NHQ repeatedly made frantic efforts to establish the communication and anxiety grew as days passed for her return to the base.[53] Before the naval hostilities broke out, commanding officers had started worrying about Ghazi's fate but the Navy NHQ senior command had replied to their junior officers that several reasons could be attributed to the failure of the submarine to communicate.[53]

On 9 December, the Indian Navy issued a statement about the fate of Ghazi. The first indication of Ghazi's fate came when a message from the Indian NHQ, claiming sinking of Ghazi on the night of 3 December, was intercepted.[53] The Indian NHQ issued the statement a few hours before the loss of INS Khukri, and prior to launch of second missile attack on Karachi port.[53]

Indian version

After the

gallantry awards for this event, but the actual details of Ghazi's sinking became unclear, as new narratives soon began to emerge after the war.[2]

The claim of sinking Ghazi has been the centre of controversy between the Indian authors, giving doubts in their theories of mysterious sinking of the submarine.[53] With Commodore Ranjit Roy testifying that "very loud explosion effects were heard at the beach that came from underwater."[53] Commodore Roy also concluded that "...at that time, how the Ghazi was sunk remained unclear as it does today."[53]

The official history of the Indian Navy, Transition to Triumph, authored by retired Vice-Admiral G.M. Hiranandani, gave an exhaustive account of the sinking of Ghazi. He quoted naval records and top naval officials who commanded operations on the eastern seafront as saying that INS Rajput was sent from Visakhapatnam to track down Ghazi. The book also noted that the time of dropping of the charges, the explosion which was heard by the people of Visakhapatnam and that of a clock recovered from Ghazi, matched.[55] However, Admiral Hiranandani maintained that the submarine almost certainly suffered an internal explosion but its causes are debatable.[27]

Admiral Roy of India stated: "The theories propounded earlier by some who were unaware of the ruse de guerre (attempt to fool the enemy in wartime) leading to the sinking of the first submarine in the Indian Ocean gave rise to smirks from within our own (Indian) naval service for an operation which instead merited a Bravo Zulu (flag hoist for Well Done)".[52]

Admiral

Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy during the conflict, stated : "In narrow channels, ships, during an emergency or war, always throw depth charges around them to deter submarines. One of them probably hit the Ghazi. The blow-up was there, but nobody knew what it was all about until the fisherman found the life jacket".[56]

In 2003, the Indian Navy again sent its divers to overlook its investigation and the divers recovered some items including the

hydrogen gas which built up inside the submarine while its batteries were being charged underwater.[27]

In 2010,

Lieutenant-General J. F. R. Jacob of Eastern Command mentioned in an article that "Ghazi was destroyed in an accident in which Indian Navy was not involved. There were many opinions from authors of the Indian side who also shared this scepticism of the Indian Navy’s official stance."[58] Jacob also stated in the article that the Indian Navy had no information about the sinking of Ghazi until they were informed by the local fishermen the next day.[30]

In 2010, it was reported that the Indian Navy had destroyed all records of the sinking of the submarine Ghazi.[28][29][30] Vice Admiral G. M. Hiranandani, who was tasked with writing the official history of the navy, said that he was unable to obtain any old files regarding Ghazi sinking.[59] One of the retired navy officer who saw action in 1971 said that the destruction of the Ghazi papers and those of the army in Kolkata depicts the many instances when Indian war history has been deliberately falsified. He further stated that 'We have enough heroes. In the fog of war, many myths and false heroes may have been created and many honest ones left unsung'.[6]

In 2011, former Indian naval chief, Admiral Arun Prakash quoted in the national security conference that [Ghazi] had sunk under mysterious circumstances, "not by INS Rajput as originally claimed."[60][61] Parkash later published an article in Indian media in 2021 in which he stated that PNS Ghazi sank due to an internal explosion.[62]

Pakistani military oversights

Main articles: High-test peroxide, Nickel–hydrogen battery, and Endothermic process
The sideview of Mk.14 torpedoes deployed in Ghazi

In 1972, the

war of 1971.[63]

It was only on 10 February 1972, when the incident was officially recognised by the

pushing for repatriation to the Government of Pakistan as they were keeping the hope alive that they may have survived and rescued by India.[53]

The

Mk.14 torpedoes' "circular deep running" once launched from the firing ship.[8]

Pakistan never accepted the theory from the Indian Navy but provided its alternative insights into this disaster based on the investigations on the

mishappening
:

Another theory from foreign experts, also favoured by Pakistan, is that the explosive shock waves from one of the depth charges set off the torpedoes and mines (some of which may have been armed for laying) stored aboard the submarine.[48][53] The Navy NHQ counter-argued: Ghazi itself may have inadvertently passed over the mines during the mine laying operations; patrolling Indian vessels or Indian depth charges might also have tripped the count mechanism of one or more mines.[53] Credibility is added to this story by the later discovery made by Indian Coast Guard divers in 2003, that the damaged parts of the submarine had been blown inside out.[48][67]

From information found in the investigation conducted on the cause of the loss of the American submarine

hydrogen gas while charging underwater.[68]: 215  Henceforth the hydrogen gas, if not properly vented, could have accumulated into an explosive concentration.[68]
: 215 

In addition, the NI's investigations also exposed the deployment of Ghazi when it was indicated that there was no indication that Ghazi's crew had ever practiced with mines, and most of its crew including its commanding officer were relatively new to the submarine for the magnitude of this type of deployment.[8] As opposed to the U.S. Navy service which had restricted to the personnel of 81, the Ghazi's complement was about 93, the award, Star of Courage, acknowledged that were there were 12 extra personnel aboard the boat at the time of its sinking.[69] An increase in the sub's total complement would put a strain on the logistical capabilities of a patrol because it reduces its duration.

In 2006, Pakistan, citing their evidences, rejected India's claim of sinking Ghazi and termed the claims as "false and utterly absurd".[3]

Neutral witnesses and assessments

An independent testimony stems from an Egyptian naval officer who was at that time serving on an Egyptian submarine which was undergoing refit in the harbour. He has confirmed the occurrence of a powerful explosion in the vicinity of the harbor late at night. There were no naval ships, as reported by this officer, outside the harbor at that time and it was not until about an hour after the explosion that two Indian naval ships were observed leaving harbor.[70][71]

Some independent writers and investigators maintained Ghazi was sunk mysteriously not by two depth charges alone, Ghazi may have sunk either by the hydrogen explosion produced when the batteries were charging, or by the detonation of a mine, or either by the sea floor impact while trying to avoid the depth charge released by INS Rajput.[8][27][4]

In 2012, Pakistani

Washington D.C. were able to get in touch with Diablo's retired and now-aged former US Navy crew members who were allowed to study the sonar pictures and sketches of the sunken vessel where they believed that: "an explosion in the Forward Torpedo Room (FTR) destroyed the Ghazi."[58] This view is also shared by Indian journalist Sandeep Unnithan, who specializes in military and strategic analysis.[58][72]

Recovery of sunken vessel

In 1972, both the United States and the Soviet Union offered to raise the submarine to the surface at their expense.[52] The Government of India, however, rejected these offers and allowed the submarine to sink further into the mud off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam.[52]

In 2003, Indian Navy

fiancée.[27]

In 2003, additional photos were released by the Indian Navy of the vessel.[27]

Legacy

In memory

Main article: PNS Ghazi (S134)

In 1972, Ghazi and her serving officers as well as crew members were honoured with

Agosta 90B, through a technology transfer from France.[74]

At the Naval Dockyard in Karachi, a 'Ghazi Monument' was built to perpetuate the memory of the submarine and its 93 men.[69] In 1974, the naval base, PNS Zafar, was commissioned and constructed in the memory of Commander Zafar Muhammad Khan that now serves as the headquarter for Northern Naval Command.[69] In 1975, the Navy acquired the Albacora-class submarine from the Portuguese Navy and named it Ghazi (S-134), in memory of PNS Ghazi.[75]

Her loss to the Pakistan Navy through an accident was a watershed and a significant event, leading the Navy's engineering to the implementation of a rigorous submarine safety programme.[53]

In 1998, the

The Ghazi Attack
.

In 2016,

Lt-Cdr. Pervez Hameed.[77]

Notable commanders

  • Commander Gordon Graham Matheson–U.S. Navy officer and her first commanding officer, commanded from 1945–1946.[78]
  • Commander
    four-star
    rank admiral, commanded from 1964–66.
  • Commander
    Hangor's
    commander in 1971 and later Vice-Admiral, commanded Ghazi from 1966–1969.
  • Lieutenant Commander Yousaf Raza– commanded Ghazi from 1969–1971
  • Commander Zafar Muhammad– the last commander until her sinking in 1971.

Honours and awards

Sitara-e-Jurat
(Awarded in 1965 and 1971) 		President's Citation
(Citation in 1965) 		Tamgha-i-Jurat
(Awarded in 1965) 		Sword of Honour
(Awarded in 1965)

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 1-55750-263-3
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-313-26202-0
    .
  3. ^ a b Staff writer (24 December 2006). "India did not sink Ghazi: Pak commander – Times of India". The Times of India. Times of India, 2006. Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e Khan, Commander Azam. "Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy". www.defencejournal.com. Defence Journal, Azam. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tasnim, Vice-Admiral Ahmed (May 2001). "Remembering Our Warriors – Vice Admiral Tasneem". www.defencejournal.com. Vice Admiral A. Tasnim, Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  6. ^ a b c "Now no record of navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971". Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  7. ^ a b Shabbir, Usman. "List of Gallantry Awardees – PN Officers/CPOs/Sailors « PakDef Military Consortium". pakdef.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa wwiiafterwwii (24 December 2015). "Last voyage of PNS Ghazi 1971". wwiiafterwwii. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9
    .
  11. ^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 261–263
  12. ^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
  13. ^ "PNS/M Ghazi: Officers and Enlisted". pakdef.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  14. ^ Shabbir, Uman. "PNS/M Ghazi (S-130)". PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  15. ISBN 9781897829233
    . Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  16. ^
    ISBN 9781897829721
    . Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  17. ISBN 0-7146-8436-8
    . Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  18. ^ "DAMAGE ASSESMENT [sic] - 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  19. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: End of an era: INS Vikrant's final farewell". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  20. ^ "The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article". Tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  21. ^ "Visakhapatnam: Sunk Pakistani submarine Ghazi is an enigma". 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  22. ^ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (25 January 2016). "From a small outpost to a major command". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  23. ^ Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century By Geoffrey Till
  24. ^ Johnson, Ken. "PNS Ghazi" (PDF). Hooter Hilites (December 2007): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  25. ^ Joseph, Josy (12 May 2010). "Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010. Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour.
  26. ^ "The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi". Sify News website. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Unnithan, Sandeep (26 January 2004). "New pictures of 1971 war Pak submarine Ghazi renew debate on cause behind blast on vessel". India Today, 2003. India Today. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  28. ^ a b Warriors of the waves - Express Tribune
  29. ^ a b Real story of submarine PNS Ghazi and the mystery behind its sinking - Economic Times
  30. ^ a b c The Ghazi Attack: Why did India destroy records of one of its greatest naval victories - Indian Defence News
  31. ^ "What happened to the Pakistani submarine that inspired the movie 'The Ghazi Attack'?". Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Initially made in Telugu and later due to good box office performance this movie was dubbed in several other Indian languages.
  32. ISBN 978-1-136-25555-7
    .
  33. ^ a b c d "USS DIABLO (SS-479) Deployments & History". Hull Number. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  34. ^ "Diablo (SS-479) of the US Navy - American Submarine of the Tench class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  35. ^ a b c "TogetherWeServed – Connecting US Navy Sailors". navy.togetherweserved.com. TogetherWeServed -. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  36. ^ a b c "USS Diablo SS-497". www.historycentral.com. USS Diablo SS-497. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  37. ^
    ISBN 9788172110826
    . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  38. ^ Smolinski, Mike. "Patches of USS Diablo at the Submarine Photo Index". www.navsource.org. Submarine Photo Index. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  39. ^
    ISBN 9781897829028
    . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  40. ISBN 9781317459552
    . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Usman, Tariq. "The Ghazi That Defied The Indian Navy «". pakdef.org. PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  42. ^
    ISBN 9789351940999
    . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  43. ISBN 978-1-897829-11-0
    . Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  44. ^
    ISBN 0-7146-8436-8
    . Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  45. ^ "Real story of submarine PNS Ghazi and the mystery behind its sinking - Looking back".
  46. ^
    ISBN 9780807080467
    . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  47. ISBN 9789386141668
    . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bharat Rakshak Monitor: Volume 4(2) September–October 2001". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  49. ^ a b c "Войны, история, факты. Альманах". Almanacwhf.ru. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  50. ^ "PNS/M Ghazi : Officers and Enlisted". pakdef.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  51. ^
    ISBN 9780714655420
    . Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  52. ^
    ISBN 978-1-897829-11-0
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Shabbir, Usman. "Operations in the Bay of Bengal: The Loss of PNS/M Ghazi« PakDef Military Consortium". pakdef.org. Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  54. ^ "Victory at Sea memorial at Vizag". Archived from the original on 20 April 2010.
  55. ISBN 1-897829-72-8
  56. ^ Sengupta, Ramananda (22 January 2007). "The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd) 'Does the US want war with India?'". Interview. India: Rediff. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  57. ^ Trilochan Singh Trewn (21 July 2002). "Naval museums give glimpse of maritime history". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  58. ^ a b c Mulki, Muhammad Abid (27 May 2012). "Warriors of the waves". The Express Tribune. Pakistan: The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  59. ^ "Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971 | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 12 May 2010.
  60. ^ "Ghazi sank due to internal explosion: Ex-Navy Chief". News X. News X. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  61. ^ In 1971 war, Pak Sub sunk for ‘unknown reasons’: Ex-Navy chief - Indian Express
  62. ^ From Karachi To Bay of Bengal, How the Indian Navy Played a Stellar Role in the 1971 War - The Wire
  63. ^ "Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  64. ^ a b Navy ISPR. "Pakistan Navy Official Website". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Navy ISPR Investigations. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  65. ^ The event was visualized in telefilm, Ghazi Shaheed in 1998 during the climax of its script.
  66. ^ "PNS Ghazi Shaheed – Last footage". Dailymotion. Pakistan Navy. 9 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  67. ^ Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975 By G. M. Hiranandani
  68. ^
    ISBN 0-684-87213-7
    .
  69. ^ a b c Shabbir, Usman. "Their Name Liveth for Ever More « PakDef Military Consortium". pakdef.org. Usman Shabbir, PakDef. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  70. ^ Sankalp Reddy’s ‘The Ghazi Attack’: Things to know about the India-Pak underwater war - Indian Express
  71. ^ Johnson, Ken. "PNS Ghazi" (PDF). Hooter Hilites (December 2007): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  72. ^ "The Ghazi Attack: All you need to know about PNS Ghazi".
  73. ^ a b Navy ISPR (14 August 2015). "Untold Stories of PNS Ghazi & PNS Hangor – Video Dailymotion". Dailymotion. Navy ISPR. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  74. ^ Lodhi, Lieutenant-General S.F.S. (January 2000). "An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan". www.defencejournal.com. Defence Journal, General Lodhi. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  75. ^ See Albacora-class submarine
  76. ^ "Ghazi Shaheed". Ptv Classics. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  77. ^ Oversight PNS Zafar
  78. ^ "Lt.Cdr. Gordon Graham Matheson of the US Navy (USN) - Allied Warship Commanders of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net.
  79. ^ Latha Srinivasan (7 January 2016). "Rana Daggubati on India's first Navy film 'Ghazi' and changes in the film industry". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  80. ^ "Is Alia Bhatt's Raazi an unofficial prequel to Rana Daggubati's The Ghazi Attack? Here's why we think so". 15 May 2018.


This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNS_Ghazi&oldid=1220326486"