Tropical cyclones in 1999
| Tropical cyclones in 1999 | |
|---|---|
| Year boundaries | |
| First system | Astride |
| Dissipated | January 3, 2000 |
| Strongest system | |
| Name | Gwenda |
| Lowest pressure | 900 mbar (hPa); 26.58 inHg |
| Longest lasting system | |
| Name | Dora |
| Duration | 17 days |
| Year statistics | |
| Total systems | 142 |
| Named systems | 72 |
| Total fatalities | ≥ 17,491 |
| Total damage | $5.334 billion (1999 USD) |
During 1999, tropical cyclones formed within seven different bodies of water called
Category 5 tropical cyclones were formed in 1999. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 1999 (seven basins combined), as calculated by Colorado State University
was 606.4 units.
Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions
A strong
La Niña
was present for the whole year, which made the Atlantic and North Pacific waters warmer than usual.
Summary
North Atlantic Ocean
Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in a single season in the Atlantic basin, previously tied in 1961, and later tied in 2005 and 2020
.
It was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent
Bahamas and North Carolina. Irene was the second–costliest storm of the season, with about $800 million in damage. Hurricane Lenny was an unusual eastward–moving storm in the Caribbean Sea and a strong late–season storm. It caused extensive damage in the Lesser Antilles
in the month of November.
Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean
An average Pacific hurricane season features 15 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, and features an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of 132. The season produced fourteen
La Niña
taking over much of the Pacific.
However, the total of six hurricanes and two major hurricanes during the season was near the averages of eight and three, respectively. Although it remained offshore, Hurricane Adrian caused 6 deaths from flooding and rough surf in Mexico. Hurricane Dora was a long-lived and intense cyclone, which had the second-longest track of a Pacific hurricane on record. The storm brought minor impacts to the island of Hawaii; however, no deaths or damage was reported. The deadliest tropical cyclone, Hurricane Greg, killed 10 people from flooding in Mexico.
Western Pacific Ocean
The average typhoon season lasts year-round, with the majority of the storms forming between May and October. An average Pacific typhoon season features 26 tropical storms, 16 typhoons, and 9 super typhoons (unofficial category). It also features an average Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of approximately 294; the basin is typically the most active basin for tropical cyclone formation. However, it was a very inactive season, featuring the lowest number of typhoons on record, five.
The 1999 Pacific typhoon season was the last Pacific typhoon season to use English names as storm names. In the season, there were 45 tropical depressions, in which 20 strengthened to tropical storms, of 5 further strengthening into a typhoon. Typhoon Bart was the only super typhoon of that year. Bart reached "super typhoon" status on September 22, when it grew to comprise winds containing a force of 260 km/h (160 mph).
North Indian Ocean
The season produced an average number of storms but there was an above average number of intense cyclones. In May, a Category 3 cyclone struck Pakistan, leaving at 700 people dead or missing. In October, two very intense cyclones struck eastern India within two weeks of each other, leaving over 10,000 people dead and causing more than $4.5 billion (1999 USD) in damages.
A total of ten tropical cyclones were observed. The
Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the North Indian Ocean basin, identified eight of them. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center
unofficially tracked two additional cyclones, 03B and 31W, during the course of the season.
South-West Indian Ocean
1998–99 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map
January–June
Activity began late, with the first tropical storm – Alda – forming on January 16, the third latest ever recorded at the time. Alda formed in the Mozambique Channel, which was one of few favorable areas for tropical cyclogenesis in the season. It brought rainfall to southwestern Madagascar that alleviated previously dry conditions. The next five tropical storms either originated or crossed into the adjacent Australian basin, where storms were monitored by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). Both Tropical Storm Chikita and Tropical Cyclone Davina brought beneficial rainfall to the Mascarene Islands. The latter storm caused two drowning deaths on Réunion and caused some crop damage. The strongest storm – Evrina – peaked as a strong cyclone in the Australian but weakened upon crossing 90°E, with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) in the basin. The final storm was unnamed, crossing from the Australian basin on April 21 as a minimal tropical storm before quickly dissipating. There were also several tropical disturbances or depressions, many short-lived. The first of these formed on September 3 in the northeastern portion of the basin, and there was a tropical depression in February in the Mozambique Channel that approached tropical storm status.
July–December
Despite the destructive nature of the season, it began later than usual. Cyclone Astride originated toward the end of December, bringing rainfall and gusty winds to northern Madagascar while in the region.
Australian Region
1998–99 Australian region cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season summary map
January–June
The season featured
further strengthened to severe tropical cyclones. Hamish ended the season, exiting the basin to the South-West Indian Ocean on 21 April.July–December
3 tropical cyclones formed on late 1999, with 2 of them further becoming tropical cyclones: A tropical low, Ilsa, and John. Ilsa and John briefly affected Western Australia. A tropical low near Brisbane existed from 2 – 3 December.
South Pacific Ocean
1998–99 South Pacific Ocean cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 South Pacific Ocean cyclone season summary map
January–June
The 1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season was a near average
naming lists
, after they had caused significant impacts to South Pacific islands.
July–December
5 tropical depressions formed throughout the year; however, they were all weak. A tropical depression existed from September and 4 more tropical depressions monitored by the FMS existed from November to early December.
Mediterranean Sea
2 medicanes were observed in March 19–21, 1999 and September 13, 1999.
Systems
January
Cyclone Dani
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05F | January 1–5 | Not specified | Not specified | Cook Islands | None | None | |
| 06F | January 3 | Not specified | Not specified | French Polynesia | None | None | |
| A4 | January 3–5 | 55 (35) | 996 | Madagascar | None | None | |
Hilda (Auring)
|
January 3–8 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Malaysia | $1.3 million | 5 | [1][2] |
Alda
|
January 14–19 | 105 (65) | 975 | Mozambique, Madagascar | Unknown | None | [3] |
Dani
|
January 15–22 | 175 (110) | 930 | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji | $8.5 million | 12 | [4][5] |
| 08F | January 16–20 | Unknown | Unknown | Fiji | $1.8 million | 6 | |
Olinda
|
January 20–23 | 100 (65) | 985 | New Caledonia | Unknown | None | |
Damien–Birenda
|
January 21–February 2 | 155 (100) | 950 | Cocos Islands
|
None | None | |
Pete
|
January 21–26 | 100 (65) | 985 | New Caledonia | Unknown | None | [6] |
16P
|
January 24–27 | 55 (35) | 993 | Northern Territory | Unknown | None | |
Chikita
|
January 29–February 4 | 65 (40) | 990 | Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues | Unknown | None | |
18S
|
January 31–February 14 | 75 (45) | 995 | Western Australia | Unknown | None | [7] |
February
Cyclone Frank
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOB 01
|
February 2–5 | 95 (60) | 998 | Sri Lanka | None | None | |
| 11F | February | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
| 12F | February | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
| 13F | February | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
Rona
|
February 9–12 | 140 (85) | 970 | Queensland | None | None | |
| TD | February 9–10 | Not specified | 1004 | None | None | None | |
Ella
|
February 9–13 | 85 (50) | 985 | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia | None | None | |
| 15F | February | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
| D1 | February 11–17 | 55 (35) | 994 | Mozambique, Madagascar | None | None | |
| Iris (Bebeng) | February 14–19 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Chuuk, Palau | None | None | |
Frank
|
February 16–21 | 150 (90) | 955 | Eastern Australia, New Caledonia
|
$150 million | 7 | |
17F
|
February 17–19 | 75 (45) | 995 | Fiji | None | None | |
| D2-E1 | February 23–March 6 | 45 (30) | 1000 | Mozambique, Madagascar | None | None | |
Gita
|
February 27–March 2 | 85 (50) | 990 | Cook Islands | None | None |
March
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Davina
|
March 2–19 | 165 (105) | 930 | Rodrigues | Minor | 2 | |
| TL | March 7–14 | 65 (40) | 1000 | Unknown | None | None | |
| E2 | March 8–20 | Unknown | Unknown | Mauritius | None | None | |
| E3 | March 11–21 | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
Hali
|
March 11–18 | 120 (75) | 970 | Cook Islands | None | None | |
20F
|
March 13–18 | 65 (40) | 998 | None | None | None | |
Elaine
|
March 15–20 | 165 (105) | 945 | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Vance | March 15–24 | 215 (130) | 910 | Victoria, Tasmania
|
$100 million | None | |
| TL | March 20–21 | ≤ 65 (40) | 996 | Unknown | None | None | |
Frederick-Evrina
|
March 25 – April 10 | 205 (125) | 920 | None | None | None | |
| 21F | March 28 | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None |
April
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gwenda | April 2–8 | 220 (140) | 900 | Western Australia | Minimal | None | |
Jacob (Katring)
|
April 6–9 | 55 (35) | 1006 | Philippines | None | None | |
| 22F | April 9 | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
| TL | April 16 – 19 | 80 (50) | 999 | Unknown | None | None | [nb 1] |
Hamish
|
April 19–21 | 100 (65) | 980 | None | None | None | [nb 2] |
F1
|
April 21–24 | 65 (40) | 992 | None | None | None | [nb 3] |
| 23F | April 21 | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None | |
Kate (Diding)
|
April 21–28 | 100 (65) | 980 | Philippines | None | None | |
Leo
|
April 27 – May 2 | 120 (75) | 970 | China | Unknown | Unknown |
May
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARB 01 | May 16–22 | 195 (120) | 946 | India, Pakistan | $6 million | 6,400 | |
| 26F | May 20–26 | 75 (45) | 995 | Queensland, New Zealand | None | None |
June
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maggie (Etang) | June 1–9 | 140 (85) | 955 | Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, China | $168 million | 9 | [8][9] |
| TD | June 1–2 | Not specified | 1004 | None | None | None | [10] |
| Gening | June 3–6 | 55 (35) | 996 | None | None | None | |
| 03B | June 8–11 | 65 (40) | 997 | India | None | None | |
| TD | June 9–15 | 55 (35) | 996 | Japan | None | None | |
Arlene
|
June 11–18 | 95 (60) | 1006 | Bermuda | None | None | |
BOB 02
|
June 17 | 55 (35) | 986 | India | None | None | |
| Adrian | June 18–22 | 155 (100) | 973 | Mexico | None | 6 |
July
Hurricane Beatriz
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two
|
July 2–3 | 55 (35) | 1003 | Mexico | None | None | |
Beatriz
|
July 9–17 | 195 (120) | 955 | None | None | None | |
| TD | July 9–15 | 55 (35) | 996 | Japan | None | None | |
Three-E
|
July 14–15 | 55 (35) | 1007 | Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua | None | None | |
07W
|
July 14–18 | 65 (40) | 996 | None | None | None | |
08W
|
July 19–23 | 55 (35) | 1004 | Japan, South Korea | None | None | |
Neil (Helming)
|
July 22–28 | 95 (60) | 980 | Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands | Unknown | ≥ 8 | [11][12] |
Four-E
|
July 23–25 | 55 (35) | 1007 | None | None | None | |
10W
|
July 23–28 | 75 (45) | 985 | China | None | None | |
Calvin
|
July 25–27 | 65 (40) | 1005 | None | None | None | |
Six-E
|
July 26–28 | 55 (35) | 1005 | None | None | None | |
BOB 03
|
July 27–28 | 55 (35) | 990 | India | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Olga | July 29 – August 3 | 120 (75) | 970 | Caroline Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Korea | $657 million | 106 | [13][14][15] |
August
Hurricane Cindy
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paul
|
August 3–9 | 85 (50) | 980 | Japan, China, Mariana Islands, Korea | Unknown | None | [16] |
Rachel
|
August 5–11 | 65 (40) | 992 | Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, China | None | None | |
BOB 04
|
August 6–9 | 45 (30) | 992 | India | None | None | [17] |
| Dora | August 6–23 | 220 (140) | 943 | Hawaii, Johnston Atoll | Minimal | None | [18] |
Eugene
|
August 6–15 | 175 (110) | 964 | Hawaii | None | None | |
14W
|
August 8–10 | 45 (30) | 1000 | Japan | None | None | |
| TD | August 9–11 | Not specified | 1000 | None | None | None | |
| TD | August 11 | Not specified | 1000 | None | None | None | |
| TD | August 11–16 | Not specified | 1000 | Japan | None | None | |
Nine-E
|
August 13–15 | 55 (35) | 1005 | None | None | None | |
15W
|
August 16–18 | 45 (30) | 1002 | Korea, Japan | None | None | |
| TD | August 16–17 | Not specified | 1010 | None | None | None | |
Fernanda
|
August 17–22 | 100 (65) | 994 | None | None | None | |
| Sam | August 17–24 | 100 (65) | 980 | Philippines, China | $35 million | 20 | [19][20] |
| Bret | August 18–25 | 230 (145) | 944 | Texas, Mexico | $15 million | 7 | [21][22] |
Cindy
|
August 19–31 | 220 (140) | 942 | Cape Verde, Bermuda | None | 1 | [23][24] |
Tanya
|
August 19–24 | 95 (60) | 1000 | None | None | None | |
18W
|
August 21–24 | 55 (35) | 1000 | None | None | None | |
Eleven-E
|
August 23–24 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Baja California Peninsula
|
None | None | |
Virgil
|
August 23–29 | 95 (60) | 994 | None | None | None | |
| Dennis | August 24 – September 9 | 165 (105) | 962 | $157 million | 6 | [25][26] | |
Emily
|
August 24–28 | 85 (50) | 1004 | None | None | None | |
| Wendy (Mameng) | August 29 – September 4 | 65 (40) | 995 | Philippines, China | $309.4 million | 133 | [27] |
| TD | August 30 | Not specified | 1008 | None | None | None |
September
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greg | September 5–9 | 120 (75) | 986 | Mexico, Baja California Peninsula
|
Moderate | 10 | [28] |
Seven-E
|
September 5–7 | 55 (35) | 1006 | Mexico, Texas | Unknown | None | [29] |
| TD | September 5–6 | 65 (40) | 1000 | None | None | None | [30] |
| Floyd | September 7–19 | 250 (155) | 921 | The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada | $6.5 billion | 85 | [31][32][33] |
| York (Neneng) | September 10–17 | 100 (65) | 980 | Philippines, China | $34 million | 35 | [34][35][36] |
| Gert | September 11–23 | 240 (150) | 930 | Bermuda, Maine, Atlantic Canada | $1.9 million | 2 | [37] |
Zia
|
September 11–15 | 85 (50) | 985 | Japan | Unknown | 9 | [38] |
Ann
|
September 14–19 | 95 (60) | 985 | Taiwan, China, Korea, Ryukyu Islands | Unknown | None | [39][40] |
Hillary
|
September 17–21 | 120 (75) | 987 | Baja California Peninsula
|
None | None | [41] |
| Bart (Oniang) | September 17–30 | 165 (105) | 930 | Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Russia | $5.75 billion | 36 | [42][43] |
| Harvey | September 19–22 | 95 (60) | 994 | ≥ $22.6 million | None | [44] | |
| TD | September 21 | Not specified | 1008 | None | None | None | |
Cam
|
September 22–26 | 85 (50) | 992 | China | Unknown | 1 | [45] |
October
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dan (Pepang) | October 2–10 | 150 (90) | 955 | South Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, China | $242 million | 44 | |
Eleven
|
October 4–6 | 55 (35) | 1002 | Mexico | Unknown | Unknown | |
Twelve
|
October 6–8 | 55 (35) | 1007 | None | None | None | |
Irwin
|
October 8–11 | 95 (60) | 996 | Southwestern Mexico, Guerrero | Minimal | None | |
| Irene | October 12–19 | 175 (110) | 958 | Bahamas, Southeastern United States
|
$800 million | 18 | |
Eve (Rening)
|
October 15–20 | 85 (50) | 990 | Philippines, Vietnam | $235 million | 590 | |
BOB 05
|
October 15–19 | 165 (105) | 968 | India, Myanmar | Unknown | 80 | |
| Jose | October 17–25 | 155 (100) | 979 | Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico | $5 million | 3 | |
| TD | October 23–24 | Not specified | 1004 | Vietnam, Thailand | None | None | |
| BOB 06 | October 25–31 | 260 (160) | 912 | India, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh | $4.44 billion | 9,887 | |
| Katrina | October 28–November 1 | 65 (40) | 999 | Central America, Mexico | $9,000 | None |
November
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TD | November 5 | Not specified | 1002 | Vietnam | None | None | |
28W
|
November 5–6 | 55 (35) | 1000 | None | None | None | |
Frankie (Sendang)
|
November 6–10 | 55 (35) | 996 | Philippines | None | None | |
| Lenny | November 13–23 | 250 (155) | 933 | Colombia, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands | $785.8 million | 17 | |
Gloria (Trining)
|
November 13–16 | 95 (60) | 980 | None | None | None |
December
| Storm name | Dates active | Max wind km/h (mph) |
Pressure (hPa) |
Areas affected | Damage ( USD )
|
Deaths | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31W
|
December 1–5 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Thailand, Vietnam | None | None | |
| 03F | December 1–3 | 55 (35) | 1006 | None | None | None | |
| TL | December 2–3 | 55 (35) | 1002 | Queensland | None | None | |
| 04F | December 5–7 | 65 (40) | 1003 | None | None | None | |
| BOB 07 | December 8–10 | 45 (30) | 998 | India, Sri Lanka | None | None | |
Ilsa
|
December 9–17 | 100 (65) | 980 | Christmas Island, Western Australia | Unknown | None | |
32W
|
December 9–11 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Vietnam, Cambodia | None | None | |
| John | December 9–16 | 205 (125) | 915 | Western Australia | Unknown | None | |
33W
|
December 14–16 | 55 (35) | 1000 | Vietnam | Unknown | None | |
Astride
|
December 23 – January 3 | 95 (60) | 985 | Réunion, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues | Minor | None |
Global effects
See also
Notes
2 Only systems that formed either on or after January 1, 1999 are counted in the seasonal totals.
3 Only systems that formed either before or on December 31, 1999 are counted in the seasonal totals.
4 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the IMD Scale which uses 3-minute sustained winds.
5 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the Saffir Simpson Scale which uses 1-minute sustained winds.
6The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on Météo-France which uses wind gusts.
References
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- ^ Hong Kong Observatory (April 2000). "Typhoon York (9915)" (PDF). Tropical cyclones in 1999. pp. 73–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ^ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: September 1999". Archived from the original on 23 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Miles B. Lawrence (2000-07-22). "Hurricane Gert Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Zia (22W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
- (pdf) on 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Ann (23W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
- ^ Miles B. Lawrence (December 1, 1999). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hilary (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ^ "Modelling Typhoons in Japan" (PDF). Margaret Joseph. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
- ^ "BREAKING NEWS: BART SLAMS INTO JAPAN". CNN. September 22, 1999.
- ^ John Guiney (December 9, 1999). "Tropical Storm Harvey Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Cam (25W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
External links
| Tropical cyclone year articles (1990–1999) |
|---|
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers
- US National Hurricane Center – North Atlantic, Eastern Pacific
- Central Pacific Hurricane Center – Central Pacific
- Japan Meteorological Agency – NW Pacific
- India Meteorological Department – Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
- Météo-France – La Reunion – South Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E
- Fiji Meteorological Service – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers
- Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 141°E, generally north of 10°S
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology (TCWC's Perth, Darwin & Brisbane) – South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E, generally south of 10°S
- Papua New Guinea National Weather Service – South Pacific Ocean from 141°E to 160°E, generally north of 10°S
- Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Weather Service.