University of Bonn
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn | |
Website | www |
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The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (
Bonn has 6 Clusters of Excellence, the most of any German university;[3] the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, the Matter and Light for Quantum Computing cluster, Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies, PhenoRob: Research for the Future of Crop Production, the Immune Sensory System cluster, and ECONtribute: Markets and Public Policy. The University and State Library Bonn (ULB Bonn) is the central university and archive library of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn and North Rhine-Westphalia; it holds more than five million volumes.
As of October 2020,[update] among its notable alumni, faculty and researchers are 11
History
Foundation
The university's forerunner was the Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn (English: 'Academy of the
The Rhineland became a part of Prussia in 1815 as a result of the Congress of Vienna. King Frederick William III of Prussia thereafter decreed the establishment of a new university in the new province (German: den aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten) on 18 October 1818. At this time there was no university in the Rhineland, as all three universities that existed until the end of the 18th century were closed as a result of the French occupation. The Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn was one of these three universities. The other two were the Roman Catholic University of Cologne and the Protestant University of Duisburg.
Rhine University
The new Rhine University (German: Rhein-Universität) was then founded on 18 October 1818 by Frederick William III. It was the sixth Prussian University, founded after the universities in
The university constitution was adopted in 1827. In the spirit of
Only one year after the inception of the Rhein University the
Despite these problems, the university grew and attracted famous scholars and students. At the end of the 19th century the university was also known as the Prinzenuniversität (English: 'Princes' university'), as many of the sons of the king of Prussia studied here. In 1900, the university had 68 chairs, 23 adjunct chairs, two honorary professors, 57 Privatdozenten and six lecturers. Since 1896, women were allowed to attend classes as guest auditors at universities in Prussia. In 1908 the University of Bonn became fully coeducational.
World Wars
The growth of the university came to a halt with World War I. Financial and economic problems in Germany in the aftermath of the war resulted in reduced government funding for the university. The University of Bonn responded by trying to find private and industrial sponsors. In 1930 the university adopted a new constitution. For the first time students were allowed to participate in the self-governing university administration. To that effect the student council Astag (German: Allgemeine Studentische Arbeitsgemeinschaft) was founded the same year. Members of the student council were elected in a secret ballot.
After the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, the
During the second World War the university suffered heavy damage. An air raid on 18 October 1944 destroyed the main building.[citation needed]
Post-war to Modern Day
The university was re-opened on 17 November 1945 as one of the first in the
The university greatly expanded in the postwar period, in particular in the 1960s and 1970s. Significant events of the postwar era were the relocation of the university hospital from the city center to Venusberg in 1949, the opening of the new university library in 1960 and the opening of a new building, the Juridicum, for the School of Law and Economics in 1967.
In 1980 the Pedagogical University Bonn was merged into the University of Bonn, although eventually all the teachers education programs were closed in 2007. In 1983 the new science library was opened. In 1989
In the 2000s the university implemented the
Campus
The University of Bonn does not have a centralized campus. The main building is the Kurfürstliches Schloss, the former residential palace of the prince-elector of Cologne in the city center. The main building was built by Enrico Zuccalli for the prince-elector of Cologne, Joseph Clemens of Bavaria from 1697 to 1705. Today it houses the faculty of humanities and theology and the university administration. The Hofgarten, a large park in front of the main building is a popular place for students to meet, study and relax. The Hofgarten was repeatedly the place for political demonstrations as for example the demonstration against the NATO Double-Track Decision on 22 October 1981 with about 250,000 participants.[6] The school of law and economics, the main university library and several smaller departments are housed in modern buildings a short distance south of the main building. The department of psychology and the department of computer science are located in a northern suburb of Bonn.
The science departments and the main science library are located in Poppelsdorf and Endenich, west of the city center, and housed in a mix of historical and modern buildings. Notable is the
The school of medicine is located on the Venusberg, a hill on the western edge of Bonn. Several residence halls are scattered across the city. In total the University of Bonn owns 371 buildings.
University Library
The university library was founded in 1818 and started with 6,000 volumes inherited from the library of the closed
University Hospital
The university hospital (German: Universitätsklinikum Bonn) was founded at the same time as the university and officially opened on 5 May 1819 in the former Electoral Palace (German: Kurfüstliches Schloss), the main building, in the western wing (internal medicine) and on the second floor (obstetrics). In its first year, the hospital had thirty beds, performed 93 surgeries and treated about 600 outpatients. From 1872 to 1883 the hospital moved to a new complex of buildings in the city center of Bonn, where today the Beethoven Concert Hall stands, and after World War II to the Venusberg on the western edge of Bonn. On 1 January 2001 the university hospital became a public corporation. Although the university hospital is since then independent from the university, the School of Medicine of the University of Bonn and the university hospital closely collaborate. Today the university hospital comprises about thirty individual hospitals, employs more than 990 physicians and more than 1,100 nursing and clinical support staff and treated about 50,000 inpatients.[8]
University Museums
The
The Egyptian Museum (German: Ägyptisches Museum) was founded in 2001. The collection dates back to the 19th century and was formerly part of the Akademisches Kunstmuseum. Large parts of the collection were destroyed in World War II. Today the collection comprises about 3,000 objects.[10]
The Arithmeum was opened in 1999. With over 1,200 objects it has the world's largest collection of historical mechanical calculating machines. The museum is affiliated with the Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics.[11]
The Teaching Collection of Archaeology and Anthropology (German: Archäologisch-ethnographische Lehr- und Studiensammlung) was opened in 2008. The collection comprises more than 7,500 objects of mostly pre-Columbian art.[12]
The faculty comprises the following seven institutes:
- IEL - Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences,
- IGG - Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation,
- ILR - Institute of Food and Resource Economics,
- ILT - Institute of Agricultural Engineering,
- INRES - Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Protection
- IOL - Institute of Organic Agriculture,
- ITW - Institute of Animal Sciences.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences includes the subject groups Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics-Astronomy, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Biology, Pharmacy and Molecular Biomedicine. In 1936, the natural science subjects were separated from the Faculty of Philosophy and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences was founded.[20] With 7,636 students, it is now one of the largest faculties of the university. The locations are spread over the districts of Castell, Endenich and Poppelsdorf.
The Department of Mathematics includes the Mathematical Institute, the Institute of
The Informatics Section includes the Institute of Computer Science and the Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (b-it). They were founded in April 2011 and emerged from the Department of Mathematics/Computer Science. The Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science was founded in 1969. This institute was divided into two independent institutes in 1975. The Institute of Computer Science has been using the computer science center on the Poppelsdorf campus together with b-it since 2018.[22] The Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science was founded in 1969. This institute was divided into two independent institutes in 1975.[23] The Institute of Computer Science has been using the computer science center on the Poppelsdorf campus together with b-it since 2018.[24]
The Physics-Astronomy Section includes the Institute of Physics (PI), the Institute of
When it was built 1864 to 1867, the Old Chemical Institute was the largest institute building in the world. Today it houses the Institute of
The Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology has replaced the former separate Geological Institute, Mineralogical-Petrological Institute and Institute of Paleontology since 2007. It is divided into the departments of geochemistry/petrology, geology, paleontology and geophysics and recently, since the merger with the Meteorological Institute, also meteorology. In addition, he is integrated into the Mineralogical Museum of the University of Bonn and the Paleontological Goldfuß Museum .
Faculty of Medicine
The Faculty of Medicine focuses on neurosciences, genetic foundations and genetic epidemiology of human diseases, hepato-gastroenterology, cardiovascular diseases and immunology and infectious diseases. The DFG Cluster of Excellence "ImmunoSensation: The Immune System as a Sensory Organ" approved in 2012 is largely located at the Faculty of Medicine. In the field of health care, there is a cooperation with the University Hospital Bonn. The majority of the buildings are located on Venusberg, but individual institutes are also in the city center. The institutes of the pre-clinic focus around the Anatomical Institute on Nußallee in the Poppelsdorf district. 2,699 students study at the faculty.
Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences
The Faculty of Law and Political Science, which until the Second World War was housed in the main building and then provisionally in various places, received its newly built Juridicum in 1967, a building on Adenauerallee opposite the Beethoven-Gymnasium near the
The Faculty of Law currently comprises sixteen institutes for teaching. Since 1989, the Center for European Business Law has existed with an affiliated DFG Research Training Group on the subject of "Legal Issues of the European Financial Area" and a European Documentation Center. In addition, the Department of Political Science also includes the Institute for Water and Waste Management Law. This is a research institute whose task is to scientifically deal with the main questions of water law and to develop practical solutions.
The Department of Economics comprises three institutes for academic teaching as well as the research institutions
Faculty of Arts
The Faculty of Arts includes the Institutes of English Studies, American Studies and Celtology, History, German Studies, Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, Classic and Romance Philology, Communication Sciences, Oriental and Asian Studies, Philosophy, Political Science and Sociology, Psychology, Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology and the Institute of Art History.With over 8,753 students, it is the largest faculty of the university.
On the 4 May 1860, the first German-language chair for art history was established at the university; Anton Springer was appointed chair for Middle and Modern Art History. Today's Department of Art History at the Institute of Art History and Archaeology has emerged from this Institute of Art History.[citation needed] From the winter semester 2009/2010, the philosophical faculties of the University of Bonn and the University of Cologne have worked together, so that in selected courses of study, it is possible for students to attend events in both Bonn and Cologne. In February 2009, the "International Center for Philosophy North Rhine-Westphalia" was founded on an initiative of Wolfram Hogrebe. Since 2011, the Thomas Kling Poetry Lectureship has been awarded in cooperation with the Kunststiftung NRW.[27] For the 200th anniversary of the university in 2018, 110 Bonn professors, especially from the Faculty of Humanities, presented the Bonn Encyclopedia of Globality, edited by the political scientists Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer.[28]
In addition, the following interdisciplinary centers have been set up:
- Center for Aging Cultures (ZAK)
- Center for Contemporary Historical Foundations (ZHGG)
- Centre for the Classical Tradition (CCT)
- Bonn Medieval Center (BMZ)
- Center for Cultural Studies/Cultural Studies (ZfKW)
- Bonn Asia Center (BAZ)
- Center for Global Studies (CGS)
Student Life
The Bonn Studentenwerk (English: Student union) is one of the three oldest in Germany. Studentenwerke provide public services for the economic, social, medical and cultural support for
University Sports
The University of Bonn has one of the largest university sports companies in North Rhine-Westphalia, with around 200 sports facilities, 38 sports facilities throughout the city as well as two of its own sports facilities on Venusberg and Römerstraße in the Castell district of Bonn. With Hall 5, the university also operates its own gym with equipment and course rooms for all strength and endurance sports.
Rowing enjoys supra-regional importance within Bonn university sports. In their own boathouse on the banks of the Rhine, located between the two Bonn districts of Beuel and Limperich, the Bonn rowers have a diverse and modern boat park of training and racing boats at their disposal. The rowing team of the University of Bonn is one of the most traditional in the German Rowing Association and participates in
Academic Exchange
The Erasmus program gives students the opportunity to exchange with over 300 European higher education institutions. Moreover, the Global Exchange Program allows for study free of charge for one to two semesters at non-European partner universities of the University of Bonn.[29]
A selection of internationally leading universities in various countries that were available for Bonn exchange students in 2022 included:
Future Development
Infrastructure
The university and North Rhine-Westphalia state construction and real estate agency is investing €2 billion in refurbishing existing buildings and new construction.[31] One project currently under construction is the €55 million project constructing a 'Teaching and Research Forum I & II' that is expected to be completed by 2024. This will become a central research hub with lecture halls, a library and seminar rooms for the Economics department, the Clusters of Excellence, the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, HPCA, and DiCe. By mid-2023 the €45 million research building for the new Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change of the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig will be completed; this will allow for more collaborative research between the museum and the Department of Biology, and will house a data center, laboratories, a biobank, a cryogenic storage facility, spaces for collections, and a library. The University of Bonn is also currently replacing its chemistry building with a new €37.2 million five-story building for the chemical institutes that will house 17,750 square feet of laboratory space and 6,500 square feet of office space by 2023. From 2022, the Akademisches Kunstmuseum has been under renovation by the North Rhine-Westphalia state construction agency and expected to be completed by 2025. It will also accommodate the library, offices and lecture hall for the classical archaeology department, including providing access for teaching purposes to items in the collection.
Over €1 billion is being spent on the main building, the Electoral Palace, which will be out of service for several years and completed in 2030; this includes work on fire protection, re-wiring, and plumbing, as well as modernization of lecture halls, common areas, and offices. The Humanities departments are being accommodated in the former Zurich Insurance building on Rabinstraße throughout the construction works, while the administrative staff are being housed in the former Deutscher Herold headquarters. Both temporary locations have been equipped with library areas, seminar rooms and meeting rooms. In addition, by 2031 €128 million will be spent on a 'Forum of Knowledge' which will extend the main building on a site spanning several tens of thousands of square feet, and will be open to members of the university and city residents. The university is also planning spaces for study spaces, shops, catering, and bike parking in the extension.
Internationalization
A strategic objective of the University of Bonn since 2015 has been increasing internationality in the areas of research, teaching, and administration.[32] With this aim, since 2015 six international transdisciplinary research areas and six clusters of excellence were formed, Bonn ranked second in Germany for international co-publications in the Nature Index 2018, The Bonn International Graduate Schools (BIGS) system was expanded to twelve graduate schools, and there was continuation of the "International Doctorate" program with DAAD.
The current strategic research aims for 2025 are to increase percentage of non-German national professors to 15% of total, increase the number of joint international research projects being conducted, increase application filing and approval rates in European Union research funding programs, to build up and expand European research and innovation networks, and to raise the international profile of the Bonn International Graduate Schools (BIGS). This will include formation of a global network with the existing strategic partner universities and establishing new partners for research, teaching and administration, continuation of efforts to build up the European University of Brain and Technology (NeurotechEU) within the European University Network funding framework, choosing at least two countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America as focus countries for international cooperation, and establishment of joint doctoral programs, and expansion of bi-national doctorate programs.
The strategic teaching aims for 2025 are digital internationalization of study offerings and teaching, increasing the number of English-language bachelor's degree modules, increasing the number of incoming international exchange students (in particular bachelors programs), increase outgoing student mobility through the Global Exchange Program, improving access to underrepresented groups of students. This will include expanding the bilingually of services in central administration, enhancement of foreign language and intercultural competency acquisition opportunities as part of personnel staff skill development, further development of existing internationalization structures within the faculties, departments and institutes, digitalization of service structures for international students and academics at the University of Bonn, and increasing the University of Bonn's international marketing and public relations.
Additional strategic objectives for the university are the increased bilateral cooperation between the University of Bonn and United Nations University, increased cooperation with international academic and science organizations active in Bonn, increased cooperation with private-sector firms based in the region, increased cooperation with the City of Bonn on internationalization-relevant initiatives, and development of long-term internationalization plans aligned with the identity of the City of Bonn as a center for sustainability policy.
Academic profile
Research Institutes
The Franz Joseph Dölger-Institute studies the late antiquity and in particular the confrontation and interaction of Christians, Jews and Pagans in the late antiquity. The institute edits the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, a German language encyclopedia treating the history of early Christians in late antiquity. The institute is named after the church historian Franz Joseph Dölger who was a professor of theology at the university from 1929 to 1940.[33]
The Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics focuses on
The Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics "is a joint enterprise of theoretical physicists and mathematicians at various institutes of or connected with the University of Bonn. In the spirit of Hans Bethe it fosters research activities over a wide range of theoretical and mathematical physics." Activities of the Bethe Center include a short- and long-term visitors' program, workshops on dedicated research topics, regular Bethe Seminar Series, lectures and seminars for graduate students.[36]
The German Reference Center for Ethics in the Life Sciences (German: Deutsches Referenzzentrum für Ethik in den Biowissenschaften) was founded in 1999 and is modeled after the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature at Georgetown University. The center provides access to scientific information to academics and professionals in the fields of life science and is the only one of its kind in Germany.[37]
After the German government's decision in 1991 to move the capital of Germany from Bonn to Berlin, the city of Bonn received generous compensation from the federal government. This led to the foundation of three research institutes in 1995, of which two are affiliated with the university:
- The Center for European Integration Studies (German: Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung) studies the legal, economic and social implications of the European integration process. The institute offers several graduate programs and organizes summer schools for students.[38]
- The Center for Development Research (German: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung) studies global development from an interdisciplinary perspective and offers a doctoral program in international development.[39]
- The Center of Advanced European Studies and Research(CAESAR) is an interdisciplinary applied research institute. Research is conducted in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology and medical technology. The institute is a private foundation, but collaborates closely with the university.
The
The
The Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods (German: Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung von Gemeinschaftsgütern) started as a research group in 1997 and was founded as an institute of the Max Planck Society in 2003. The institute studies collective goods from a legal and economic perspective.
The Center for Economics and Neuroscience, founded in 2009 by Christian Elger,
Research
University of Bonn researchers made fundamental contributions in the sciences and the humanities. In physics researchers developed the
The university has nine collaborative research centres and five research units funded by the
The Excellence Initiative of the German government in 2006 resulted in the foundation of the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics as one of the seventeen national Clusters of Excellence that were part of the initiative and the expansion of the already existing Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE). The Excellence Initiative also resulted in the founding of the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (an honors Masters and PhD program, jointly with the University of Cologne). Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics was founded in the November 2008, to foster closer interaction between mathematicians and theoretical physicists at Bonn. The center also arranges for regular visitors and seminars (on topics including String theory, Nuclear physics, Condensed matter etc.).
Rankings
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In the QS World University Rankings for 2024, the university was positioned 239th globally and 14th nationally.[42] Additionally, the university was ranked significantly higher in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, taking the 91st place worldwide and the 6th position within the country for the year 2023.[43] Moreover, the university's highest ranking was achieved in the Academic Ranking of World Universities, where it was ranked 67th globally and 4th nationally in 2023.[44]
According to the QS rankings for Mathematics in 2023, it sits at 39th globally and is the leading institution nationally.[45] The ARWU's 2022 Mathematics rankings further bolster this reputation, placing the university 15th in the world and maintaining its first-place national standing.[46]
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Strategic Partner Universities
The University of Bonn maintains a variety of relationships with renowned higher education institutions from around the globe.[48] In addition to the numerous research collaborations of its scholars, institutes and faculties, the University of Bonn has a cross-faculty partnership network with over 70 higher education institutions worldwide. In 2023, Bonn built on its strategic partnerships with its existing partner universities and launched a global university network consisting of Emory University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of St Andrews, and Waseda University to foster collaboration in education, research, leadership and innovation.[49]
Africa
- Ghana: University of Ghana, KNUST.
- Kenya: University of Nairobi.
- Morocco: Mohammed V University.
Asia and Oceania
- Australia: Australian National University, University of New South Wales, University of Melbourne
- China: Peking University, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Nanjing University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University
- Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong
- Japan: Keio University, Rikkyo University, Sophia University, University of Tsukuba, Kyoto University, Waseda University, University of Tokyo
- Singapore: National University of Singapore
- South Korea: Korea University, Seoul National University, Sogang University
- Taiwan: National Chengchi University, National Taiwan University, Tamkang University
Europe
- Czechia: Charles University.
- France: Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, Paris-Saclay University, Sorbonne University, University of Strasbourg, University of Toulouse
- Italy: University of Florence.
- Luxembourg: University of Luxembourg.
- Netherlands: Wageningen University & Research.
- Poland: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, University of Warsaw, University of Wrocław.
- Spain: Autonomous University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, University of León, University of Salamanca.
- Switzerland: University of Basel.
- United Kingdom: University of St Andrews, University of Warwick, University of Oxford.
North and South America
- Brazil: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- Chile: University of Talca, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, University of Chile
- Canada: University of British Columbia, University of Northern British Columbia, University of Ottawa, University of Toronto, McGill University, York University
- Mexico: Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla
- United States of America: Emory University, Kalamazoo College, Louisiana State University, Ohio State University, Stony Brook University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Florida, University of Kansas, University of Missouri–St. Louis, University of New Mexico, University of Southern Mississippi, University of Mississippi, University of Tennessee, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Washington State University
Middle East
- Afghanistan: Kabul University.
- Israel: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Technion, Reichman University, Weizmann Institute of Science.
Regional Networks
- ABCD-J: RWTH Aachen, University of Cologne, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Bonn-Frankfurt-Mainz: Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Mainz
Subject Specific
Bonn has close ties to other universities through the following international research networks:
- GlobalMathNetwork: École Normale Supérieure, New York University, Kyoto University, Peking University, University of Warwick, Berkeley, Princeton University[21]
- European Doctoral Programme in Quantitative Economics: Pompeu Fabra University, European University Institute, London School of Economics, KU Leuven, HEC Paris, Tel Aviv University
- TAKeOFF: LMU Munich, KNUST, Tanzania Institute for Medical Research, University of Buea
- Agricultural Innovation: LMU Munich, University of Hohenheim, FARA, AGRODEP
- European Culture and Identity: Sorbonne University, University of Florence, University of Toulouse, University of St Andrews, University of Salamanca, University of Warsaw, University of Freiburg, Sofia University, University of California, Irvine
- UN-Bonn-Tokyo: United Nations University
Notable people
To date, eleven
- Nobel prize:
- Emil Fischer, alumni: chemistry, 1902
- Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, alumni: chemistry, 1901
- Harald zur Hausen, alumni: physiology and medicine, 2008
- Walter Rudolf Hess, faculty member: physiology and medicine, 1949
- Reinhard Selten, faculty member: economics, 1994
- Wolfgang Paul, faculty member: physics, 1989
- Luigi Pirandello, alumni: literature, 1934
- Otto Wallach, faculty member: chemistry, 1910
- Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse, alumni: literature, 1910
- Philipp Lenard, faculty member: physics, 1905
- Reinhard Genzel, alumni: physics, 2020
- Fields Medal:
- Gerd Faltings, 1986
- Maxim Kontsevich, 1998
- Gregori Margulis, 1978
- Peter Scholze, 2018
- Maryna Viazovska, 2022
Some of the numerous well-known faculty members and alumni of the University of Bonn:
- In Humanities:
-
Chancellor of Germanyfrom 1949 to 1963
-
German unification
-
Vatican City State
-
Ludwig van Beethoven
Composer and pianist -
Max Bruch
Composer and conductor -
Franz Boas
Anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology -
Ludwig Erhard
The second Chancellor of (West) Germany from 1963 to 1966 -
Walter Eucken
Economist of the Freiburg school, father of ordoliberalism and developer of the concept of social market economy -
Frederick III
German Emperor -
Joseph Goebbels
Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany -
Jürgen Habermas
Philosopher and sociologist -
Heinrich Heine
Poet, writer and literary critic -
Institut für Sozialforschung
-
SPD and later of The Left
-
FDP
-
Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann
-
Karl Marx
Philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary -
Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist -
Thilo Sarrazin
Politician and writer of controversial books about Muslim immigrants in Germany -
Robert Schuman
Statesman and one of the founding fathers of the European Union -
Joseph Schumpeter
Political economist -
Carl Schurz
German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, reformer and 13th United States Secretary of the Interior -
Ferdinand Tönnies
Sociologist, economist and philosopher -
Guido Westerwelle
Foreign Minister of Germany, Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 and first openly gay person to hold any of these positions -
Wilhelm II of Germany
German Emperor
- In Natural Sciences:
-
Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander
Astronomer -
Constantin Carathéodory
Mathematician -
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
Mathematician -
Gerd Faltings
Mathematician -
Emil Fischer
Organic Chemist -
Reinhard Genzel
Astrophysicist -
Felix Hausdorff
Mathematician -
Harald zur Hausen
Virologist -
Heinrich Hertz
Physicist -
Friedrich Hirzebruch
Mathematician -
Eduard Heine
Mathematician -
Walter Rudolf Hess
Physiologist -
August Kekulé
Organic chemist -
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Physical and Organic Chemist -
Felix Klein
Mathematician -
Maxim Kontsevich
Mathematical Physicist -
Wolfgang Krull
Mathematician -
Philipp Lenard
Physicist -
Harald Lesch
Physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, author, and television presenter -
Justus von Liebig
Founder of organic chemistry -
Maria von Linden
Bacteriologist and zoologist -
Rudolf Lipschitz
Mathematician -
Jacob Lüroth
Mathematician and Discoverer of the t-Distribution -
Grigory Margulis
Mathematician -
Hermann Minkowski
Mathematician and Physicist -
Wolfgang Paul
Physicist -
Carl Adam Petri
Computer Scientist and Mathematician -
Julius Plücker
Mathematician and Experimental Physicist -
Peter Scholze
Mathematician -
Arnold Schönhage
Computer Scientist and Mathematician -
Issai Schur
Mathematician -
Otto Toeplitz
Mathematician -
Maryna Viazovska
Mathematician -
Otto Wallach
Organic Chemist -
Karl Weierstrass
Mathematician
See also
References
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