Bundestag
German Bundestag Deutscher Bundestag | |
---|---|
20th Bundestag | |
History | |
Established | 7 September 1949 |
Preceded by | Reichstag (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945) |
Leadership | |
Structure | |
Seats | 735[1][2] |
Political groups | Government (416)
Opposition (319) |
Elections | |
Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) with leveling seats | |
Last election | 26 September 2021 |
Next election | On or before 26 October 2025 |
Meeting place | |
Reichstag building Mitte, Berlin, Germany | |
Website | |
www | |
Rules | |
Rules of Procedure of the German Bundestag and Mediation Committee (English) |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Germany |
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The Bundestag (German pronunciation: [ˈbʊndəstaːk] ⓘ, "Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people, comparable to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Bundestag was established by Title III[c] of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Grundgesetz, pronounced [ˈɡʁʊntɡəˌzɛt͡s] ⓘ) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus it is the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.
The members of the Bundestag are representatives of the German people as a whole, are not bound by any orders or instructions and are only accountable to their electorate.[d] The minimum legal number of members of the Bundestag (German: Mitglieder des Bundestages) is 598;[e] however, due to the system of overhang and leveling seats the current 20th Bundestag has a total of 735 members, making it the largest Bundestag to date and the largest freely elected national parliamentary chamber in the world.[3]
The Bundestag is elected every four years by German citizens
The Bundestag has several functions. It is the chief legislative body on the federal level. The individual states (Bundesländer) of Germany participate in the legislative process through the Bundesrat, a separate assembly.[4] The Bundestag also elects and oversees the chancellor, Germany's head of government, and sets the government budget.
Since 1999, it has met in the Reichstag building in Berlin.[5] The Bundestag also operates in multiple new government buildings in Berlin and has its own police force (the Bundestagspolizei). The current president of the Bundestag since 2021 is Bärbel Bas of the SPD. The 20th Bundestag has five vice presidents and is the most visited parliament in the world.[6]
History
With the dissolution of the
With the
The
The former
Since 19 April 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in Berlin in its original Reichstag building, which was built in 1888 based on the plans of German architect Paul Wallot and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect Lord Norman Foster. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and parliamentary group meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the Jakob-Kaiser-Haus, Paul-Löbe-Haus and Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus.[citation needed]
In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German Parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.[10]
Tasks
Together with the
Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process.
The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the
Constituent services also take place via the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of
Electoral term
The Bundestag is elected for four years, and new elections must be held between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of its
Election
Every elector has two votes: a constituency vote (first vote) and a party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected in
If a party, by winning single-member constituencies in one state, receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state (so-called overhang seats), the other parties receive compensation seats. Owing to this provision, the Bundestag usually has more than 598 members. The 20th and current Bundestag, for example, has 735 seats: 598 regular seats and 137 overhang and compensation seats. Overhang seats are calculated at the state level, so many more seats are added to balance this out among the different states, adding more seats than would be needed to compensate for overhang at the national level in order to avoid negative vote weight.[14]
To qualify for seats based on the party-list vote share, a party must either win three single-member constituencies via first votes (basic mandate clause) or exceed a threshold of 5% of the second votes nationwide. If a party only wins one or two single-member constituencies and fails to get at least 5% of the second votes, it keeps the single-member seat(s), but other parties that accomplish at least one of the two threshold conditions receive compensation seats.[14] In the most recent example of this, during the 2002 election, the PDS won only 4.0% of the second votes nationwide, but won two constituencies in the state of Berlin.[15] The same applies if an independent candidate wins a single-member constituency,[14] which has not happened since the 1949 election.[15]
If a voter cast a first vote for a successful independent candidate or a successful candidate whose party failed to qualify for proportional representation, their second vote does not count toward proportional representation. However, it does count toward whether the elected party exceeds the 5% threshold.[14]
Parties representing recognized national minorities (currently Danes, Frisians, Sorbs, and Romani people) are exempt from both the 5% threshold and the basic mandate clause, but normally only run in state elections.[14] The only party that has been able to benefit from this provision so far on the federal level is the South Schleswig Voters' Association, which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians in Schleswig-Holstein and managed to win a seat in 1949 and 2021.[16]
Latest election result
Regular election of 2021
The latest federal election was held on Sunday, 26 September 2021, to elect the members of the 20th Bundestag.
Party | Constituencies | Party list | Total seats |
+/– | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||||||||
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 12,234,690 | 26.4 | 121 | 11,955,434 | 25.7 | 85 | 206 | +53 | ||||||
Christian Democratic Union (CDU)[h] | 10,451,524 | 22.5 | 98 | 8,775,471 | 18.9 | 54 | 152 | −48 | ||||||
Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE) | 6,469,081 | 14.0 | 16 | 6,852,206 | 14.8 | 102 | 118 | +51 | ||||||
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 4,042,951 | 8.7 | 0 | 5,319,952 | 11.5 | 92 | 92 | +12 | ||||||
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 4,695,611 | 10.1 | 16 | 4,803,902 | 10.3 | 67 | 83 | −11 | ||||||
Christian Social Union (CSU)[h] | 2,788,048 | 6.0 | 45 | 2,402,827 | 5.2 | 0 | 45 | −1 | ||||||
The Left (DIE LINKE) | 2,307,536 | 5.0 | 3 | 2,270,906 | 4.9 | 36 | 39 | −30 | ||||||
Free Voters (FREIE WÄHLER) | 1,334,739 | 2.9 | 0 | 1,127,784 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Human Environment Animal Protection | 163,201 | 0.4 | 0 | 675,353 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Grassroots Democratic Party (dieBasis) | 735,451 | 1.6 | 0 | 630,153 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Die PARTEI | 543,145 | 1.2 | 0 | 461,570 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Team Todenhöfer | 5,700 | 0.0 | 0 | 214,535 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN) | 60,839 | 0.1 | 0 | 169,923 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Volt Germany (Volt) | 78,339 | 0.2 | 0 | 165,474 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 152,792 | 0.3 | 0 | 112,314 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
National Democratic Party (NPD) | 1,090 | 0.0 | 0 | 64,574 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW) | 35,027 | 0.1 | 0 | 55,578 | 0.1 | 1[i] | 1 | +1 | ||||||
Party for Health Research |
2,842 | 0.0 | 0 | 49,349 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
The Humanists (Die Humanisten) | 12,730 | 0.0 | 0 | 47,711 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Alliance C – Christians for Germany | 6,222 | 0.0 | 0 | 39,868 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Bavaria Party (BP) | 36,748 | 0.1 | 0 | 32,790 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
V-Partei³ |
10,644 | 0.0 | 0 | 31,884 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Independents for Citizen-oriented Democracy | 13,421 | 0.0 | 0 | 22,736 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
The Greys (Die Grauen) | 2,368 | 0.0 | 0 | 19,443 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
The Urbans. A HipHop Party (du.) | 1,912 | 0.0 | 0 | 17,811 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Marxist–Leninist Party (MLPD) | 22,534 | 0.0 | 0 | 17,799 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
German Communist Party (DKP) | 5,446 | 0.0 | 0 | 14,925 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Animal Protection Alliance (Tierschutzallianz) | 7,371 | 0.0 | 0 | 13,672 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
European Party Love (LIEBE) | 873 | 0.0 | 0 | 12,967 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Liberal Conservative Reformers (LKR) |
10,767 | 0.0 | 0 | 11,159 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Lobbyists for Children (LfK) | – | – | – | 9,189 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
The III. Path (III. Weg) |
515 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,832 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Garden Party (MG) | 2,095 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,611 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Citizens' Movement (BÜRGERBEWEGUNG) | 1,556 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,491 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Democracy in Motion (DiB) | 2,609 | 0.0 | 0 | 7,184 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Human World (MENSCHLICHE WELT) | 656 | 0.0 | 0 | 3,786 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
The Pinks/Alliance 21 (BÜNDNIS21) | 377 | 0.0 | 0 | 3,488 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Party of Progress (PdF) | – | – | – | 3,228 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Socialist Equality Party (SGP) | – | – | – | 1,417 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Civil Rights Movement Solidarity (BüSo) | 811 | 0.0 | 0 | 727 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Climate List Baden-Württemberg (KlimalisteBW) | 3,967 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
Family Party of Germany (FAMILIE) | 1,817 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Democracy by Referendum (Volksabstimmung) | 1,086 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Grey Panthers (Graue Panther) | 961 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
Thuringian Homeland Party (THP) | 549 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
The Others (sonstige) | 256 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | New | ||||||
Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei" (B*) |
222 | 0.0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Independents and voter groups | 110,894 | 0.2 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Valid votes | 46,362,013 | 98.9 | – | 46,442,023 | 99.1 | – | – | – | ||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 492,495 | 1.1 | – | 412,485 | 0.9 | – | – | – | ||||||
Total votes | 46,854,508 | 100.0 | 299 | 46,854,508 | 100.0 | 437 | 736 | +27 | ||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 61,181,072 | 76.6 | – | 61,181,072 | 76.6 | – | – | – | ||||||
Source: Bundeswahlleiter |
Repeat election of 2024
In several districts of Berlin the 2021 election was repeated due to irregularities. This changed the number of additional mandates of the Bundestag from 138 to 137, resulting in the FDP losing a seat.[17]
List of Bundestag by session
Seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Session | Election | Seats | CDU/CSU | SPD | FDP | Greens[j] | The Left[k] | AfD | Others Sonstige |
1st | 1949 | 402 | 139 | 131 | 52 | – | – | – | 80[l] |
2nd | 1953 | 487 | 243 | 151 | 48 | – | – | – | 45[m] |
3rd | 1957 | 497 | 270 | 169 | 41 | – | – | – | 17[n] |
4th | 1961 | 499 | 242 | 190 | 67 | – | – | – | – |
5th | 1965 | 496 | 245 | 202 | 49 | – | – | – | – |
6th | 1969 | 496 | 242 | 224 | 30 | – | – | – | – |
7th | 1972 | 496 | 225 | 230 | 41 | – | – | – | – |
8th | 1976 | 496 | 243 | 214 | 39 | – | – | – | – |
9th | 1980 | 497 | 226 | 218 | 53 | – | – | – | – |
10th | 1983 | 498 | 244 | 193 | 34 | 27 | – | – | – |
11th | 1987 | 497 | 223 | 186 | 46 | 42 | – | – | – |
12th | 1990 | 662 | 319 | 239 | 79 | 8 | 17 | – | – |
13th | 1994 | 672 | 294 | 252 | 47 | 49 | 30 | – | – |
14th | 1998 | 669 | 245 | 298 | 43 | 47 | 36 | – | – |
15th | 2002 | 603 | 248 | 251 | 47 | 55 | 2 | – | – |
16th | 2005 | 614 | 226 | 222 | 61 | 51 | 54 | – | – |
17th | 2009 | 622 | 239 | 146 | 93 | 68 | 76 | – | – |
18th | 2013 | 630 | 311 | 192 | – | 63 | 64 | – | – |
19th | 2017 | 709 | 246 | 153 | 80 | 67 | 69 | 94 | – |
20th | 2021 | 736(735)[o] | 197 | 206 | 92(91) | 118 | 39 | 83 | 1[p] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Timeline of the political parties who got elected into the Bundestag | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1940s | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | |
CSU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CDU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Centre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BHE | GB/BHE | GDP | DSU | AfD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DP | DP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FDP | FVP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FDP | FDP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WAV | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSW | SSW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greens | Alliance 90/Greens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greens/Alliance 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SPD | SPD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WASG | The Left | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KPD | PDS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NDP | DRP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DRP |
Presidents since 1949
No. | Name | Party | Beginning of term | End of term | Length of term |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Erich Köhler (1892–1958) | CDU | 7 September 1949 | 18 October 1950[q] | 1 year, 41 days |
2 | Hermann Ehlers (1904–1954) | CDU | 19 October 1950 | 29 October 1954[r] | 4 years, 10 days |
3 | Eugen Gerstenmaier (1906–1986) | CDU | 16 November 1954 | 31 January 1969[s] | 14 years, 76 days |
4 | Kai-Uwe von Hassel (1913–1997) | CDU | 5 February 1969 | 13 December 1972 | 3 years, 312 days |
5 | Annemarie Renger[t] (1919–2008) | SPD | 13 December 1972 | 14 December 1976 | 4 years, 1 day |
6 | Karl Carstens (1914–1992) | CDU | 14 December 1976 | 31 May 1979[u] | 2 years, 168 days |
7 | Richard Stücklen (1916–2002) | CSU
|
31 May 1979 | 29 March 1983 | 3 years, 363 days |
8 | Rainer Barzel (1924–2006) | CDU | 29 March 1983 | 25 October 1984[s] | 1 year, 210 days |
9 | Philipp Jenninger (1932–2018) | CDU | 5 November 1984 | 11 November 1988[s] | 4 years, 6 days |
10 | Rita Süssmuth (b. 1937) | CDU | 25 November 1988 | 26 October 1998 | 9 years, 335 days |
11 | Wolfgang Thierse (b. 1943) | SPD | 26 October 1998 | 18 October 2005 | 6 years, 357 days |
12 | Norbert Lammert (b. 1948) | CDU | 18 October 2005 | 24 October 2017 | 12 years, 6 days |
13 | Wolfgang Schäuble (1942–2023) | CDU | 24 October 2017 | 26 October 2021 | 4 years, 2 days |
14 | Bärbel Bas (b. 1968) | SPD | 26 October 2021 | present | 2 years, 183 days |
Membership
Organization
Parliamentary groups
The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are
The leadership of each Fraktion consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the Fraktion, enforce party discipline and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each Fraktion are distributed among working groups focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The Fraktion meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.
Parties that do not hold 5% of the Bundestag-seats may be granted the status of a Gruppe (literally "group", but a different status from Fraktion) in the Bundestag; this is decided case by case, as the rules of procedure do not state a fixed number of seats for this. Most recently, this applied to the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) from 1990 to 1998. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a Fraktion.
Executive bodies
The Bundestag's executive bodies include the
Committees
Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current nineteenth Bundestag, 24 standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the current nineteenth Bundestag, the CDU/CSU chaired ten committees, the SPD five, the AfD and the FDP three each, The Left and the Greens two each. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees (e.g. the budget committee is by tradition chaired by the biggest opposition party). These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.
Administration
The members of Bundestag and the presidium are supported by the Bundestag Administration. It is headed by the Director, that reports to the President of the Bundestag. The Bundestag Administrations four departments are Parliament Service, Research, Information / Documentation and Central Affairs. The Bundestag Administration employs around 3,000 employees.
Principle of discontinuation
As is the case with some other parliaments, the Bundestag is subject to the principle of discontinuation, meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as void by non-decision (German terminology: "Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim"). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must be brought up by the government again if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (Geschäftsordnung), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding Bundestag by reference.
Any Bundestag (even after a snap election) is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,[18] but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,[19] and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.[20]
See also
References
Informational notes
- ^ The Rules of Procedure of the Bundestag (German: Geschäftsordnung) allocate one Vice-President to each political group (Fraktion). However, each candidate must still be elected by a parliamentary majority. Due to the candidates put forth by the AfD and their unanimous rejection by all other parties, no AfD candidate has reached such a majority.
- ^ Though the by-laws of the Bundestag do not mention such a position, the leader of the largest opposition Fraktion is called leader of the opposition by convention.
- ^ Articles 38 to 49
- ^ Article 38 Section 1 Grundgesetz
- ^ Paragraph 1 Section 1 of the Federal Elections Act (Bundeswahlgesetz)
- ^ German Citizens are defined in Article 116 Grundgesetz
- Grundgesetz: Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority may be elected.
- ^ a b The Christian Democratic Union and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria do not compete against each other in the same states and form one group within the Bundestag.
- electoral threshold in Germany, parties are usually required to meet a threshold of at least 5% of nationwide votes or win at least 3 constituency seats; the SSW got a seat as a representative of a recognised minority group (in their case, Danes and Frisians), an exception enshrined into German electoral law.
- Alliance 90/The Greens
- The Left Party.PDS, since 2007 The Left
- SSW 1, Independents3
- ^ DP 15, GB/BHE 27, Centre Party 3
- ^ DP
- ^ The FDP lost a seat in the repeat of a small part of the election in 2024.
- ^ SSW
- ^ Resigned for medical reasons
- ^ Died in office
- ^ a b c Resigned for political reasons
- ^ First woman to hold the post
- ^ Elected President of Germany
Citations
- ^ "Sitzverteilung des 20. Deutschen Bundestages" (in German). Deutscher Bundestag. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - FDP-Fraktion verliert Sitz nach Wiederholungswahl in Berlin".
- ^ Mayer, Tilman (14 July 2021). "Das größte Parlament der Welt wächst und wächst: Politik bläht Bundestag immer weiter auf". FOCUS online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (PDF) (23 December 2014 ed.). Bonn: Parlamentarischer Rat. 8 May 1949. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ "Plenarsaal "Deutscher Bundestag" – The Path of Democracy". www.wegderdemokratie.de. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "German Bundestag - From the Parliamentary Council to the most visited parliament..." German Bundestag. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ Germany at the Polls: The Bundestag Elections of the 1980s, Karl H. Cerny, Duke University Press, 1990, page 34
- International Parliamentary Union
- ^ "The United Nations in Germany". Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations in New York. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ "Small Plane Crashes Near German Parliament". amp.dw.com. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Trenel, M. (2007). "Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament" (PDF). TAB Brief Nr 32. Deutscher Bundestag. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ "Basic Law, Article 39: Electoral term – Convening". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ISBN 9783322836434.
- ^ a b c d e f g Martin Fehndrich; Wilko Zicht; Matthias Cantow (22 September 2017). "Wahlsystem der Bundestagswahl". Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ a b "Ergebnisse früherer Bundestagswahlen" (PDF). Der Bundeswahlleiter. 18 August 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ NDR (26 September 2021), Stefan Seidler (SSW): "Die ersten Zahlen sind sensationell" (in German), retrieved 27 September 2021
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - FDP-Fraktion verliert Sitz nach Wiederholungswahl in Berlin".
- ^ "Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages" (Press release). Bundeswahlleiter. 25 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ "Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005" [Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th Deutscher Bundestag on 2005-09-28] (PDF). Deutscher Bundestag. 28 September 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
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