Foreign relations of Germany

This article is part of a series on the

Other countries

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It maintains a network of 229 diplomatic missions abroad and holds relations with more than 190 countries. As one of the world's leading industrialized countries it is recognized as a major power

in European and global affairs.

History

The history of German foreign policy covers diplomatic developments and international history since 1871.

Before 1866,

Brandenburg holding, and its ability to influence trade through its Zollverein network. The question of excluding or including Austria's influence was settled by the Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The unification of Germany was made possible by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, in which the smaller states joined behind Prussia in a smashing victory over France. The German Empire was put together in 1871 by Otto von Bismarck

, who dominated German and indeed all of European diplomatic history until he was forced to resign in 1890.

Primary institutions and actors

Federal Cabinet

The three cabinet-level ministries responsible for guiding Germany's foreign policy are the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development and the Federal Foreign Office. In practice, most German federal departments play some role in shaping foreign policy in the sense that there are few policy areas left that remain outside of international jurisdiction. The bylaws of the Federal Cabinet (as delineated in Germany's Basic Law), however, assign the Federal Foreign Office a coordinating function. Accordingly, other ministries may only invite foreign guests or participate in treaty negotiations with the approval of the Federal Foreign Office.

Bundestag

With respect to foreign policy, the Bundestag acts in a supervisory capacity. Each of its committees – most notably the foreign relations committee – oversees the country's foreign policy. The consent of the Bundestag (and insofar as Länder are impacted, the Bundesrat) is required to ratify foreign treaties. If a treaty legislation passes first reading, it is referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, which is capable of delaying ratification and prejudice decision through its report to the Bundestag.[1]

In 1994, a full EU Committee was also created for the purpose of addressing the large flow of EU-related topics and legislation. Also, the committee has the mandate to speak on behalf of the Bundestag and represent it when deciding an EU policy position.^[2] A case in point was the committee's involvement regarding the European Union's eastern enlargement wherein the Committee on Foreign Affairs is responsible for relations with ECE states while the EU Committee is tasked with the negotiations.^[2]

NGOs

There is a raft of NGOs in Germany that engage foreign policy issues. These NGOs include think-tanks (German Council on Foreign Relations), single-issue lobbying organizations (Amnesty International), as well as other organizations that promote stronger bilateral ties between Germany and other countries (Atlantic Bridge). While the budgets and methods of NGOs are distinct, the overarching goal to persuade decision-makers to the wisdom of their own views is a shared one. In 2004, a new German governance framework, particularly on foreign and security policy areas, emerged where NGOs are integrated into actual policymaking.^[3] The idea is that the cooperation between state and civil society groups increases the quality of conflict resolution, development cooperation and humanitarian aid for fragile states. The framework seeks to benefit from the expertise of the NGOs in exchange for these groups to have a chance for influencing foreign policy.^[3]

Disputes

In 2001, the discovery that the terrorist cell which carried out the attacks against the United States on 11 September 2001, was based in Hamburg, sent shock waves through the country^{[clarification needed]}.

The government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder backed the following U.S. military actions, sending Bundeswehr troops to Afghanistan to lead a joint NATO program to provide security in the country after the ousting of the Taliban.

Nearly all of the public was strongly against America's 2003 invasion of Iraq, and any deployment of troops.^[4] This position was shared by the SPD/Green government, which led to some friction with the United States.

In August 2006, the German government disclosed a botched plot to bomb two German trains. The attack was to occur in July 2006 and involved a 21-year-old Lebanese man, identified only as Youssef Mohammed E. H. Prosecutors said Youssef and another man left suitcases stuffed with crude propane-gas bombs on the trains.

As of February 2007, Germany had about 3,000 NATO-led

War on Terrorism, the third largest contingent after the United States (14,000) and the United Kingdom (5,200).^[5]

German forces are mostly in the more secure north of the country.

However, Germany, along with some other larger European countries (with the exception of the UK and the Netherlands), have been criticised by the UK and Canada for not sharing the burden of the more intensive combat operations in southern Afghanistan.^[6]^[7]

Global initiatives

Humanitarian aid

Germany is the largest net contributor to the United Nations and has several development agencies working in Africa and the Middle East. The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is an independent area of German foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.^[8] It is the world's third biggest aid donor after the United States and France.^[9] Germany spent 0.37 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on development, which is below the government's target of increasing aid to 0.51 per cent of GDP by 2010. The international target of 0.7% of GNP would have not been reached either.

Ecological involvement

International organizations

Germany is a member of the Council of Europe, European Union, European Space Agency, G4, G8, International Monetary Fund, NATO, OECD, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, UN, World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization.

European Union

European integration has gone a long way since the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the Elysée Treaty. Peaceful collaborations with its neighbors remain one of Germany's biggest political objectives, and Germany has been on the forefront of most achievements made in European integration:

Maastricht Treaty

Most of the social issues facing European countries in general: immigration, aging populations, straining social-welfare and pension systems – are all important in Germany. Germany seeks to maintain peace through the "deepening" of integration among current members of the European Union member states

European Defence Force
Introduction of the single currency € Euro

Germany has been the largest net contributor to EU budgets for decades (in absolute terms – given Germany's comparatively large population – not per capita) and seeks to limit the growth of these net payments in the enlarged union.

European Constitution

NATO

Under the doctrine introduced by the 2003 Defense Policy Guidelines, Germany continues to give priority to the transatlantic partnership with the United States through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. However, Germany is giving increasing attention to coordinating its policies with the European Union through the Common Foreign and Security Policy.

UN

The German Federal Government began an initiative to obtain a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, as part of the Reform of the United Nations. This would require approval of a two-thirds majority of the member states and approval of all five Security Council veto powers.

This aspiration could be successful due to Germany's good relations with the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Germany is a stable and democratic republic and a G7 country which are also favourable attributes. The United Kingdom and France support German ascension to the supreme body.^[10] The U.S. is sending mixed signals.

NATO member states, including Germany, decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, supported by more than 120 nations.^[11]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which the Federal Republic of Germany maintains diplomatic relations with:


#	Country	Date^[12]
1	Italy	2 December 1950
2	Netherlands	6 March 1951
3	India	7 March 1951
4	Sweden	4 April 1951
5	Luxembourg	23 April 1951
6	Norway	10 May 1951
7	United Kingdom	20 June 1951
8	Belgium	27 June 1951
9	Denmark	27 June 1951
10	Peru	28 June 1951
11	United States	2 July 1951
12	Brazil	10 July 1951
13	France	11 July 1951
14	Greece	12 July 1951
15	Ireland	26 July 1951
16	South Africa	14 August 1951
17	Pakistan	15 October 1951
18	Monaco	16 October 1951
19	Canada	8 November 1951
20	Serbia	8 December 1951 (as FR Yugoslavia) 4 February 2003 (as Serbia and Montenegro) 5 June 2006 (as Serbia )
21	Panama	17 December 1951
22	Argentina	30 December 1951
23	Uruguay	9 January 1952
24	Australia	28 January 1952
25	Chile	14 February 1952
26	Iran	26 February 1952
27	Nicaragua	10 April 1952
28	Japan	19 April 1952
29	Venezuela	28 April 1952
30	Switzerland	6 May 1952
31	Liechtenstein	6 May 1952
32	Thailand	28 May 1952
33	Turkey	21 June 1952
34	Indonesia	25 June 1952
35	Ecuador	14 July 1952
36	El Salvador	25 August 1952
37	Mexico	29 August 1952
38	Paraguay	1 October 1952
39	Costa Rica	7 October 1952
40	Syria	14 October 1952
41	Egypt	16 October 1952 (as Egypt) 22 February 1958 (as United Arab Republic) 11 September 1971 (as Egypt)
42	Portugal	10 November 1952
43	Spain	16 November 1952
44	Jordan	17 November 1952
45	Iceland	16 December 1952
46	Bolivia	30 December 1952
47	Colombia	13 January 1953
48	Lebanon	20 May 1953
49	Liberia	23 July 1953
50	Dominican Republic	11 September 1953
51	Iraq	19 September 1953
52	Haiti	23 September 1953
53	New Zealand	10 November 1953
54	Sri Lanka	9 December 1953 (under the name Ceylon) 22 May 1972 (under the name Sri Lanka)
55	Ethiopia	23 January 1954^[13]
—	Holy See	1 June 1954
56	Philippines	8 October 1954
57	Saudi Arabia	10 November 1954
58	Myanmar	4 December 1954 (under the name Burma) 18 June 1989 (under the name Myanmar )
59	Afghanistan	22 December 1954
60	Libya	3 June 1955
61	Cuba	30 June 1955
62	Russia	13 September 1955 (as Soviet Union) 24 May 1990 (as Russia)
63	Austria	5 January 1956
64	Sudan	12 March 1956
65	Tunisia	7 December 1956
66	Morocco	26 March 1957
67	South Korea	25 May 1957
68	Vietnam	12 June 1957 (South Vietnam) 12 September 1975 (North Vietnam) 2 July 1976 (as reunified Vietnam)
69	Ghana	24 June 1957
70	Malaysia	31 August 1957
71	Laos	31 January 1958
72	Nepal	23 April 1958
73	Guinea	30 July 1959
74	Guatemala	9 October 1959
75	Cameroon	1 January 1960
76	Honduras	20 January 1960
77	Burkina Faso	31 January 1960 (under the name Upper Volta) 4 August 1984 (under the name Burkina Faso)
78	Togo	27 April 1960
79	Madagascar	26 June 1960
80	Democratic Republic of the Congo	30 June 1960
81	Somalia	1 July 1960
82	Ivory Coast	7 August 1960
83	Chad	11 August 1960
84	Republic of the Congo	15 August 1960
85	Cyprus	20 August 1960
86	Mali	23 September 1960
87	Senegal	23 September 1960
88	Nigeria	1 October 1960
89	Central African Republic	1 December 1960
90	Sierra Leone	27 August 1961
91	Tanzania	9 December 1961 (as Tanganjika) 26 April 1964 (as Tanzania)
92	Gabon	13 April 1962
93	Algeria	3 July 1962
94	Jamaica	6 August 1962
95	Uganda	9 October 1962
96	Benin	15 October 1962 (under the name Dahomey) 30 November 1975 (under the name Benin)
97	Yemen	24 October 1962 (North Yemen) 19 December 1967 (South Yemen) 24 May 1990 (as unified Yemen)
98	Niger	11 January 1963
99	Burundi	24 January 1963
100	Mauritania	8 August 1963
101	Trinidad and Tobago	28 August 1963
102	Rwanda	13 December 1963
103	Kenya	18 December 1963
104	Cambodia	19 February 1964
105	Kuwait	20 May 1964
106	Zambia	24 October 1964
107	Malta	16 February 1965
108	Gambia	26 April 1965
109	Israel	10 May 1965
110	Malawi	24 September 1965
111	Singapore	24 December 1965
112	Botswana	1 October 1966
113	Maldives	10 October 1966
114	Barbados	30 November 1966
115	Romania	31 January 1967
116	Guyana	14 March 1967
117	Lesotho	15 February 1968
118	Mauritius	23 March 1968
119	Eswatini	15 November 1968 (under the name Swaziland) 15 November 1968 (under the name Eswatini )
120	Bangladesh	4 February 1972
121	Oman	16 May 1972
122	Bahrain	17 May 1972
123	United Arab Emirates	17 May 1972
124	Poland	14 September 1972
125	China	11 October 1972
126	Finland	7 January 1973
127	Qatar	15 January 1973
128	Bahamas	10 July 1973
129	Fiji	1 August 1973
130	Bulgaria	21 December 1973
131	Czech Republic	11 December 1973 (as Czechoslovakia) 1 January 1993 (as the Czech Republic)
132	Hungary	21 December 1973
133	Mongolia	31 January 1974
134	Grenada	6 February 1974
135	Guinea-Bissau	17 April 1974
136	Mozambique	25 June 1975
137	São Tomé and Príncipe	12 July 1975
138	Cape Verde	5 August 1975
139	Angola	16 August 1979
140	Suriname	25 November 1975
141	Tonga	1 May 1976
142	Samoa	18 May 1976
143	Papua New Guinea	16 September 1976
144	Seychelles	18 January 1977
145	Djibouti	27 June 1977
146	Comoros	2 February 1978
147	Solomon Islands	11 July 1978
148	Nauru	15 April 1979
149	Tuvalu	26 June 1979
150	Zimbabwe	18 April 1980
151	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	13 June 1980
152	Kiribati	1 July 1980
153	Saint Lucia	1 August 1980
154	Dominica	9 December 1980^[14]
155	Vanuatu	22 April 1981
156	Belize	1 March 1982
157	Antigua and Barbuda	11 March 1982
158	Brunei	30 January 1984
159	Saint Kitts and Nevis	27 August 1984
160	Albania	2 October 1987
161	Namibia	21 March 1990
162	Estonia	28 August 1991
163	Latvia	28 August 1991
164	Lithuania	28 August 1991
165	Marshall Islands	23 September 1991
166	Croatia	15 January 1992
167	Slovenia	15 January 1992
168	Ukraine	17 January 1992
169	Armenia	31 January 1992
170	Kyrgyzstan	3 February 1992
171	Kazakhstan	11 February 1992
172	Azerbaijan	20 February 1992
173	Tajikistan	28 February 1992
174	Turkmenistan	6 March 1992
175	Uzbekistan	6 March 1992
176	Belarus	13 March 1992
177	Georgia	13 April 1992
178	Micronesia	21 April 1992
179	Moldova	30 April 1992
180	Bosnia and Herzegovina	13 November 1992
181	Slovakia	1 January 1993
182	Eritrea	3 August 1993
183	North Macedonia	16 December 1993
184	Andorra	8 March 1994
185	San Marino	1 October 1995
186	Palau	11 November 1997
187	North Korea	1 March 2001
—	Cook Islands	11 September 2001
188	Timor-Leste	20 May 2002
189	Montenegro	14 June 2006
—	Kosovo	21 February 2008
190	Equatorial Guinea	6 September 2010
191	South Sudan	9 July 2011
—	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	15 November 2017^[15]
192	Bhutan	25 November 2020

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Notes
Algeria	See Algeria–Germany relations Algeria has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Algiers.^[16]
Angola	See Angola–Germany relations Angola has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Luanda.^[17]
Botswana	Botswana has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Gaborone.^[18]
Burundi	Burundi has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Bujumbura.^[19]
Cape Verde	Cape Verde has an embassy in Berlin. Germany is represented in Cape Verde through its embassy in Senegal.^[20]
Cameroon	See Cameroon–Germany relations Cameroon has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Yaoundé.^[21]
Central African Republic	See Central African Republic–Germany relations The Central African Republic is represented in Germany through its embassy in France. Following the closing of the German embassy in Bangui in 1997 Germany is represented through its embassy in Cameroon.^[22]
Chad	Chad has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in N'Djamena.^[23]
Comoros	Comoros is represented in Germany through its embassy in Belgium. Germany is represented in Comoros through its embassy in Tanzania.^[24]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations DR Congo has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Kinshasa.^[25]
Republic of the Congo	Republic of the Congo has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Brazzaville.^[26]
Egypt	See Egypt–Germany relations Egypt has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Cairo.^[27]
Eritrea	See Eritrea–Germany relations Eritrea has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate general in Frankfurt.^[28] Germany has an embassy in Asmara
Ethiopia	See Ethiopia–Germany relations Ethiopia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Addis Ababa.^[29]
Gabon	Gabon has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Libreville.^[30]
Ghana	See Germany–Ghana relations Ghana has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Accra.^[31]
Guinea	See Germany–Guinea relations Germany has an embassy in Conakry Guinea has an embassy in Berlin
Kenya	See Germany–Kenya relations Germany has an embassy in Nairobi. Kenya has an embassy in Berlin.^[32]
Liberia	See Germany–Liberia relations Liberia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Monrovia.^[33]
Libya	See Germany–Libya relations Libya has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Tripoli^[34]
Madagascar	See Germany–Madagascar relations Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo.^[35]
Mali	See Germany–Mali relations Mali has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Bamako.^[36]
Mauritania	See Germany–Mauritania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1960 when has been accredited first Ambassador of FRG to Mauritania with residence in Dakar, M. Reichhold. On 6 May 1961 first Ambassador of Mauritania to FRG M. Mamadou Toure presented his credentials to President Lubke.^[37] Mauritania has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Nouakchott.^[38]
Morocco	See Germany–Morocco relations Morocco has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf and Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Rabat.^[39]
Mozambique	See Germany–Mozambique relations Mozambique has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Maputo.
Namibia	See Germany–Namibia relations Namibia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Windhoek.^[40]
Niger	See Germany–Niger relations Niger has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Niamey.^[41]
Nigeria	See Germany–Nigeria relations Nigeria has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.^[42]
Rwanda	See Germany–Rwanda relations Rwanda has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Kigali.^[43]
São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé and Príncipe is represented in Germany through its embassy in Belgium. Germany is represented in São Tomé and Príncipe though its embassy in Gabon.^[44]
Senegal	See Germany–Senegal relations Senegal has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Dakar.^[45]
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Freetown.^[46]
Somalia	See Germany–Somalia relations Somalia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany is represented in Somalia through its embassy in Kenya.^[47]
South Africa	See Germany–South Africa relations South Africa has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.^[48]
South Sudan	See Germany–South Sudan relations South Sudan has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Juba.^[49]
Sudan	See Germany–Sudan relations Sudan has an embassy in Berlin. Due to the war in Sudan, Germany closed its embassy in Khartoum in 2023.
Tanzania	See Germany–Tanzania relations Tanzania has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam.^[50]
Togo	See Germany–Togo relations Togo has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Lomé.^[51]
Tunisia	Tunisia has an embassy in Berlin, a consulate-general in Bonn, and consulates in Hamburg and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Tunis.^[52]
Uganda	See Germany–Uganda relations Uganda has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Kampala.^[53]
Zambia	Zambia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Lusaka.^[54]
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Harare.^[55]

Americas

Country	Notes
Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda is represented in Germany through its embassy in the United Kingdom. Germany is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[56]
Argentina	See Argentina–Germany relations Argentina has an embassy in Berlin, consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg,^[57] and a consulate in Bonn.^[58] Germany has an embassy in Buenos Aires.^[59] See also: German Argentine
Bahamas	The Bahamas is represented in Germany through its embassy in the United Kingdom. Germany is represented in the Bahamas through its embassy in Jamaica.^[60]
Barbados	See Barbados–Germany relations Barbados is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels, (Belgium). Germany is represented in Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago).^[61]
Belize	Belize is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels.^[62] Germany is represented in Belize through its embassy in Guatemala.^[62]^[63]
Bolivia	See Bolivia–Germany relations Diplomatic relations between the two states were broken during the First World War . Relations were restored after the war under the agreement concluded on 20 July 1921.^[64]^[65] Bolivia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in La Paz.^[66] See also: German Bolivians
Brazil	See Brazil–Germany relations Brazil has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Munich.^[67] Germany has an embassy in Brasilia and consulates-general in Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.^[68] See also: German Brazilian
Canada	See Canada–Germany relations Canada operates consulates in Munich and Düsseldorf.^[69] In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.^[69]
Chile	See Chile–Germany relations Chile has an embassy in Berlin, consulates-general in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Munich and honorary consulates in Bremen, Cologne and Stuttgart.^[70]^[71] Germany has an embassy in Santiago and honorary consulates in Antofagasta, Concepción, La Serena, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Temuco, Valdivia, and Vina del Mar.^[71]
Colombia	See Colombia–Germany relations Colombia has an embassy in Berlin, a consulate-general in Frankfurt and three honorary consulates in Bremen, Hamburg and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Medellin.^[72]
Costa Rica	Costa Rica has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in San José.^[73]
Cuba	See Cuba–Germany relations Cuba has an embassy in Berlin and an embassy outpost in Bonn. Germany has an embassy in Havana.^[74] The Federal Republic of Germany Germany ended diplomatic relations on January 14, 1963, due to the Hallstein Doctrine, two days after Cuba recognized the German Democratic Republic . Diplomatic relations were re-established on 18 January 1975.
Dominica	Dominica is represented in Germany through its embassy in London. Germany is represented in Dominica through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[75]
Dominican Republic	The Dominican Republic has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Santo Domingo.^[76]
Ecuador	See Ecuador–Germany relations Ecuador has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate in Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Quito.^[77]
El Salvador	El Salvador has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in San Salvador.^[78]
Grenada	Grenada has closed its embassy in Germany on 17 August 2013. Germany is represented in Grenada through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[79]
Guatemala	Guatemala has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Guatemala City.^[80]
Guyana	See Germany–Guyana relations Guyana is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels. Germany is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[81]
Haiti	See Germany–Haiti relations Haiti has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.^[82]
Honduras	Honduras has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.^[83]
Jamaica	See Germany–Jamaica relations Jamaica has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Kingston.^[84]
Mexico	See Germany–Mexico relations Mexico has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate in Frankfurt.^[85] Germany has an embassy in Mexico City.^[86] See also: German immigration to Mexico
Nicaragua	Nicaragua has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Managua.^[87]
Panama	Panama has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Panama City.^[88]
Paraguay	See Germany–Paraguay relations Paraguay has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt.^[88] Germany has an embassy in Asunción^[89] and three honorary consulates in Ciudad del Este, Encarnación, and Neu-Halbstadt.^[90] A few towns, like that of Filadelfia and Nueva Germania, were founded by Germans, and still retain some Germans. Alfredo Stroessner, the dictator of Paraguay for 35 years, had a German immigrant father.^{[citation needed]} List of ambassadors of Paraguay to Germany See also: Germans in Paraguay .
Peru	See Germany–Peru relations Peru has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Hamburg, Munich and Offenbach. Germany has an embassy in Lima, and honorary consulates in Arequipa, Piura, Bagua, and Trujillo.^[91] Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries have existed since the 19th century. These were severed on January 26, 1943, during World War II, and resumed on 28 June 1951 (only with the Federal Republic of Germany). See also: German Peruvians
St. Kitts and Nevis	St. Kitts and Nevis is represented in Germany through its High Commission in the United Kingdom. Germany is represented in St. Kitts and Nevis through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[92]
St. Lucia	St. Lucia is represented in Germany through its High Commission in the United Kingdom. Germany is represented in St. Lucia through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[93]
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	St. Vincent and the Grenadines is represented in Germany through its High Commission in the United Kingdom. Germany is represented in St. Vincent and the Grenadines through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[94]
Suriname	Suriname is represented in Germany through its embassy in the Netherlands. Germany is represented in Suriname through its embassy in Trinidad and Tobago.^[95]
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago is represented in Germany through its High Commission in the United Kingdom. Germany has an embassy in Port of Spain.^[96]
United States	See Germany–United States relations Former chancellor Angela Merkel has sought warmer relations with the United States and to rebuild political ties on common values and beliefs. United States has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig and Munich, as well as a consular agency in Bremen.^[97] Germany has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City and San Francisco.^[98] See also: German American
Uruguay	See Germany–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Berlin, a general consulate in Hamburg and five honorary consulate (in Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Munich, and Stuttgart ). Germany has an embassy in Montevideo. Germany is Uruguay's principal trading partner in the European Union.^[99]
Venezuela	See Germany–Venezuela relations Venezuela has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Caracas.^[100]

Asia

Country	Notes
Afghanistan	See Afghanistan–Germany relations Germany was one of the first nations to recognise Afghan sovereignty, following the Soviet Union in 1991.^[101] Afghanistan has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Bonn and Grünwald.^[102] Germany had an embassy in Kabul and a consulate-general in Mazar-i-Sharif.^[102] Afghanistan and Germany established close ties in 1935, as Afghanistan sought to break from their historical patterns of British and Russian alignment. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.^[103]
Armenia	See Armenia–Germany relations Armenian-German relations have always been stable and solid; they continue to work together and advance through the years in cooperation. Their leaders have discussed bilateral relations and noted that they have considerably improved over the last few years.^[104] Armenia has an embassy in Berlin and honorary consulates in Frankfurt, Karlsruhe, Magdeburg, and Munich.^[105] Germany has an embassy in Yerevan and an honorary consulate in Gyumri.^[105]
Azerbaijan	See Azerbaijan–Germany relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Berlin.^[106] Germany has an embassy in Baku.^[107]
Bahrain	See Bahrain–Germany relations Bahrain has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Manama.^[108]
Bangladesh	Main articles: Bangladesh–Germany relations and Foreign relations of Bangladesh § Federal Republic of Germany After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 East Germany was the third country in the world, and the first country in Europe, to officially recognise Bangladesh in 1972.^[109] Bangladesh also warmly greeted German reunification. As an economic power as well as an important member of the European Union (EU), Germany is a reliable partner of Bangladesh in development cooperation. After establishment of diplomatic relations, the bilateral relations between the two countries began to grow steadily. Bangladesh is a priority partner country of German Development Cooperation (GTZ). In trade with Germany, Bangladesh has for years recorded a large surplus. Germany is the second largest export market of Bangladesh after the US. The cultural relationship of both the countries is very strong. The cultural cooperation between them is mainly channeled through the Goethe Institute that work on developing the cultural ties between both the countries by sponsoring local and German cultural activities. Both Germany and Bangladesh share common views on various international issues and work together in the UN and in other international forum. They have maintained and developed close and friendly relations in a wide range of field. The two countries are harmonized together by their commitment to various sectors mutually agreed upon, which is expected to be strengthened further in future.^{[citation needed]} Bangladesh has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Dhaka.^[110]
Bhutan	The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of Bhutan have maintained diplomatic relations since 25 November 2020. This move further deepened the friendly relations between the two countries. Consular relations have been in place since July 2000. Bhutan has agreed to let Germany set up an honorary consulate in Thimphu. Bhutan has an honorary consulate-general in Germany. Bhutan is represented in Germany through its mission to the EU in Brussels. Germany is represented in Bhutan through its embassy in India.^[111]
Brunei	See Brunei–Germany relations Brunei has an embassy in Berlin Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.^[112]^[113]
Cambodia	See Cambodia–Germany relations Cambodia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Phnom Penh.^[114]
China	See China–Germany relations Germany has good relationships with the People's Republic of China, even though Angela Merkel and large parts of Germany's political class have recently criticised the People's Republic for holding back reforms in the field of democracy and human rights. In recent years trade between them has reached high volumes, both in imports and exports.^[ Xinjiang re-education camps.^[115]^[116] China has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and an Economic and Trade Office of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. Germany has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang.^[117]
Hong Kong	See Germany–Hong Kong relations There are no formal diplomatic relations between Hong Kong and Germany, due to the character of Hong Kong being a Special Administrative Region and not an independent nation. Hong Kong has an Economic and Trade Office in Berlin. Germany has a consulate-general in Hong Kong.^[118] See also: Chinese-German relations .
India	Main articles: Germany–India relations and Foreign relations of India § Germany During the Bernd Mutzelburg, once said that India and Germany, are not just 'natural partners', but important countries in a globalised world. Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited India recently, as did the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visit Germany. Both countries have been working towards gaining permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council. As both countries are strong liberal democracies, they have similar objectives. UN reforms, fighting terrorism and climate change, and promotion of science, education, technology, and human rights, are some areas of shared interests, and collaboration between these two countries. Culturally too, Indian and German writers and philosophers, have influenced each other.^[119] Recently, Germany has invested in developing education and skills amongst rural Indians. Germany was one of the first countries to agree with the Indo-US Nuclear deal. India have an embassy in Berlin [120] and three consulate generals in Frankfurt,^[121] Munich,^[122] and Hamburg.^[123] Germany have an embassy in New Delhi^[124]^[125] and four consulate generals in Bangalore,^[126] Chennai,^[127] Kolkata^[128] and Mumbai.^[129]
Indonesia	See Germany–Indonesia relations Indonesia and Germany have traditionally enjoyed good, intensive and wide-ranging relations. Germany and Indonesia, as the largest members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), respectively, take similar positions on many issues relating to the development of the two regional organizations.^[130] Indonesia has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Jakarta.^[131]
Iran	See Germany–Iran relations Iran has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Tehran.^[132]
Iraq	See Germany–Iraq relations Iraq has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.^[133] There are currently some 84,000–150,000 Iraqis living in Germany.^{[citation needed]}
Israel	See Germany–Israel relations Germany-Israel relations refers to the special relationship between Israel and Germany based on shared beliefs, Western values and a combination of historical perspectives.^[134] Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's role in the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust.^[135] Following Reparations Agreement in 1952, support for the national security of the State of Israel is central to German foreign policy. Germany has been actively involved in the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979, the Oslo Accords (1993) which led to the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994 and the continuing Israeli–Palestinian peace process which make Germany arguably (next to the United States) Israel's closest ally.^{[citation needed]} Israel has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Tel Aviv.^[136] See also: History of the Jews in Germany
Japan	See Germany–Japan relations Regular meetings between the two countries have led to several cooperations. In 2004 German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi agreed upon cooperations in the assistance for reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan,^[137]^[138] the promotion of economic exchange activities,^[139] youth and sports exchanges^[140] as well as exchanges and cooperation in science, technology and academic fields.^[141] After China, Japan is Germany's principal trading partner in Asia in 2006.^[142] Japan has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Osaka.^[143]
Jordan	See Germany–Jordan relations Jordan has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Amman and an honorary consulate in Aqaba.^[144]
Kazakhstan	See Germany–Kazakhstan relations Kazakhstan and Germany have established partnerships in the energy, technology and raw materials sectors. Germany has a national pavilion at the Astana Expo 2017.^{[citation needed]} Kazakhstan has an embassy in Berlin,^[145] an embassy outpost in Bonn, a consultaetegeneral in Frankfurt, and a consulate in Munich.^[146] Germany has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.^[146]
Kuwait	See Germany–Kuwait relations Kuwait has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Kuwait City.^[147]
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, and a consulate in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Bishkek.^[148]
Laos	See Germany–Laos relations Laos has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Vientiane.^[149]
Lebanon	See Germany–Lebanon relations Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Beirut.^[150]
Malaysia	See Germany–Malaysia relations Malaysia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.^[151]
Maldives	See Germany–Maldives relations The Maldives have an embassy in Berlin. Germany is represented in the Maldives through its embassy in Sri Lanka.^[152]
Mongolia	See Germany–Mongolia relations Mongolia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.^[153]
Nepal	See Germany–Nepal relations Nepal has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Kathmandu.^[154]
North Korea	See Germany–North Korea relations North Korea has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Pyongyang.^[155]
Oman	See Germany–Oman relations Oman has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Muscat.^[156]
Pakistan	See Germany–Pakistan relations Pakistan and Germany enjoy extremely close, warm and historical relations.^[157] Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trading partner and biggest trading partner in the EU. Germany has been a reliable partner in trade, development, military, scientific and cultural co-operation. The collaboration between Germany and Pakistan dates back to the creation of Pakistan. Germany is home to 53,668 Pakistani immigrants.^{[citation needed]} Pakistan has an embassy in Berlin, a consulate-general in Frankfurt, and honorary consulates in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, and Isartal.^[158] Germany has an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi, and an honorary consulate in Lahore.^[158] See also Pakistanis in Germany
"Palestinian territories"^[a]	See Germany–Palestine relations Palestine has a representative office in Berlin. Germany has a representative office in Ramallah.^[159]
Philippines	See Germany–Philippines relations The relationship between Germany and the Philippines remains strong and positive. In 1955 an agreement was signed which led to a dynamic cooperation between the two countries.^{[citation needed]} The Philippines has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Manila.^[160]
Qatar	See Germany–Qatar relations Qatar has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Doha.^[161]
Saudi Arabia	See Germany–Saudi Arabia relations Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.^[162]
Singapore	See Germany–Singapore relations Singapore has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Singapore.^[163]
South Korea	See Germany–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Germany and the Joseon Dynasty of Korea started on 26 November 1883. The number of the South Koreans living in Germany in 2011 was about 31,000.^[164] South Korea has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Hamburg.^[165] Germany has an embassy in Seoul.^[165]^[166] See also: Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe.
Sri Lanka	See Germany–Sri Lanka relations Sri Lanka has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Colombo.^[167]
Syria	See Germany–Syria relations Syria has an embassy in Berlin.^[168] The German embassy in Damascus closed on 19 January 2012.^[169] Syria was from 22 February 1958 until 28 September 1961 part of the United Arab Republic. In 1961 Syria left the union with Egypt and re-established its independence.
Tajikistan	See Germany–Tajikistan relations Tajikistan has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Dushanbe.^[170]
Thailand	See Germany–Thailand relations Thailand has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Bangkok.^[171]
Turkey	See Germany–Turkey relations Good Turkish/Ottoman-German relations from the 19th century onwards. They were allies in First World War. Germany promoted Turkish immigration after 1945 when it suffered an acute labor shortage. They were called Gastarbeiter (German for guest workers). Most Turks in Germany trace their ancestry to Central and Eastern Anatolia. Today, Turks are Germany's largest ethnic minority and form most of Germany's Muslim minority. Berlin is home to about 250,000 Turks,^[172] making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Hürth, Karlsruhe, Mainz, Munich, Münster, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart.^[173] Germany has an embassy in Ankara, consulates-general in Istanbul and İzmir, and a consulate in Antalya.^[173] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO. Germany is an member and Turkey is an EU candidate . Germany opposes Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Ashgabat.^[174]
United Arab Emirates	See Germany–United Arab Emirates relations UAE has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Bonn and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.^[175]
Uzbekistan	See Germany–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Tashkent.^[176]
Vietnam	See Germany–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.^[177]
Yemen	See Germany–Yemen relations Yemen has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in civil war.^[178]

Europe

Balkan states

The German government was a strong supporter of the enlargement of NATO.

Germany was one of the first nations to recognize

Serb authorities sometimes referred to "new German imperialism" as one of the main reasons for Yugoslavia's collapse.^{[citation needed]} German troops participate in the multinational efforts to bring "peace and stability" to the Balkans

Central Europe

Weimar triangle

(France, Germany and Poland); Germany continues to be active economically in the states of Central Europe, and to actively support the development of democratic institutions. In the 2000s, Germany has been arguably the centerpiece of the European Union (though the importance of France cannot be overlooked in this connection).

Country	Notes
Albania	See Albania-Germany relations Albania has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Tirana.^[179] Both countries are full members of NATO. Albania is an EU candidate and Germany is an EU member. See also: Albanians in Germany
Andorra	Andorra is accredited to Germany from its embassy in Vienna, Austria. Germany is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.^[180]
Austria	See Austria–Germany relations Relations between them are close because as countries have strong historical and cultural ties. Austria has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Vienna.^[181] Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Belarus	See Belarus-Germany relations Belarus has an embassy in Berlin^[182] and a consulate-general in Munich.^[183] Germany has an embassy in Minsk.^[183]^[184]
Belgium	See Belgium–Germany relations Belgium has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Brussels.^[185] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations The German government has made continuous efforts concerning the peace process after the civil war. Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt, Munich, and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Sarajevo.^[186]
Bulgaria	See Bulgaria–Germany relations The Bulgarian government views Germany as its key strategic partner in the EU. Bulgaria has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Sofia.^[187] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Croatia	See Croatia–Germany relations There are more than 200,000 Croats who live in Germany. Historically Germany has had a close collaboration with Croatia. Croatia has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart,^[188] and honorary consulates in Dresden and Mainz.^[189] Germany has an embassy in Zagreb and an honorary consulate in Osijek.^[189] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Cyprus	See Cyprus–Germany relations In 2004, an agreement on mutual recognition of university degrees was signed, designed to facilitate Cypriot and German students' admission to German and Cypriot universities. There is a close and trustful cooperation at a government level. Minister of State Hoyer visited Cyprus on 11 and 12 February 2010. Federal Foreign Minister Westerwelle met with his Cypriot counterpart Marcos Kyprianou in Berlin on 2 March.^{[citation needed} ] Cyprus has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Hamburg.[190] Germany has an embassy in Nicosia.^[191] Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Czech Republic	See Czech Republic–Germany relations Today, they share 815 km of common borders. Czech Republic has an embassy in Berlin, consulates-general in Dresden and Munich, a consulate in Düsseldorf, and honorary consulates in Dortmund, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Nuremberg, and Rostock. Germany has an embassy in Prague.^[192] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Denmark	See Denmark–Germany relations Denmark has an embassy in Berlin and three consulates-general in Flensburg, Hamburg and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Copenhagen^[193] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Estonia	See Estonia–Germany relations Estonia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Tallinn.^[194] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Finland	See Finland–Germany relations Finland has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Helsinki.^[195] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
France	See France–Germany relations Being the historic core of Europe and the "twin engine for European integration", the cooperation with France is one of the most central elements of German foreign policy. The Core Union" with maximum integration.^[196] In recent times, France and Germany are among the most enthusiastic proponents of the further integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the "twin engine" or "core countries" pushing for moves.^{[citation needed} ] France has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Saarbrücken, Suttgart.^[197] Germany has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, and Strasbourg.^[197] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Greece	See Germany–Greece relations The first Greek Embassy in Berlin was established in 1834, when Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.^{[citation needed]} Greece has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Athens and a consulate-general in Thessaloniki.^[198] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Georgia	See Georgia–Germany relations Georgia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Tbilisi.^[199] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Georgia is an EU candidate and Germany is an EU member.
Holy See	See Germany–Holy See relations Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Berlin. Germany's embassy to the Holy See is located in Rome.^[200]
Hungary	See Germany–Hungary relations Hungary has an embassy in Berlin,^[201] consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Munich, and Stuttgart, an honorary consulate-general in Bremerhaven, and honorary consulates in Dresdener, Erfurt, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Nuremberg, and Schwerin. Germany has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.^[202] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Iceland	See Germany–Iceland relations German-Icelandic cultural relations go back more than a thousand years; they share a Germanic cultural background.^{[citation needed]} Iceland has an embassy in Berlin and nine honorary consulates in Bremen, Cologne, Cuxhaven, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart, and Warnemünde.^[203] Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík an honorary consulates in Akureyri and Seyðisfjörður.^[203] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Ireland	See Germany–Ireland relations As Ireland was neutral during World War II, it was able to maintain diplomatic relations with Germany throughout the war. Nonetheless, at least one Irish merchant vessel was destroyed by a German submarine.^{[citation needed]} Ireland has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt and honorary consulates in Bergisch Gladbach, Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Dublin and an honorary consulate Galway.^[204] Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Italy	See Germany–Italy relations These two countries were part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Italian regions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and South Tyrol were located inside the boundaries of the German Confederation. Relations were established after the Unification of Italy. They enjoy friendly relations and were members of the Axis during World War II, formed an alliance during the Cold War (West Germany), and are full members of the European Union and NATO.^{[citation needed]} Italy has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-generals in Cologne, Frankfurt, Hannover, Munich, and Suttgart, consulates in Freiburg and Dortmund, and a consular agency in Wolfsburg . Germany has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.^[205] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Kosovo	See Germany–Kosovo relations Kosovo has an embassy in Berlin, consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and a consulate in Stuttgart.^[206] Germany has an embassy in Pristina. Germany is the second-largest donor to Kosovo, behind the United States.^[207]
Latvia	See Germany–Latvia relations Diplomatic relations were first established following Latvia's independence from Russian rule, under agreement signed in Berlin on 15 July 1920.^[208] These relation lasted until the Soviet take over of Latvia in 1940.^{[citation needed]} Relations were reestablished in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Latvia has an embassy in Berlin^[209] and honorary consulates in Bremen, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Künzelsau, Munich and Rostock.^[210] Germany has an embassy in Riga.^[211] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Liechtenstein	See Germany–Liechtenstein relations Liechtenstein has an embassy in Berlin. Germany is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.^[212]
Lithuania	See Germany–Lithuania relations Lithuania has an embassy in Berlin and honorary consulates in Dresden, Erfurt, Essen, Künzelsau, and Munich.^[213] Germany has an embassy in Vilnius^[214] and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.^[213] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Luxembourg	See Germany–Luxembourg relations Luxembourg has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Luxembourg City.^[215] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Malta	See Germany–Malta relations Malta has an embassy in Berlin.^[216] Germany has an embassy in Valletta.^[217] Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Moldova	See Germany–Moldova relations Moldova has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Chisinau.^[218] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Germany is an EU member and Moldova is an EU candidate.
Monaco	Monaco has an embassy in Berlin. Germany is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.^[219]
Montenegro	See Germany–Montenegro relations Montenegro has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Podgorica.^[220] Both countries are full members of NATO. Germany is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate.
Netherlands	See Germany–Netherlands relations Relations were established following the unification of Germany in 1871. During the First World War , the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941. The German army occupied the Netherlands during the Second World War and kept the country under occupation in 1940–1945.^{[citation needed} ] Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf and Munich. Germany has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general which is at the same time an embassy outpost in Amsterdam.^[221] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
North Macedonia	See Germany–North Macedonia relations North Macedonia has an embassy in Berlin, an embassy outpost in Bonn, and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Skopje.^[222] Both countries are full members of NATO. Germany is an EU member and North Macedonia is an EU candidate.
Norway	See Germany–Norway relations Norway has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Oslo.^[223] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland	See Germany–Poland relations During the fall of communism, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union. The Polish-German border is 467 km long.^[224] Poland has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Cologne, Hamburg, and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Warsaw, consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków, Wrocław and a consulate in Opole, which is an outpost of the consulate-general in Wrocław.^[225] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Portugal	See Germany–Portugal relations Portugal has an embassy in Berlin, consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Stuttgart, and an outpost of the consulate-general Stuttgart in Hattersheim am Main. Germany has an embassy in Lisbon.^[226] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Romania	See Germany–Romania relations Both countries have – due to a formerly significant number of Germans of Romania – also cultural relations.^{[citation needed]} Romania has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Bonn, Munich, and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Bucharest and consulates in Sibiu and Timișoara.^[227] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Russia	See Germany–Russia relations Germany tries to keep Russia engaged with the rest of the Western world. The future aim is to promote a stable market-economy liberal democracy in Russia, which is part of the Western world.^{[citation needed]} Russia has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg.^[228]
San Marino	San Marino is represented in Germany through its Ambassador in San Marino. Germany is represented in Germany through its embassy in Rome and its consulate-general in Milan.^[229]
Serbia	See Germany–Serbia relations There are 505,000 registered people of Serbian descent living in Germany. Germans of Serbia today constitute a small minority, but used to be the largest minority in Serbia before World War II.^{[citation needed]} Serbia has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart.^[230]^[231] Germany has an embassy in Belgrade.^[232] Germany is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
Slovakia	See Germany–Slovakia relations Slovakia has an embassy in Berlin, a general consulate in Munich and honorary consulates in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Hildesheim, Leipzig, Stuttgart.^[233] Germany has an embassy in Bratislava^[234] and honorary consulates in Košice and Žilina.^[233] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Slovenia	See Germany–Slovenia relations Slovenia has an embassy in Berlin, and a consulate-general in Munich. Germany has an embassy in Ljubljana.^[235] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta	Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 2017^[236] Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an Embassy in Berlin. Germany is represented to Sovereign Military Order of Malta through its Embassy to the Holy See.^[237]
Spain	See Germany–Spain relations Spain has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Madrid, a consulate-general in Barcelona, and consulates in Las Palmas, Málaga, and Palma de Mallorca.^[238] Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Sweden	See Germany–Sweden relations Relations have been strong with cultural and economic cooperation.^{[citation needed]} Sweden has an embassy in Berlin and 12 honorary consulates. Germany has an embassy in Stockholm and 8 honorary consulates.^[239] Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO, and of the Council of Europe.
Switzerland	See Germany–Switzerland relations Switzerland has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Frankfurt, Munich, and Stuttgart. Germany has an embassy in Bern.^[240]
Ukraine	See Germany–Ukraine relations Ukraine has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich. Germany has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Dnipro.^[241] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Germany is an EU member and Ukraine is an EU candidate.
United Kingdom	See Germany–United Kingdom relations The United Kingdom has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf and Munich. The United Kingdom also has honorary consulates in Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Kiel, and Stuttgart.^[242]^[243]^[244] Germany has an embassy in London and a consulate-general in Edinburgh.^{Saint Helier (Jersey), Saint Peter Port (Guernsey), and Tortola (British Virgin Islands).^[242]} Both countries are full members of NATO. Germany recorded its highest foreign direct investment with a surge in UK companies setting up operations to keep a post-Brexit presence in the EU in 2022.^[247]

Oceania

Country	Notes
Australia	See Australia–Germany relations Australia has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt. Germany has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.^[248]
Fiji	Fiji is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels. Germany is represented in Fiji through its embassy in New Zealand.^[249]
Kiribati	Kiribati has an honorary consulate in Hamburg. Germany is represented in Kiribati through its embassy in New Zealand.^[250]
Marshall Islands	The Marshall Islands is represented in Germany through its permanent mission to the United Nations. Germany is represented in the Marshall Islands through its embassy in the Philippines.^[251]
Micronesia	Micronesia is represented in Germany though its embassy in the United States. Germany is represented in Germany through its embassy in the Philippines.^[252]
Nauru	Nauru is represented in Germany through its consulate-general in Australia. Germany is represented in Nauru through its embassy in Australia.^[253]
New Zealand	See Germany–New Zealand relations New Zealand has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Wellington.^[254]
Palau	Palau is represented in Germany through its embassy in the United States. Germany is represented in Palau through its embassy in the Philippines.^[255]
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinea is accredited to Germany from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Germany is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.^[256]
Samoa	Samoa is accredited to Germany from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Germany is accredited to Samoa from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.^[257]
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands is represented in Germany through its embassy in Belgium. Germany is represented in Solomon Islands through its embassy in Australia.^[258]
Tonga	See Germany–Tonga relations Tonga is accredited to Germany from its embassy in London, United Kingdom. Germany is accredited to Tonga from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.^[259]
Tuvalu	Tuvalu is represented in Germany through its embassy in Belgium. Germany is represented in Tuvalu through its embassy in New Zealand.^[260]
Vanuatu	Vanuatu is represented in Germany through its embassy in Belgium. Germany is represented in Vanuatu through its embassy in Australia.^[261]

Notes

Federal Republic of Germany does not recognised the State of Palestine
as an independent and sovereign state.

See also

Germany portal
European Union portal

Anglo-German naval arms race

Human rights in Germany

List of diplomatic missions in Germany

List of diplomatic missions of Germany

Security issues in Germany

Visa requirements for German citizens

Germany-Israel relations

References

ISBN 9789401194082
.

^
ISBN 0719063280
.

^
ISBN 9783830934073
.

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^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

^ "Afghan News Network". Afghannews.net. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ "Search – Global Edition – The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ Aims of German development policy Archived 10 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development 10 April 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.

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^ "Speech by Foreign Minister Heiko Maas at the re-opening of the German Embassy Tripoli".

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Mali". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

ISBN 978-3-486-71830-0
. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Mauretanien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Niger". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Ruanda". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Sao Tome and Principe". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Senegal". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Sierra Leone". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Somalia". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Südafrika". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Südsudan". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Tansania". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Togo". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Tunesien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 5 July 2022.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Uganda". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Sambia". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 24 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Simbabwe". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Antigua und Barbuda". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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^ Embassy of Brazil in Berlin (in German and Portuguese)

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Costa Rica". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Kuba". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Dominica". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Dominikanische Republik". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – El Salvador". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Auswärtiges Amt". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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ISBN 978-1-84511-316-2
. Pg 64

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. Pg 2

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^ "E. Germany Recognizes Bangladesh". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida, USA. Associated Press. 11 January 1972.

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^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Germany and Bhutan: Bilateral Relations". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 18 August 2021.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original
on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.

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^ "statestimes.com". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Katar". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Saudi-Arabien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Singapur". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

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^ ^a ^b "Auswärtiges Amt – Korea (Republik Korea, Südkorea)". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ "Deutsche Botschaft Seoul – Startseite". seoul.diplo.de. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Sri Lanka". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.

^ Auswärtiges Amt. "Deutsche Vertretungen in Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Tadschikistan". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Thailand". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ Spooner, Andrew (13 May 2007). "Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2010.

^ ^a ^b "Auswärtiges Amt – Türkei". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Vereinigte Arabische Emirate". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Usbekistan". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Vietnam". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Jemen". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Albanien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Belarusian embassy in Berlin(in German and Russian only)". Belarus-botschaft.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ ^a ^b "Auswärtiges Amt – Belarus". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "embassy in Minsk (in German and Russian only)" (in Russian). Minsk.diplo.de. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Belgien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Croatian embassy in Berlin (in croat and German only)". De.mfa.hr. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

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^ "Cyprus embassy in Berlin". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Zypern". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Dänemark". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2 May 2023.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Estonia". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Finnland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Georgien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 26 March 2019.

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^ "Hungarian embassy in Berlin (in German and Hungarian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Ungarn". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Irland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Italien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2, pp. 92–99

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^ "German embassy in Riga (in German and Latvian only)" (in Latvian). Riga.diplo.de. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

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^ deutschebotschaft-wilna.lt. "German embassy in Vilnius (in German and Lithuanian only)". Deutschebotschaft-wilna.lt. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Luxemburg". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Monaco". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ (in Polish) Informacje o Polsce – informacje ogólne Archived 25 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Page gives Polish PWN Encyklopedia as reference.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Polen". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

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^ "Serbian embassy in Berlin (in German and Serbian only)". Embassy of Serbia, Berlin. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

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^ "Germany embassy in Bratislava (in German and Slovakian only)" (in Slovak). Pressburg.diplo.de. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

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^ "Official Visit of the German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, for the opening of diplomatic relations between Germany and the Order of Malta". Orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

^ "Diplomatische Beziehungen zum Malteserorden (in German only)". Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Holy See. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Spanien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Schweden". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Schweiz". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Ukraine". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ ^a ^b "Auswärtiges Amt – Großbritannien / Vereinigtes Königreich". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Worldwide organisations". Retrieved 30 September 2014.

^ "British Embassy Berlin – GOV.UK". ukingermany.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

^ "Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany London – How to find us". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

^ "Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany London – Consulates in the UK". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

^ "Post-Brexit UK investments drive FDI in Germany to record level". 22 May 2023.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Australien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Fidschi". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Kiribati". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Marshallinseln". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Mikronesien". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Nauru". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Neuseeland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Palau". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Papua-Neuguinea". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Samoa". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Salomonen". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Tonga". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Tuvalu". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

^ "Auswärtiges Amt – Vanuatu". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 28 March 2019.

Further reading

German diplomacy

Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991 (1993), the standard scholarly history

Blumenau, Bernhard, 'German Foreign Policy and the 'German Problem' During and After the Cold War: Changes and Continuities'. in: B Blumenau, J Hanhimäki & B Zanchetta (eds), New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Ch. 5. London: Routledge, 2018.
ISBN 9781138731349
.

Brandenburg, Erich. From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870-1914 (1927) online.

Buse, Dieter K., and Juergen C. Doerr, eds. Modern Germany: an encyclopedia of history, people and culture, 1871-1990 (2 vol. Garland, 1998).

Clark, Claudia. Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel (2021)

Cole, Alistair. Franco-German Relations (2000)

Feldman, Lily Gardner. Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation: From Enmity to Amity (Rowman & Littlefield; 2012) 393 pages; on German relations with France, Israel, Poland, and Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic. excerpt

Forsberg, Tuomas. "From Ostpolitik to ‘frostpolitik’? Merkel, Putin and German foreign policy towards Russia." International Affairs 92.1 (2016): 21-42. online

Gaskarth, Jamie, and Kai Oppermann. "Clashing traditions: German foreign policy in a New Era." International Studies Perspectives 22.1 (2021): 84-105. online

Geiss, Imanuel. German foreign policy, 1871–1914 (1976)

Haftendorn, Helga. German Foreign Policy Since 1945 (2006), 441pp

Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy (1991)

Heuser, Beatrice. NATO, Britain, France & the FRG: Nuclear Strategies & Forces for Europe, 1949-2000 (1997) 256pp

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy." English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): 570–606. in JSTOR

Junker, Detlef, ed. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War (2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 excerpt and text search vol 1; excerpt and text search vol 2

Kefferputz, Roderick and Jeremy Stern. "The United States, Germany, and World Order: New Priorities for a Changing Alliance." Atlantic Council: Issue Brief (2021) online

Kimmich, Christoph. German Foreign Policy 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (2nd ed. Scholarly Resources, 1991) 264 pp.

Leitz, Christian. Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933-1941: The Road to Global War (2004)

Maulucci Jr., Thomas W. Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich (2012) excerpt

Oppermann, Kai. "National role conceptions, domestic constraints and the new 'normalcy' in German foreign policy: the Eurozone crisis, Libya and beyond." German Politics; 21.4 (2012): 502-519.

Paterson, William E. "Foreign Policy in the Grand Coalition." German politics 19.3-4 (2010): 497-514.

Papayoanou, Paul A. "Interdependence, institutions, and the balance of power: Britain, Germany, and World War I." International Security 20.4 (1996): 42–76.

Schwarz, Hans-Peter. Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction (2 vol 1995) excerpt and text search vol 2.

Schmitt, Bernadotte E. "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902-1914." American Historical Review 29.3 (1924): 449–473. in JSTOR

Sontag, Raymond James. Germany and England: Background of Conflict, 1848-1898 (1938)

Spang, Christian W. and Rolf-Harald Wippich, eds. Japanese-German Relations, 1895-1945: War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion (2006)

Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany (2 vol, 1970–80).

Wright, Jonathan. Germany and the Origins of the Second World War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) 223pp. online review

Young, William. German Diplomatic Relations 1871-1945: The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy (2006); how the foreign ministry shaped policy

World/European diplomatic context

Albrecht-Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction that gives context to Germany's roles

Kaiser, David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930-1939 (Princeton UP, 2015).

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (1989) excerpt and text search; very wide-ranging, with much on economic power

Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline

Langer, William. European Alliances and Alignments 1870-1890 (2nd ed. 1950); advanced coverage of Bismarckian system

Langer, William L. The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902 (2 vol, 1935)

Macmillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (2013) cover 1890s to 1914; see esp. ch 3–5, 8,

Mowat, R. B. A History of European Diplomacy 1815-1914 (1922), basic introduction

Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (1996)

Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933 (2007) excerpt and text search

Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933-1939 (2011) excerpt and text search

Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 (1957) excerpt and text search, advanced coverage of all major powers

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of Germany.

German -Bashing and the Breakup of Yugoslavia, ("The Donald W. Treadgold Papers in Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies, nº 16, March 1998). University of Washington: HMJ School of International Studies

The German Economy in the New Europe

EU Enlargement and Transatlantic Relations

ISBN 3-486-57766-2
.

von Bredow, Wilfried. Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006
ISBN 3-531-13618-6
.

Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations

Auswärtiges Amt

AICGS American Institute for Contemporary German Studies

SWP German Institute for International and Security Affairs

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