Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem Πατριαρχεῖον Ἱεροσολύμων بطريركية الروم الأرثوذكس في القدس | |
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Eastern Orthodox | |
Orientation | Greek Orthodoxy |
Scripture | Septuagint, New Testament |
Theology | Eastern Orthodox theology |
Polity | Episcopal polity |
Primate | Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Palestine, Israel, Syria, beyond the Jordan River, Cana of Galilee and Holy Zion, Theophilos III. |
Language | Greek, Arabic, English |
Headquarters | Church of the Holy Sepulchre, East Jerusalem |
Territory | Israel, Palestine, Jordan |
Founder | The Apostles |
Independence | 451 AD from the Metropolis of Caesarea |
Members | Estimated 500,000 people |
Official website | www |
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem,
The church traces its foundation in Jerusalem to the day of Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit, according to Christian beliefs, descended on the disciples of Jesus Christ and ushered the spread of the Gospel.[4] The church celebrates its liturgy in the ancient Byzantine Rite – whose sacred language, Koine Greek, is the original language of the New Testament – and follows its own liturgical year under the Julian calendar.[note 2]
The majority of Orthodox Christians under the patriarchate are Palestinians and Jordanians, with minorities of Russians, Romanians, and Georgians. However, the church's hierarchy has been dominated by Greek clergy since its creation, which has been a source of recurring tension and dispute. A movement to Arabize the church, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement, began in the 19th century. The church serves as custodian of several holy places in Christianity, including the Church of the Nativity, in Bethlehem, where Jesus is said to have been born, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which includes the traditional site of Jesus' crucifixion and the empty tomb from which he is believed to have resurrected.
History
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Overview |
In the
During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches." Certainly no spot in Christendom can be more venerable than the place of the Last Supper, which became the first Christian church.[6]
Before the outbreak of the
where they remained until 135.The Jews of Judea again revolted against Rome in the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136). By or during that time, the Christians had returned to Jerusalem. However, to punish the Jews for their revolt and to prevent further unrest, Jerusalem was made a Roman colony and renamed Aelia Capitolina by Hadrian. In 135, the Metropolitan of Caesarea appointed Marcus as the first bishop of the renamed Church of Aelia Capitolina. He was the first gentile bishop of the Church of Jerusalem (or Aelia Capitolina), all the previous ones having been Jewish.[8] The persecution of Jews by Roman authorities in Judea increased, with most of the Jewish and Christian population of Judea being enslaved and dispersed throughout the Roman Empire. The importance and place of Jerusalem in the life of the Christian Church diminished, though a Jewish and Christian remnant always remained in the city and the land.
Despite the strife, persecutions and meager population, bishops continued to be elected or named.
At the
In a decree issued from the seventh session of the
The Persians occupied Jerusalem in 614 and took Patriarch
In 637, after a long
After 638, however, Christians suffered many persecutions. Christian shrines were repeatedly ransacked and defaced by the successors of Umur, and there was great persecution all around.[
In the
In 1099, the
The
,Recent political controversies
In 2005, a crisis occurred in the church when Irenaios was deposed as patriarch by the Holy Synod of Jerusalem after having sold church property in East Jerusalem to Israeli investors.[9] On August 22, 2005, the Holy Synod of the Church of Jerusalem unanimously elected Archbishop Theophilos of Tabor as the 141st patriarch of Jerusalem.
For some time the Israeli Government withheld recognition of Theophilos as the new patriarch, and continued to only recognize Irenaios as patriarch. This position has been criticised as defying the unanimous decision by representatives of all Eastern Orthodox churches meeting at the
Israel's refusal to recognise the patriarch's temporal role inhibited the patriarch's ability to take the Israeli government to court, and froze patriarchal bank accounts. This in turn threatened the maintenance of the Holy Places and the patriarchate school system with 40,000 students. It has been alleged that the origins of the dispute are part of a forty-year attempt by Israeli settler organizations and politicians to open up the patriarchate's extensive land holdings worth estimated hundreds of millions of dollars. The Israeli press reports that senior officials of the Israeli government may have been involved in a fraudulent real estate transaction with the deposed Patriarch Irenaios and are afraid of the consequences of court action.[citation needed]
In 2006, Israel refused to renew
In May 2007, the government of Jordan revoked its previous recognition of Theophilos III, but on 12 June 2007 the Jordanian cabinet reversed its decision and announced that it had once again officially recognised Theophilos as patriarch.
In December 2007, the Israeli government finally granted Theophilos full recognition.
The dominance of ethnic Greeks in the Church's hierarchy excludes the Arab majority from its upper ranks. This has been a point of endless contention within the church and among its outside supporters, with the Greeks backed by the
Land holdings
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem is the second biggest owner of land in Israel, after only the Israeli government. The Greek Church purchased most of its lands from the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. In the 1950s, shortly after Israel’s independence, the Greek Patriarchate agreed to lease most of its lands in Israel to the Israeli government for 99 years, with an option to extend. Even Israel’s parliament, the Knesset, was built on lands owned by the Greek Orthodox Church.[13][14]
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate's properties also include historic buildings in
In 2005, it was revealed that then patriarch Irenaios had sold lands owned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in East Jerusalem to Jews who seek to increase their presence in what is a predominantly Arab area.[16] The majority of Orthodox Christians in Jerusalem identify as Palestinians, and the sale of lands to Israelis caused a major uproar, which resulted in Irenaios being ousted as patriarch.[16]
Arab Orthodox Movement
A political and social movement aiming for the Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement, started in the 19th century.[17]
The movement began within the context of rising
The Arab Orthodox laity maintains that the patriarchate was forcibly Hellenized in 1543, while the Greek clergy counters by saying that the patriarchate was historically Greek.
To this day, the patriarchate continues to be dominated by Greek clergy, and continues to own vast properties that make it the second largest landowner in Israel.[17] In recent decades, lawsuits have ensued in Israeli courts between the Arab laity and the patriarchate over ownership of properties, and land sales by the patriarchate to Israeli investors has led to several controversies, the most recent of which led to the dismissal of patriarch Irenaios in 2005.[20] The patriarch's total control over the patriarchate and its vast properties has led to it being described as resembling "small absolute kingdom".[17]
Administration and Hierarchy of the Throne
Head of the Patriarchate and of the Holy Synod is Patriarch
Archdioceses and archbishops
- Gerason: Theophanes (Theodosios) Hasapakis (1992-)
- Archdiocese of Tiberias: Alexios Moschonas (1996-)
- Abila: Dorotheos (Demetrios) Leovaris (2000-)
- Archdiocese of Ioppe: Damaskinos (Anastasios) Gaganiaras (2000-)
- Archdiocese of Constantina: Aristarchos (Antonios) Peristeris (1998-)
- Mount Thabor: Methodios (Nikolaos) Liveris (2005-)
- Archdiocese of Iordanos: Vacancy
- Theodosios (Nizar) Hanna(2005-)
- Askalon: Vacancy
- Diocaesarea: Vacancy
- Archdiocese of Madaba: Aristovoulos Kyriazis
- Archdiocese of Qatar: Makarios of Qatar(2013-)
Metropolises and metropolitans
- Metropolis of Caesarea and Exarchate of Palaestina Prima: Vacancy
- Metropolis of Scythopolis: Vacancy
- Metropolis of Petra and Exarchate of Arabia Petraea: Cornelios (Emmanuel) Rodousakis (2005-)
- Ptolemais: Vacancy
- Metropolis of Nazareth and Exarchate of All the Galilee: Kyriakos (Andreas) Georgopetris (1991-)
- Metropolis of Neapolis: Vacancy
- Metropolis of Capitolias: Isykhios (Elias) Condogiannis (1991-)
- Bostra: Timotheos (Theodoros) Margaritis (1998-)
- Metropolis of Eleutheropolis: Vacancy
- Metropolis of Philadelphia: Benediktos (George) Tsekouras (2001-)
Autonomous churches
- Raithu)
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "The first Church". Jerusalem Patriarchate News Gate. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
- ISBN 9781598842043.
Total membership is estimated at 200,000, with no more than 3,500 remaining in Jerusalem itself.
- ISBN 9780334040439.
Greek Orthodox Church, with a membership of around 500,000, is the largest church in Israel / Palestine.
- ^ Acts 2:1–41
- ^ Acts 11:19–26
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099)". Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ According to Hegesippus.Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism. On the flight to Pella, see: Pritz, Ray A., "On Brandon’s Rejection of the Pella Tradition", Immanuel 13 (1981), p. 39-43; Bourgel, Jonathan, "The Jewish Christians’ Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice", in: Dan JAFFÉ (ed), Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), p. 107-138.
- ^ ISBN 0-14-044535-8), see summary in Appendix A.
- Jerusalem Post. December 20, 2007. Archived from the originalon September 17, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ "Haaretz: Government's Precondition for Greek Orthodox Patriarch's Appointment: 'Sell Church Property Only to Israelis'". Haaretz. February 11, 2007. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ Jordan reverses decision over Jerusalem Patriarch
- ^ "Link lost". Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- ^ Surkes, Sue. "1,500 Jerusalem homeowners up in arms over secret sale of church land". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ "This Day in Jewish History / Finally, Construction on the Knesset Begins". Haaretz. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ Jerusalem Post: Court freezes recognition of Greek Patriarch Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Ousted patriarch behind locked doors in Jerusalem". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
- ^ JSTOR 3879643. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ a b Robson 2011, p. 77.
- )
- ^ "The Monk in the Window". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
Further reading
- Barry, David Sheldon (1976). The Patriarchate of Jerusalem in the fifth and sixth centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
- Brakke, David (2008). "The East: Egypt and Palestine". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 344–364. ISBN 978-0-19-927156-6.
- Bryer, Helen (2008). "Arab Orthodox Christians of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Inter-war Period: A Study in Religious and Political Identity and Church-State Relations". Christianity in the Middle East: Studies in Modern History, Theology, and Politics. London: Melisende. pp. 232–262. ISBN 9781901764499.
- Corbon, Jean (1998). "The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present". Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 92–110. ISBN 978-0-19-829388-0.
- Dick, Iganatios (2004). Melkites: Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholics of the Patriarchates of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem. Roslindale, MA: Sophia Press.
- Dowling, Theodore Edward (1913). The Orthodox Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
- ISBN 978-0-19-921288-0.
- Hage, Wolfgang (2007). Das orientalische Christentum. Stuttgart: ISBN 9783170176683.
- Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
- Marsh, Leonard (2008). "Palestinian Christians: Theology and Politics in the Holy Land". Christianity in the Middle East: Studies in Modern History, Theology, and Politics. London: Melisende. pp. 205–218. ISBN 9781901764499.
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Panchenko, Constantin A. (2016). Arab Orthodox Christians Under the Ottomans 1516-1831. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Publications. ISBN 9781942699071.
- Panchenko, Constantin A. (2021). Orthodoxy and Islam in the Middle East: The Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Publications. ISBN 9781942699330.
- Papastathis, Konstantinos (2019). "Missionary Politics in Late Ottoman Palestine: The Stance of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem". Social Sciences and Missions. 32 (3–4): 342–360. S2CID 211434484.
- Peri, Oded (2001). Christianity Under Islam in Jerusalem: The Question of the Holy Sites in Early Ottoman Times. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004120424.
- Pahlitzsch, Johannes (2001). Graeci und Suriani im Palästina der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Beiträge und Quellen zur Geschichte des griechisch-orthodoxen Patriarchats von Jerusalem. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 9783428098842.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2005). "Eastern Orthodox Perspectives on Church-State Relations and Religion and Politics in Modern Jerusalem". International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 5 (2): 103–122. S2CID 144039699.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2008). "The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem: Church-State Relations in the Holy Land between the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict". Christianity in the Middle East: Studies in Modern History, Theology, and Politics. London: Melisende. pp. 219–231. ISBN 9781901764499.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2009). "Diaspora Politics, Ethnicity and the Orthodox Church in the Near East". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 61 (1–2): 137–148. .
- Roussos, Sotiris (2010). "Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Middle East". Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 107–119. ISBN 9781135193713.
- Roussos, Sotiris (2014). "Globalization Processes and Christians in the Middle East: A Comparative Analysis". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 5 (2): 111–130. S2CID 154336287.
- ISBN 9780521313100.
- Vryonis, Speros (1981). "The History of the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem as Reflected in Codex Patriarchicus No 428, 1517-1805". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 7: 29–53. S2CID 161924458.
- Robson, Laura (2011). Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72653-6.