Rum (endonym)
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
Rūm (
The term Rūm is now used to describe:
- The city of Rome in Italy, and the people living in it.
- Remaining pre-Islamic Koine Greek.
- Pontians from the Black Sea mountains in the north, Cappadocians from Turkey's central plateau, and Hayhurumfrom eastern Turkey.
- Topographical names within Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, a medieval Muslim state that ruled over recently conquered Byzantines (Rûm) in central Asia Minor from 1077 to 1308.
Origins
The term Rūm in Arabic and New Persian was derived from Middle Persian hrōm, which had in turn derived from Parthian frwm, which was used to label "Rome" and the "Roman Empire" and was derived from the Greek Ῥώμη.[1] The Armenian and Georgian forms of the name were also derived from Aramaic and Parthian.[a] According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Rūm is a Persian and Turkish word used to refer to the Byzantine Empire.[2]
Inscriptions
The Greek (Ῥώμη), Middle Persian (hrōm), Parthian (frwm) versions of Rūm are found on the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, a monument declaring Shapur I's victory over Marcus Antonius Gordianus.[3] The inscriptions on the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht date from around 262 AD.[4]
Rûm is found in the pre-Islamic
The
The Roman and later Eastern Roman (Byzantine) state encompassed the entirety of the eastern Mediterranean for six centuries, but after the advent of Islam in Arabia in the 7th century and during the subsequent
After the
In geography
.JPG)
Muslim contact with the Byzantine Empire most often took place in
After the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the area was called Rumelia (Roman lands) as it was predominantly inhabited by the newly conquered-nation, which the Ottomans called Rûm.
As a name
Al-Rūmī is a
- Suhayb ar-Rumi, a companion of Muhammad
- Harithah bint al-Muammil(Zunairah al-Rumiya), a companion of Muhammad
- Rumi a moniker for Mawlānā Jalāl-ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī, the 13th-century Persian poet who lived most of his life amongst the conquered Rûm (Byzantines) of Konya (Byzantine Greek: Ἰκόνιον or Ikonio) in the Sultanate of Rûm
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, 14th-century mathematician
- Ayrumlu, Former Queen of Iran
The Greek surname Roumeliotis stems from the word Rûm borrowed by Ottomans.[citation needed]
Other uses
During the 16th century, the Portuguese used rume and rumes (plural) as a generic term to refer to the Mamluk-Ottoman forces that they faced in the Indian Ocean.[8]
The term
The Chinese during the Ming dynasty referred to the Ottomans as Lumi (魯迷), derived from Rum or Rumi. The Chinese also referred to Rum as Wulumu 務魯木 during the Qing dynasty. The modern Mandarin Chinese name for the city of Rome is Luoma (羅馬).[citation needed]
Among the Muslim aristocracy of South Asia, the fez is known as the Rumi Topi (which means "hat of Rome or Byzantium").[9]
Non-Ottoman Muslims in the classical period called the Ottomans Rumis because of the Byzantine legacy that was inherited by the Ottoman Empire. [10]
In the
The Latin alphabet used for Malay is endonymically called tulisan Rumi (lit. 'Roman writing').[11]
See also
- Ayrums, a Turkic tribe that derives its name from Rûm
- Urums, a Turkophone Hellenic people
- Edirne Ciğeri, a meat dish found in Turkey also referred to as "Rumeli Ciğeri"
- Erzurum, from the Turkish pronunciation of the Arabic أرض روم arḍ Rūm or أرض الروم arḍ ar-Rūm, 'Land of the Romans'
- Hayhurum, Greek Orthodox Armenians of Turkey
- Rûm Eyalet
- Rumelia, from the Turkish Rum eli, meaning 'country of the Romans'
- Rumi calendar, a calendar based on the Roman Julian calendar, which was used by the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat
- Rumiye-i Suğra, or Little Rûm (Rome), the name of the region in Ottoman Empire that included Tokat, Amasya and Sivas
- Rumçi, another term used to refer to the Greek Orthodox during the Ottoman Empire
- Rum millet
- Romaniote Jews
- Succession of the Roman Empire
- Baciyan-i Rum
Notes
- ^ "It was the Parthian and Aramaic form that subsequently was borrowed by the Pahlawi, Armenian, Georgian, Arabic and finally Neo-Persian and Turkish languages. [...] The Arabic and New Persian languages inherited the Pahlawi hrōm with the omission of the aspirated component in the Ancient Greek rho."[1]
References
- ^ a b Shukurov 2020, p. 145.
- ^ Babinger 1987, p. 1174.
- ^ Rubin 2002, p. 279.
- ^ Rapp 2014, p. 28.
- ^ El Cheikh, Nadia Maria (1995). "Rûm". In C.E. Bosworth; E. Van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; G. Lecomte (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VIII. Brill. p. 601.
- ^ El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Harvard University Press. p. 24.
- ^ Robinson 1999, p. 29.
- ^ Ozbaran, Salih, "Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century", Portuguese Studies, Annual, 2001. "Alternate link."
- ^ The "Rumi Topi" of Hyderabad, by Omair M. Farooqui
- ^ Ozbaran, Salih, "Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century", Portuguese Studies, Annual, 2001. "Alternate link."
- ISBN 967999001X.
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Duncan Black MacDonald (1911). "Rum, a very indefinite term in use among Mahommedans at different dates for Europeans generally and for the Byzantine empire in particular". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading
- Babinger, Franz (1987). "Rūm". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A.J.; Levi-Provencal, E.; Gibb, H.A.R. (eds.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 6. Brill.
- Robinson, Neal (1999). Islam: A Concise Introduction. Taylor & Francis.
- Durak, Koray (2010). "Who are the Romans? The Definition of Bilād al-Rūm (Land of the Romans) in Medieval Islamic Geographies". Journal of Intercultural Studies. 31 (3): 285–298. S2CID 143388022.
- Kafadar, Kemal (2007). "Introduction: A Rome of One's Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum". Muqarnas. 24: 7–25. JSTOR 25482452.
- ISBN 978-0674986510.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing.
- Rubin, Zeev (2002). "Res Gestae Divi Saporis: Greek and Middle Iranian in a Document of Sasanian Anti-Propaganda". In Adams, J.N.; Janse, Mark; Swain, Simon (eds.). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford University Press. pp. 267–297.
- Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.). The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162. ISBN 978-1474450348.
