German war crimes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
extermination camps
(1943)

The

prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuses, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in Sonderaktion 1005
, in an attempt to conceal their crimes.

Herero Wars

Main article:
Herero and Namaqua genocide

Considered to have been the first

Omaheke, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the Nama people
also rebelled against the Germans only to suffer a similar fate.

In total, from 24,000 up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000

Namib Desert. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned wells in the desert.[12][13]

World War I

Further information: War crimes in World War I § German war crimes
Eastern Front of World War I. Lethal poison gas was first introduced by Germany and subsequently utilized by the other major belligerents in violation of the Hague Convention IV of 1907
.

Documentation regarding German war crimes in World War I was seized and destroyed by Nazi Germany during World War II, after occupying France, along with monuments commemorating their victims.[14]

Chemical weapons in warfare

Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I

1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.[15][16]

Belgium

Main article: Rape of Belgium
Blégny by Évariste Carpentier

In August 1914, as part of the

1907 Hague Convention on Opening of Hostilities.[17] Within the first two months of the war, the German occupiers terrorized the Belgians, killing thousands of civilians and looting and burning scores of towns, including Leuven, which housed the country's preeminent university, mainly in retaliation for Belgian guerrilla warfare, (see francs-tireurs). This action was in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provisions that prohibited collective punishment of civilians and looting and destruction of civilian property in occupied territories.[18]

Bombardment of English coastal towns

Main article: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby

The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, which took place on December 16, 1914, was an attack by the Imperial German Navy on the British seaport towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool, and Whitby. The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 592 casualties. The raid was in violation of the ninth section of the 1907 Hague Convention which prohibited naval bombardments of undefended towns without warning,[19] because only Hartlepool was protected by shore batteries.[20] Germany was a signatory of the 1907 Hague Convention.[21] Another attack followed on 26 April 1916 on the coastal towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft but both were important naval bases and defended by shore batteries. [citation needed]

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Main article:
U-boat Campaign (World War I)

Allied Powers
.

World War II

Main articles: Consequences of Nazism, The Holocaust, and War crimes of the Wehrmacht
Further information: Holocaust victims, Romani Holocaust, and The Holocaust in Poland

Chronologically, the first German World War II crime, and also the very first act of the war, was the bombing of Wieluń, a town where no targets of military value were present.[22][23]

More significantly,

Nuremberg Military Tribunals
) explained in 1982:

The Holocaust: ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps during World War II across German-occupied Europe
Polish hostages preparing for mass execution by Nazi Germans, 1940
Destruction of Adam Mickiewicz Monument in Kraków, Poland, by Nazi German forces on August 17, 1940
Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph: murdering of Jewish civilians by Nazi German army mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen) near Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942.
Polish farmers killed by Nazi German forces, German-occupied Poland, 1943
Polish teachers from Bydgoszcz guarded by members of Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz before execution, 1 November 1939

as far as wartime actions against enemy nationals are concerned, the [1948]

Nuremberg war crimes trials, the tribunals rebuffed several efforts by the prosecution to bring such "domestic" atrocities within the scope of international law as "crimes against humanity."

— Telford Taylor[24]

War criminals

Massacres and war crimes of World War II by location

Main articles: The Holocaust, Einsatzgruppen, and Nazi human experimentation

Austria

Hartheim Euthanasia Centre, where over 18,000 people were killed in Aktion T4

Belarus

1941
1942
  • 26 March – 6 April,
    Bobrujsk
    ; 4,396 people, including children)
  • April 29 and August 10, 1942, Dzyatlava massacre, Diatłowo (Dzyatlava); 3,000- 5,000 people, including women and children
  • 9 – 12 May,
    Bobrujsk
    massacre (520 people, including children)
  • Beginning of June,
    Bobrujsk
    massacre (1,000 people, including children)
  • 15 June Borki (powiat białostocki) massacre (1,741 people, including children)
  • 21 June Zbyszin massacre (1,076 people, including children)
  • 25 June Timkowiczi massacre (900 people, including children)
  • 26 June
    Studenka
    massacre (836 people, including children)
  • 18 July,
    Jelsk
    massacre (1,000 people, including children)
  • 15 July – 7 August,
    Berezyna
    ; 1,381 people, including children)
  • 14 – 20 August, Operation Greif (
    Witebsk
    ; 796 people, including children)
  • 22 August – 21 September, Operation Sumpffieber (White Ruthenia; 10,063 people, including children)
  • August,
    Bereźne
    massacre
  • 22 September – 26 September (
    Małoryta
    massacre; 4,038 people, including children)
  • 23 September – 3 October,
    Witebsk
    ; 567 people, including children)
  • 11 – 23 October,
    Witebsk
    ; 1,051 people, including children)
  • 23 – 29 November, Operation Nürnberg (Dubrowka; 2,974 people, including children)
  • December, Mirnaya massacre, Mirnaya (Мірная), Belarus (be); 147 including women and children
  • 10 – 21 December,
    Szczara
    River; 6,172 people, including children)
  • 22 – 29 December,
    Słonim
    ; 1,032 people, including children)
1943
Mass murder of Soviet civilians near Minsk, 1943
1944

Belgium

1940
1944

Croatia

1943
1944

Czechoslovakia

The relatives and helpers of Czech resistance fighters Jan Kubiš and Josef Valčík executed en masse on October 24, 1942

Estonia

1941
1942
  • 27 March
    Holocaust in Estonia
    ; 3 children)

France

Burned out cars and buildings still litter the remains of the original village in Oradour-sur-Glane, as left by Das Reich SS division.

Germany

1945

Greece

Main article: List of massacres in Greece
Massacre of Kondomari in Greece, June 1941

In addition, more than 90 villages and towns are recorded from the Hellenic network of martyr cities.[33] During the triple German, Italian and Bulgarian, occupation about 800,000 people lost their lives in Greece (see World War II casualties).

Italy

A body lies in the via Rasella, Rome, during the round up of civilians by Italian collaborationist soldiers and German troops after the partisan bombing on 13 March 1944.
Main article:
German war crimes in Italy during World War II

Latvia

1941

Lithuania

The anti-Jewish pogrom in Kaunas, in which thousands of Jews were killed in the last few days of June 1941
1941
  • 13 July – 21 August
    Einsatzkommando 3 (9,585 people, including children)[40]
  • July–August 1944, Ponary massacre (c. 100,000 people, including children)
  • 18 August – 22 August, Kreis Rasainiai massacre (1,020 children)
  • 19 August,
    Ukmerge
    massacre (88 children)
  • Summer-autumn-winter,
    Complete murder of native Jewish population in Estonia
    (900 individuals, including 101 children)
  • 1 September, Marijampolė massacre (1,404 children)
  • 2 September,
    Wilno
    massacre (817 children)
  • 4 September, Čekiškė massacre (60 children)
  • 4 September, Seredžius massacre (126 children)
  • 4 September, Veliuona massacre (86 children)
  • 4 September, Zapyškis massacre (13 children)
  • 6 September – 8 September, Raseiniai massacre (415 children)
  • 6 September – 8 September, Jurbork massacre (412 people, including children)
  • 29 October, Kaunas massacre (4,273 children)
  • 25 November, Kauen-F.IX massacre (175 children)

Netherlands

1940
  • 14 May,
    Rotterdam bombing
    (nearly 1,000 people were killed and 85,000 made homeless.)
1944

Norway

Poland

Main articles:
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
Warsaw ghetto
, 1941
A column of Polish civilians being led by German troops through Wolska Street in early August 1944
1939
1940
1941
Mizocz Ghetto
, 14 October 1942
1942
1943
1944
Film footage taken by the Polish Underground showing the bodies of women and children murdered by SS troops in Warsaw, August 1944
1945
  • 21–22 January, Marchwacz massacre (63 Polish civilians, 12 Soviet POWs)
  • 31 January, Podgaje massacre (160–210 Polish POWs)
  • 9 February, Leśno massacre (64 Jewish women)[69]

Russia

A victim of starvation in besieged Leningrad in 1941

Serbia

1941

Slovenia

1942
1945

Ukraine

1941
  • June, Czechow massacre (6 children)
  • June–July,
    Lviv pogroms
  • August 27–28, Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre; 23,600 people (including women and children)
  • September 5, Pavoloch massacre; 1,500 people (including women and children)
  • September 16–30, Nikolaev massacre; 35,782 people (including women and children)
  • 29–30 September,
    List of victims of the Babi Yar massacre
    )
  • October 5, Berdychiv massacre, 20,000–38,536 people (including women and children)
  • October 22–24, 1941 Odessa massacre, 125,000-134,000 people (including women and children)
  • December 15,
    Drobitsky Yar
    , 16,000 people (including women and children)
1943
1944

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to War crimes committed by Germany.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Child Holocaust victims.

Notes

  1. ^
    OCLC 781541372. Archived
    from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  2. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6
  3. ISBN 0-8135-3353-8
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  4. ^ Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 12
  5. ^ Cooper, Allan D. (2006-08-31). "Reparations for the Herero Genocide: Defining the limits of international litigation". Oxford Journals African Affairs. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30.
  6. ^ "Remembering the Herero Rebellion". Deutsche Welle. 2004-11-01.
  7. ^ Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes
  8. ^ Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) A. Dirk Moses -page 296(From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. 296, (29). Dominik J. Schaller)
  9. ^ The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop page 87 University of Michigan Press 1999
  10. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6
    .
  11. ^ Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics", pg. 33 Rodopi, 2007,
  12. ^ Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts" pg. 51, Routledge, 2004,
  13. ^ Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22
  14. ^ France: the dark years, 1940–1944 page 273 Julian Jackson Oxford University Press 2003
  15. ISBN 0-3168-3400-9
    . Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  16. ISBN 0-2959-8296-9
    . Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  17. ^ Robinson, James J., ABA Journal 46(9), p. 978.
  18. ISBN 1-8510-9879-8
    .
  19. ^ Marshall, Logan (1915). Horrors and atrocities of the great war: Including the tragic destruction of the Lusitania: A new kind of warfare: Comprising the desolation of Belgium: The sacking of Louvain: The shelling of defenseless cities: The wanton destruction of cathedrals and works of art: The horrors of bomb dropping: Vividly portraying the grim awfulness of this greatest of all wars fought on land and sea: In the air and under the waves: Leaving in its wake a dreadful trail of famine and pestilence. G. F. Lasher. p. 240. Retrieved 5 July 2013. German Navy December 1914 Hague Convention bombardment.
  20. ISBN 1-58826-209-X
    .
  21. ^ Willmore, John (1918). The great crime and its moral. New York: Doran. p. 340.
  22. ^ Kulesza, Witold (2004). ""Wieluń polska Guernica", Tadeusz Olejnik, Wieluń 2004 : [recenzja]" ["Wieluń Polish Guernica", Tadeusz Olejnik, Wieluń 2004 : [review]] (PDF). Rocznik Wieluński (in Polish). 4: 253–254.
  23. ISBN 978-1-78306-609-4
    .
  24. ^ Telford Taylor "When people kill a people" in The New York Times, March 28, 1982
  25. ^ "Home - Veterans Affairs Canada". Vac-acc.gc.ca. 2012-03-29. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  26. ^ [1] GERMAN ATROCITIES DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
  27. ^ Šašić, Tijana (25 March 2017). "Ivanci – selo kojeg više nema". Privrednik. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  28. ISBN 978-953-57409-0-2
    .
  29. ^ "List of victims". Lipapamti.ppmhp.hr. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  30. ^ Danica Maljavac, Marica Gaberšnik (2011). "Spomen-muzej Lipa". Zbornik Liburnijskog krasa. Svezak 1: 42.
  31. ^ Ivan Kovačić; Vinko Šepić Čiškin; Danica Maljavac (2014). Lipa pamti. Rijeka: Naklada Kvarner, Općina Matulji, SABA Primorsko-goranske županije. p. 189.
  32. ^ "Lüneburg (Massacre on 11 April 1945)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  33. ^ Δήμος Λαμιέων: Δίκτυο μαρτυρικών πόλεων & χωριών της Ελλάδος | Δήμος Λαμιέων, accessdate: 19. Oktober 2015
  34. ^
    ISBN 9788834826195
    . Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g "Crimini di guerra". criminidiguerra.it. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  36. ^
    ISBN 9788820092719
    . Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  37. ^ "www.anpi.it/storia/212/strage-di-boves". anpi.it. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  38. ^ "L'eccidio di Pietransieri - Rai Storia". raistoria.rai.it. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  39. ^ "Complete tabulation of executions carried out in the Einsatzkommando 3 zone up to 1 December 1941". Holocaust-history.org. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  40. ^ "Gesamtaufstellung der im Bereich des EK. 3 bis zum 1. Dez. 1941 durchgeführten Exekutionen". Holocaust-history.org. 2002-09-28. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  41. ^ a b c Wardzyńska 2009, p. 98.
  42. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 132–133.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Wardzyńska 2009, p. 99.
  44. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 131.
  45. ^ a b c Sudoł 2011, p. 80.
  46. ^ a b c Wardzyńska 2009, p. 94.
  47. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 98, 124.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wardzyńska 2009, p. 96.
  49. ^ a b c Wardzyńska 2009, p. 95.
  50. ^ a b Wardzyńska 2009, p. 93.
  51. ^ a b c d Wardzyńska 2009, p. 124.
  52. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 91.
  53. ^ Bartniczak 1974, p. 159.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g Wardzyńska 2009, p. 97.
  55. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 92.
  56. ^ Sudoł 2011, p. 81.
  57. ^ Sudoł 2011, p. 82.
  58. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 211.
  59. ^ a b c Wardzyńska 2009, p. 142.
  60. ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 254–255.
  61. ^ Datner 1968, p. 89.
  62. ^ Datner 1968, p. 92.
  63. ^ Datner 1968, p. 99.
  64. ^ Bartniczak 1974, p. 205.
  65. ^ Muzeum Powstania otwarte, BBC Polish edition, 2 October 2004, Children accessed on 13 April 2007
  66. ^ O Powstaniu Warszawskim opowiada prof. Jerzy Kłoczowski, Gazeta Wyborcza – local Warsaw edition, 1998-08-01. Children accessed on 13 April 2007
  67. ^ Księga pamięci żołnierzy Armii Krajowej Obwodu Ostrów Maz. 1939-1944 (in Polish). Warszawa. 2007. pp. 21–22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  68. ^ Bartniczak 1974, p. 208.
  69. ^ Hamerska, Małgorzata (2012). "Miejsca pamięci narodowej w powiecie chojnickim". Zeszyty Chojnickie (in Polish). No. 27. Chojnice: Chojnickie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk. p. 72.
  70. ^ "24 Октября 1943 г." www.army.lv (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  71. ^ "19 Октября 1943 г." www.army.lv (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2018-04-20.

References

Media (on-line)
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