LGBT rights opposition
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LGBT rights opposition is the opposition to
Organizations influential in
According to the
History
The first organized
In the 1920s and into the early 1930s, there were LGBT communities in cities like Berlin; German-Jewish sexologist
Under the
[...] sexology and defense of homosexuality [...] were aspects of "sexual degeneration, a breakdown of the family and loss of all that is decent," and ultimately the destruction of the German Folk. [...] medicine was to join in the great national healing mission, and the advance image of what Nazi doctors were actually to become: the healer turned killer. [...] Sterilization policies were always associated with the therapeutic and regenerative principles of the biomedical vision: with the "purification of the national body" and the "eradication of morbid hereditary dispositions." Sterilization was considered part of "negative eugenics" [...][18]
It is argued that the number of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to other
After the
Public opinion
Societal attitudes towards homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All cultures have their own norms regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality; some sanction same-sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities.[25]
According to The 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Throughout Western Europe and much of the Americas, there is widespread tolerance towards homosexuality. However, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Israel stand apart from other wealthy nations on this issue; in each of these countries, fewer than half of those surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society. Meanwhile, in most of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, there is less tolerance toward homosexuality."[26]
However, a 2012 CNN poll showed that a majority number of Americans are in favor of gay rights, such as same-sex marriage.[27] In late 2015, a poll of Japanese people also found that a majority supported same-sex marriage.[28]
Religious reasons for opposition
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (July 2015) |
Many religions, including ones within the Eastern faiths and Abrahamic faiths, do not support homosexual sex.
and hold that its practice and acceptance in society weakens moral standards.Christian opposition
Passages in the Old Testament that prohibit man to "lie with mankind as with womankind"[note 2] and the story of Sodom and Gomorrah have historically been interpreted as condemning sodomy. Several Pauline passages have also been cited against male and female homosexuality.[note 3] Christians who take a conservative position on homosexuality endorse this reading of these passages in the belief that God is against same-sex sexual activity, while Christians who take a liberal position believe that these same passages refer to more specific situations, such as rape or abuse, and not homosexuality.[34] The largest Christian body, the Catholic Church, condemns homosexual acts as "gravely sinful" and "intrinsically disordered".[citation needed] The second-largest Christian body, the Eastern Orthodox Church, also condemns homosexual behaviour, as do many denominations of Protestantism.
Within the Catholic Church, the theory of natural law has been employed by philosophers and theologians to justify its condemnation of homosexual behaviour.[35] The theologian Thomas Aquinas maintained that homosexual practice was contrary to natural law, arguing that the primary natural end of the sexual act was procreation, and since said procreation is carried out from a process of sexual fertilization between a man and a woman, homosexual sex is contrary to the very end of said act.[36]
Islamic opposition
It carries the death penalty in Afghanistan under the Taliban.[39] In Egypt, openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws.[note 4] On the other hand, homosexuality has been legal in Turkey since 1858.[40]
In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments – e.g., fines, jail time, and
Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue. Of the nations with a majority of Muslim inhabitants where homosexuality is criminalized, only Lebanon and Tunisia have organizations which are trying to get homosexuality legalized.[44]
Asian religious opposition
Among the religions that originated in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions. Unlike the Abrahamic religions, homosexuality is not a 'sin' in Hindu philosophy,[45] while in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has stated that male-female relationships are intended by nature, though without condemning same-sex relationships.[46] Gender-specific Temples like Aravan worship are dedicated to celebrate the non-heteronormative diverse Indigenous gender & sexuality in Hinduism.[47] In 2005, the Head Cleric of the Akal Takht condemned same-sex marriages.[48][49] Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body which allows people of diverse SOGIESC communities to marry under Hindu Marriage Law 1951.[50][51][52]
Scientology opposition
A 2004 article in the
Opposition in different countries
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (July 2015) |
Belarus
A 2014 report prepared by the United Kingdom, under the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government of 2010–2015, raised concerns about LGBT treatment in Belarus:
The LGBT community suffered increased harassment from the [Belarusian] regime in 2013. The Ministry of Justice denied registration to LGBT groups, and members of the LGBT community were regularly targeted by the security forces and brought in for questioning. The authorities threatened to stigmatise them by informing their colleagues, families, or friends of their sexual orientation. Gay clubs in Minsk and Vitebsk were raided, and those present were filmed and had their details collected. The clubs were then closed down. Gay Pride week in Minsk was disrupted by the authorities who forced owners of venues, where events were due to be held, to withdraw at the last minute. Those events that did take place were raided by the police, and a request for a march through the city was turned down by the authorities.
— "LGBT rights", Corporate Report: Belarus – Country of Concern, (UKForeign and Commonwealth Office, October 2014)[57]
Malaysia
In 2018, Malaysian LGBTs were facing government-enforced clampdowns.[58]
India
On October 6, 1860, sodomy was legally forbidden in India according to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.[59] This was ruled unconstitutional in 2009 by the Delhi High Court, but reaffirmed on 11 December 2013 by a Supreme Court ruling.[60] It was again legalised by the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018.[61]
Indonesia
Traditionally, Indonesians are quite tolerant towards LGBT people who keep quiet and stay discreet about their private lives.[62] However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education Minister Mohamad Nasir said LGBT people should be barred from university campuses.[63] The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses after a group of University of Indonesia (UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC).[64] The group was meant as a counselling service, resource centre and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to be gay, nor had they tried to "cure" gay people.[65] Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organisation.[64] Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.[66]
Generally, religious authorities in Indonesia condemn homosexual acts and are fiercely against the LGBT rights movement. The most active opposition has come from majority-Islamic groups, with
The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism as
Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense Minister
There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working on setting up safe houses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. In Yogyakarta, in February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.[63]
The chair of the
In 2018, the city of Pariaman in Sumatra passed a public indecency law to fine its gay and transgender residents 1m Indonesian rupiah ($70) for disturbing "public order" by banning "acts that are considered LGBT" in public. The regulation forbids "immoral acts" between same-sex couples and prohibits residents from "acting as a transvestite" in public. Several cities in West Sumatra have taken steps to marginalise LGBT groups.[74][75]
In June 2019, the head of Indonesia's population and family planning agency Nofrijal has labelled LGBT citizens the "main enemy of national development".[76]Poland
Opposition to
Russia
Opposition to the LGBT rights movement is very prevalent in
The law passed has been described as taking Russia's LGBT community "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blown
Georgia
On July 8 2023, over 2,000 anti-LGBTQ+ protesters violently disrupted the LGBTQ+ Pride festival in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. Homophobia remains widespread in Georgia, and several journalists were attacked during similar protests in Tbilisi two years ago.[82]
United Kingdom
In 1988, the
In 2003, despite opposition from socially liberal Conservatives such as later prime minister David Cameron,[86] Section 28 was repealed by the Labour government under Tony Blair.[87]
In June 2009, Cameron, whilst campaigning for the 2010 general election, formally apologised for his party introducing the law, stating that it was a mistake and had been offensive to gay people.[88][89]
In 2013, same-sex marriage was legalised under Cameron's premiership,[90] which Cameron described as "an important step forward" and said that he thought that "it is right that gay people should be able to get married too".[91]
As of 2010, the largest voice against LGBT equality in the UK came from the Church of England over the issue of same-sex marriage. Labour passed into law in 2005 the ability for same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships, but they could not take place in a church or be called a "marriage". The Church of England opposed the-then coalition Government's plans (this government came to an end in May 2015) to extend this to "full marriage rights."[92]
The
United States
History
1950s and 1960s
In the 1950s in the
The modern roots of the Christian right's views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s–1960s, a period in which many conservative Christians in the United States viewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive, but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country.[99]: 30
1970s and 1980s
Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface, largely as a reaction to the "
From the late 1970s onwards, some
During the
1990s and 2000s
Influential Christian right organizations were at the forefront of the anti-gay rights movement in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and the Family Research Institute.[106][99]: 15–16 An important stratagem in Christian right anti-gay politics is in its rejection of "the edicts of a Big Brother" state, allowing it to profit from "a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government". As a result, the Christian right has endorsed smaller government, restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions. In this context, gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government's allegedly unconstitutional "[interference] with individual freedom".[99]: 170–171
The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations, such as the Family Research Council, emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles. A number of organizations, including the New Christian Right, "have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography, anti-abortion legislation, the criminalization of homosexuality, and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships", according to sociologist
2010s and 2020s
During the
U.S. public opinion
Public opinion has shifted towards increased acceptance of homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians since the late 1970s. According to the Gallup poll, the percentage of Americans who think that same-sex relations between consenting adults should be legal increased from 43% in 1977 to 59% in 2007.[110] In 1977, 56% of Americans thought that gay people should have equal rights in terms of job opportunities. As of 2007[update], that number has risen to 89%.[110] In 1982, 34% thought that homosexuality should be considered "an acceptable alternative lifestyle". As of 2007[update], that number is 54%.[110] In 1997, 27% of Americans thought that same-sex marriages should be legally valid. That number is 46% as of 2007[update]. In 1977, 13% of Americans thought that sexual orientation is "something a person is born with"; as of 2007[update], that percentage increased to 42%.[110] A poll conducted in 2013 showed a record high of 58% of the Americans supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage.[111][112] In April 2015, a Washington Post-ABC News poll showed that 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage and a similar share were against state-by-state legalization.[113]
Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality and have consistently found correlations with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. For example, studies (mainly conducted in the United States) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be non-religious, politically liberal or moderate, young, female and have close personal contact with openly gay men and lesbians.[114] They are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups[115] and are less likely to support traditional gender roles.[116]
United States Armed Forces
Homosexual activity was a reason for expulsion from the United States Armed Forces from their very beginning, although that was not codified until 1920.[117] The "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy that began in 1994 barred the military from questioning people about their sexual orientation, but maintained the barring of service members who had come out. The barring of homosexuals was removed altogether in December 2010 by President Barack Obama.[118]
Even before
Boy Scouts of America
Parts of this article (those related to Boy Scouts of America) need to be updated.(November 2018) |
The
In 2000 the
In 2005, the
The BSA receives much of its funding and support from religious groups noted for their opposition to the
In most countries where Boy Scouts organizations exist homosexuality is not regarded as incompatible with scout values, and gay members are not excluded from activities;
In July 2015, the Boy Scouts' executive board voted to end the ban on adult leaders who are openly gay.[130]
See also
- Anti-LGBT rhetoric
- Antifeminism
- Anti-gender movement
- Biphobia
- Conversion therapy
- Culture war
- "Down-low", sexual subculture of Black men who identify as heterosexual but secretly have sex with other men
- "Drop the T", slogan coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgenderpeople
- Gay agenda
- Gay concentration camps in Chechnya
- Gay–straight alliance
- George Rekers
- Hate crimes against LGBT persons in Russia
- Heteronormativity
- Heterosexism
- Homophile movement
- Homophobic propaganda
- Homosexual recruitment, a conspiracy theoryalleging conversion efforts targeting heterosexuals
- Ivar Lovaas
- Lesbophobia
- LGBT in Islam
- LGBT retirement issues
- List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBT hate groups
- List of U.S. ballot initiatives to repeal LGBT anti-discrimination laws
- Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State
- Straight pride
- Straightwashing
- Transphobia
- Discrimination against transgender men
- Transmisandry
- Transmisogynoir
- Transphobic misogyny
- Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
- Violence against LGBT people
Notes
- Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.
- ^ Leviticus 18:22 Archived 2015-09-08 at the Wayback Machine and Leviticus 20:13 Archived 2015-09-01 at the Wayback Machine (KJV).
- ^ Romans 1:25–28 Archived 2015-08-21 at the Wayback Machine – these are often considered the only explicit references in the Bible discussing female homosexuality.
- ^ See: Cairo 52.
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