Liberalism in Iran

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Liberalism in Iran or Iranian liberalism is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century.

Iranian Liberalism during 1900–1979

Society for the Progress of Iran

During the

liberal Islamic, nationalist, constitutionalist and anti-imperialist.[2][3][4][5]

Its organ Jonub (lit. 'The South') was printed in Tehran and usually criticized Bakhtiaris,[1] and held the view that Iranian government does not understand the importance of the Persian Gulf region. The newspaper defended democracy and civil rights and explained that the "level of progress of any nation is symbolized in its degree of freedom of expression and press" and that the elections are the only means to exercise popular sovereignty and protect territorial integrity as well as national interests.[5]

The party was small and insignificant in numbers, but helped holding the balance of power in the 2nd Majlis,[6] allying with the Moderate Socialists Party and Union and Progress Party against the Democrat Party.[7]

Revival Party

During 1920s, the secular progressive

Shah of Iran while holding majority in the parliament.[10][12]

The party's

platform was based on "separation of religion and politics, creating a strong army, an efficient administrative system, to end the economic rates, industrialize Iran, instead of replacing domestic investment of foreign capital into the agricultural tribes, development of the income tax system, educational facilities to the public, including women, opportunities for the flourishing of talents, and throughout the promotion of Persian language instead of local languages".[11]

National Front of Iran

Mohammad Mosaddegh

Founded by

Islamic Republic and was the main symbol of "nationalist" tendency in the early years of post-revolutionary government.[17][18] It was banned in July 1981 and although officially remains illegal and under constant surveillance, is still active inside Iran.[14]

Prominent members are Mohammad Mosaddegh (leader of the party during 1949–1960), Allah-Yar Saleh (leader during 1960–1964),[19][20] Karim Sanjabi (leader during 1967–1988),[21][22] Adib Boroumand (leader during 1993–2017)[23][24] and Davoud Hermidas-Bavand (current spokesperson).[25]

Mohammad Mosaddegh held government office as the

Secret Intelligence Service.[26][27] An author, administrator, lawyer, and prominent parliamentarian, his administration introduced a range of progressive social and political reforms such as social security and land reforms, including taxation of the rent on land. His government's most notable policy, however, was the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC) (later British Petroleum and BP).[28]

Many Iranians regard Mosaddegh as the leading champion of

Iranian calendar.[31]

Iran Party

Established in 1949, the

nationalize the oil industry and rise to power. Some members held office during Mosaddegh government.[7] In the 1950s, the party was led by Karim Sanjabi and Allah-Yar Saleh.[40] It was suppressed following the British–American backed coup d'état in 1953[7] and was outlawed in 1957, on the grounds that it had an alliance with the Tudeh Party of Iran ten years earlier.[41] It was revived in 1960 and actively contributed to the National Front (II), which was disintegrated in 1963 and forced to survive secretly. Iran Party held a congress in 1964.[7] Not much is known about the activities of the party between 1964 and the mid-1970s except of some irregular meetings and exchanging views.[7] In 1977, alongside League of Socialists and Nation Party it revived the National Front (IV) and demanded Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran.[7] In early 1979, then secretary-general of the party, Shapour Bakhtiar was appointed as the last Prime Minister by the Shah and included two Iran Party members in his cabinet.[7] The party however denounced his acceptance of the post, expelled him and called him a "traitor".[42] The party did not play an important role in Iranian political arena after 1979 and was soon declared banned.[7]

People's Party

Founded in May 16, 1957 (1957-05-16) in

single-party system.[44]

Freedom Movement of Iran

Mehdi Bazargan

Founded in 1961, the

islamic liberalism and constitutionalism.[45][47][49]

Despite being outlawed by the prevailing regime in Iran, the group continues to exist. The organization accepts to comply with the

Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran despite its rejection for Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist.[49][50] It has been described as a "semi-opposition"[49] or "loyal opposition"[50] party. The organization's members have close ties to the Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran.[50]

Prominent members are Mehdi Bazargan, Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati.[51][52][53][54]

Iranian Revolution of 1979. He resigned his position as prime minister in November 1979, in protest of the US Embassy takeover and as an acknowledgement of his government's failure in preventing it.[55] He was the head of the first engineering department of University of Tehran.[56]

Bazargan is considered to be a respected figure within the ranks of modern Muslim thinkers, well known as a representative of liberal-democratic Islamic thought and a thinker who emphasized the necessity of constitutional and democratic policies.[57][58] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution Bazargan led a faction that opposed the Revolutionary Council dominated by the Islamic Republican Party and personalities such as Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein Beheshti.[59] He opposed the continuation of the Iran–Iraq War and the involvement of clerics in all aspects of politics, economy and society. Consequently, he faced harassment from militants and young revolutionaries within Iran.[60]

Liberalism in the Islamic Republic: 1979–present

Main articles: 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, Iranian Green Movement, Green Party of Iran, The Green Path of Hope, Freedom Movement of Iran, and Constitutionalist Party of Iran

National Democratic Front

During the

Mohammad Mosaddeq and a "lawyer who had been active in human rights causes" before the downfall of the shah and the son of the fourth prime minister and the jurist Ahmad Matin-Daftari. The party was banned within a short time by the Islamic government.[61] Though it was short-lived, the party has been described as one of "the three major movements of the political center" in Iran at that time.[62]

The NDF "emphasized political freedoms, guarantees for individual rights, access for all political groups to the broadcast media, the curbing of the Revolutionary Guards, revolutionary courts, and revolutionary committees. Its economic programs favored "the mass of the people", and it supported a "decentralized system of administration based on popularly elected local councils."[63]

Along with the Fadayan and some Kurdish groups the NDP boycotted the March 30, 31, 1979 referendum on making Iran an Islamic Republic (the Referendum of 12 Farvardin).

1st Assembly of Experts, which wrote the new constitution.[66]

Executives of Construction of Iran Party

In 1996, the

Council for coordinating the Reforms Front.[68]

Economically, the party supports

reformism, pragmatism, technocracy and liberal democracy.[68][70][71][72][73] It takes the view that economic freedom is fundamentally linked to cultural and political freedom, but it should not be allowed to conflict with development.[69] The party is divided into two factions in constant struggle, the more conservative "Kermani faction" led by Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani and Hossein Marashi and the more liberal "Isfahani faction" led by Mohammad Atrianfar and Gholamhossein Karbaschi.[74]

Women's rights

Main article: Women's rights movement in Iran
Jam'iat e nesvan e vatan-khah
", a women's rights association in Tehran (1923–1933)

The

Iranian parliament members were women,[79] while the global average was about 23%.[80]

Political freedom and dissent

In a 2008 report, the organization Human Rights Watch complained that "broadly worded 'security laws'" in Iran are used "to arbitrarily suppress and punish individuals for peaceful political expression, association, and assembly, in breach of international human rights treaties to which Iran is party." For example, "connections to foreign institutions, persons, or sources of funding" are enough to bring criminal charges such as "undermining national security" against individuals.[81]

Regarding the gradual unraveling of the reformist movement, an article from The Economist magazine said,

The

Khatami era are no longer tolerated: in January 2007 security forces attacked striking bus drivers in Tehran and arrested hundreds of them. In March, police beat hundreds of men and women who had assembled to commemorate International Women's Day.[82]

Although relatively peaceful when compared to the state-sponsored assassinations that occurred in the first decade of the Islamic republic, throughout the 1990s the theocratic regime rarely hesitated to apply violent tactics to crush its political adversaries, with demonstrators and dissidents commonly being imprisoned, beaten, tortured or murdered ("disappeared").[83]

The

July 1999 Iranian student riots
, received a death sentence for "propaganda against the Islamic Republic System." (His sentence was later reduced to 15, and then ten years imprisonment.)

See also

Notes

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    ISBN 978-0-933770-39-3
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  6. ^ Ettehadieh, Mansoureh (October 28, 2011) [December 15, 1992]. "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION v. Political parties of the constitutional period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 2. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 199–202. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
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  85. ^ Iran sacks police chiefs over student protest crackdown Archived June 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

References

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