Liberalism and radicalism in Spain

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This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Spain. It is limited to

• The term 'liberal' itself was usually used to signify classical liberalism. It had a progressive-liberal wing as represented by the Fusionist Liberal Party (more inclined towards gradual reform, and making compromises with the radical current); and a conservative-liberal wing as represented by the Liberal Conservative Party (more inclined towards traditionalism, and compromising with the absolute-monarchist faction). Its various currents were broadly united by a set of shared beliefs:
  1. In political affairs, parliamentarianism, though of a socially-conservative kind (e.g.,
     suffrage limited to property-owners
     );
  2. In economic affairs, free-market capitalism;
  3. In social affairs, conservatism (e.g.: rejecting full universal suffrage; or a strictly laic separation of church and state)
  4. In constitutional affairs, flexible towards the type of constitutional regime (monarchy or republic).
• For the left-liberal and social-liberal currents, 'liberal' was rarely used as the single defining label. Instead such currents rather used labels such as radical, democratic or republican (see republicanism). The shared beliefs that generally unified its various factions included:
  1. Universal manhood suffrage;
  2. Sovereignty to be vested in the people of the nation rather than in the royal parliament;
  3. A root-and-branch reform to remove the political influence of monarchical, religious and aristocratic patronage;
  4. A certain degree of social democracy, as the nineteenth century progressed;
  5. An active role for an administratively-centralized state in carrying out these tasks.

History

Each of the following sections describes an element of Spanish liberalism and radicalism, mostly beginning with the 19th century.

From Liberals to Liberal Fusionist Party

• 1808-12: Until 1839 the Spanish liberals were not organized in a well-established party, but formed their own factions. During the
  War of Independence and the Constitution of Cádiz the term Liberals (Liberales, 1812-1820) was used to describe the diverse range of currents influenced by the Enlightenment and French Revolution
  and united in rejecting the absolutism of the Bourbon monarchy.
• 1820-39: Between 1820 and 1839 the Liberals split into two factions. The 'Radicals' (Exaltados), known as Veinteanistas (Supporters of 1820) were inspired by French Jacobinism and Radicalism and wished to draft a new more progressive constitution based on universal suffrage; the 'Moderates' (Moderados), closer to classical liberalism, were known as Doceanistas (Supporters of 1812) as they wished simply to restore the more limited constitution of 1812.
• 1839-1879: Finally in 1839 most of the Radicals and
  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre
  . Out of this current various factions splintered off to form successor parties: the
  • in 1843, the ⇒Democratic Party
  • in 1854 the ⇒Liberal Union;
  • in 1869 the Democratic Radical Party;
  • in 1879 the ⇒ Democratic Progressive Party.
• 1880: The majority of Liberal currents united in the Fusionist (i.e. merged) Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Fusionista), led by Sagasta, though some more Radical factions remain outside the party
• 1882: A left-wing faction of the party established the ⇒ Dynastic Left, most of its members returned between 1884 and 1886 to the Liberal Fusionist Party
• 1890: The ⇒ Possibilist Democratic Party joined the party
• 1907: A left-wing faction of the party seceded as the ⇒ Monarchist Democratic Party
• 1918: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Left
• 1923: The party disappeared due to the Miguel Primo de Rivera coup^{[citation needed]}

Democratic Party

• 1843: The left-wing of the ⇒ Progressives established the Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata) as a rally of left-wing liberals and moderate socialists
• 1868: The republican wing formed the ⇒ Federal Republican Party
• 1871: The party disappeared and remnants of the party continue as a monarchist party

Liberal Union

• 1854: Moderate ⇒ progressives established the Liberal Union (Unión Liberal), led by Leopoldo O'Donnell
• 1868: The party merged with the conservative Moderates into the Liberal Conservative Party

Federal Republican Party

• 1868: The republican wing of the ⇒ Democratic Party established the Federal Democratic Republican Party (Partido Republicano Democrático Federal), also known as the Republican-Democratic Party
• 1878: A faction joined the ⇒ Reformist Republican Party
• 1879: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Possibilist Democratic Party
• 1891: The party absorbs a faction of the ⇒ Democratic Radical Party
• 1923: The party disappeared due to the Primo de Rivera coup^{[citation needed]}

From Democratic Radical Party to Centralist Party

• 1869: A left-wing faction of the Progressives seceded as the
  Ruiz Zorilla
• 1876: The party is reorganised into the
  Nicolás Salmerón
• 1878: A faction of the ⇒ Federal Republican Party joined the party
• 1879: A faction joined the ⇒ Democratic Progressive Party
• 1890: The party is renamed Centralist Party (Partido Centralista)
• 1891: The party is absorbed by the ⇒ Federal Republican Party