M3 Stuart
Light tank, M3 and M5 | |
---|---|
Production history | |
Designer | U.S. Army Ordnance Department |
Manufacturer |
|
Unit cost | $32,915 (M3A1), $27,057 (M5) 37 mm Gun M6 in Mount M44 147 rounds |
Secondary armament | 3 × .30 caliber (7.62 mm) Browning M1919A4 machine guns 6,750 rounds |
Engine | Twin Cadillac Series 42 220 hp (160 kW) at 3,400 rpm |
Power/weight | 13.14 horsepower per short ton (14.48 hp/t) |
Transmission | Hydramatic 4 speeds forward, 1 reverse |
Suspension | Vertical volute spring suspension (VVSS) |
Fuel capacity | 89 U.S. gallons (340 liters; 74 imperial gallons) |
Operational range | 100 mi (160 km) |
Maximum speed | 36 mph (58 km/h) on road |
The M3 Stuart/light tank M3, was an American
The British service name "Stuart" came from the American Civil War Confederate general J. E. B. Stuart and was used for both the M3 and the derivative M5 light tank. Unofficially, they were also often called "Honeys" by the British, because of their smooth ride.[4] In U.S. use, the tanks were officially known as "light tank M3" and "light tank M5".
Stuarts were first used in combat in the North African campaign; about 170 were used by the British forces in Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941). Stuarts were the first American-crewed tanks in World War II to engage the enemy in tank versus tank combat when used in the Philippines in December 1941 against the Japanese.[5][6] Outside of the Pacific War, in later years of WWII the M3 was used for reconnaissance and screening.
Development
Observing events in Europe and Asia during World War II, American tank designers realized that the light tank M2 was becoming obsolete and set about improving it. The upgraded design, with thicker armor, modified suspension and new gun recoil system was called "light tank M3". Production of the vehicle started in March 1941 and continued until October 1943.
By the standards of the era for light tanks, the Stuart was fairly heavily armored. It had 38 mm of armor on the upper front hull, 44 mm on the lower front hull, 51 mm on the gun mantlet, 38 mm on the turret sides, 25 mm on the hull sides, and 25 mm on the hull rear.
The M3 and M3A1 variants were powered by an
M5 Stuart
To relieve wartime demand for the radial aero-engines used in the M3, a new version was developed using twin
Month | M3 series | M5 series |
---|---|---|
March 1941 | 1 | |
April 1941 | 127 | |
May 1941 | 211 | |
June 1941 | 221 | |
July 1941 | 253 | |
August 1941 | 281 | |
September 1941 | 309 | |
October 1941 | 400 | |
November 1941 | 338 | |
December 1941 | 410 | |
January 1942 | 378 | |
February 1942 | 363 | |
March 1942 | 418 | |
April 1942 | 544 | 3 |
May 1942 | 619 | 16 |
June 1942 | 711 | 60 |
July 1942 | 762 | 127 |
August 1942 | 694 | 268 |
September 1942 | 620 | 449 |
October 1942 | 944 | 593 |
November 1942 | 199 | 605 |
December 1942 | 1,587 | 737 |
January 1943 | 104 | 401 |
February 1943 | 443 | 400 |
March 1943 | 475 | 402 |
April 1943 | 475 | 293 |
May 1943 | 475 | 260 |
June 1943 | 475 | 283 |
July 1943 | 475 | 351 |
August 1943 | 500 | 403 |
September 1943 | 47 | 198 |
October 1943 | 251 | |
November 1943 | 348 | |
December 1943 | 473 | |
January 1944 | 490 | |
February 1944 | 458 | |
March 1944 | 513 | |
April 1944 | 344 | |
May 1944 | 134 | |
June 1944 | 24 | |
Total | 13,859 | 8,884 |
Light-tank doctrine
Light tanks were issued to tank battalions (one of the four companies was a light tank company), light tank battalions and cavalry reconnaissance squadrons. The original role of the light tank in these formations was similar to medium tanks and they were expected to engage enemy armor with AP rounds and enemy positions with HE rounds. As a result, tank gunnery training for light and medium tankers was common.[13]
US Army Field Manuals written before 1944 clearly show that light tanks were to be part of an armored assault on enemy positions, and examples of fire on enemy armor were in these manuals.[14] When pursuing an enemy, light tank battalions were expected to move parallel with enemy columns and, together with accompanying infantry and engineer units, seize "critical terrain that will block hostile retreat".[15] Despite the fact that light tank platoons were not expected to function as a reconnaissance unit, they could be used for reconnaissance purposes.[16] In this role, they were expected to remain behind the main reconnaissance force as the support element and augment the firepower whenever enemy contact was made.[17]
Combat history
[It] is apparent that a Light Tank Battalion, armed with only 37mm guns, unless very skillfully employed with Infantry, will suffer severe casualties in men and material. The Light Tank still has to depend on speed, maneuver, and selection of suitable targets if it is to be of very much use. In spite of the fact that the training of this Battalion was not pointed toward reconnaissance lines, we have been able to accomplish our missions with a Cavalry Reconnaissance Group with a much greater degree of success than in any other assignment to date.
Major Loyal Fairall in After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 thru March 45[18]
War in North Africa and Europe
British and other Commonwealth armies were the first to use the light tank M3, as the "Stuart", in combat.
In the summer of 1942, the British usually kept Stuarts out of tank-to-tank combat, using them primarily for reconnaissance. The turret was removed from some examples to save weight and improve speed and range. These became known as "Stuart Recce". Some others were converted to
Eastern Front
The other major Lend-Lease recipient of the M3, the Soviet Union, was less happy with the tank, considering it under-gunned, under-armored, likely to catch fire, and too sensitive to fuel quality. The M3's radial aircraft engine required high-octane fuel, which complicated Soviet logistics as most of their tanks used diesel or low-octane fuel. High fuel consumption led to a poor range characteristic, especially sensitive for use as a reconnaissance vehicle. Also, compared to Soviet tanks, the M3's narrower tracks resulted in a higher ground pressure, getting them more easily stuck in the Rasputitsa muddy conditions of spring and autumn and winter snow conditions on the Eastern Front. In 1943, the Red Army tried out the M5 and decided that the upgraded design was not much better than the M3. Being less desperate than in 1941, the Soviets turned down an American offer to supply the M5. M3s continued in Red Army service at least until 1944.[citation needed]
Italy
One of the more successful uses of the M5 in combat came during the
In the 1944 Liri Valley campaign, the official history of the 18th Battalion (New Zealand) notes that in the campaign (a war of movement) the regiment discovered that the Stuart recce tanks were an enormous advance on scout cars, and could go where not even jeeps could go. They carried commanders and engineers, and medical orderlies, and they could explore flanks while the Shermans forged ahead. They carried mobile wireless links and transported supplies up hilltops; they had a dozen different uses.[26]
Pacific and Asia
The
As the Japanese 15th Army was threatening southern Burma toward the end of February 1942, 7th Armoured Brigade of the British Army landed at Rangoon with 114 M-3 Stuarts bearing the green rodent of the "Desert Rats". They supported 17th Indian Division and 1st Burma Division on the retreat until they managed to escape to India in April.[30]
Due to the naval nature of the Pacific campaign, steel for warship production took precedence over tanks for the IJA,[31] creating by default an IJA light tank that performed admirably in the jungle terrain of the South Pacific. By the same measure, although the US was not hampered by industrial restrictions, the U.S. M3 light tank proved to be an effective armored vehicle for fighting in jungle environments.[32] At least one was captured in the Philippines.[33]
With the IJA's drive toward India within the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, the United Kingdom hastily withdrew their 2nd Royal Tank Regiment and 7th Hussars Stuart tank units (which also contained some M2A4 light tanks[34]) from North Africa, and deployed them against the Japanese 14th Tank Regiment. By the time the Japanese had been stopped at Imphal, only one British Stuart remained operational.[35] When the U.S. entered the war in 1941, it began to supply China with AFVs, including M3 Stuarts, and later M4 Sherman medium tanks and M18 Hellcat tank destroyers, which trickled in through Burma.
Although the U.S. light tanks had proven effective in jungle warfare, by late 1943, U.S. Marine Corps tank battalions were transitioning from their M3/M5 light tanks to M4 medium tanks, mostly for the much greater high-explosive blast effect of the M4's 75mm gun, which fired a much larger shell with a heavier explosive payload.[36]
Obsolescence and replacement
When the U.S. Army joined the North African Campaign in late 1942, Stuart units still formed a large part of its armor strength. After the disastrous Battle of Kasserine Pass, the U.S. quickly followed the British in disbanding most of their light tank battalions and reorganizing medium tank battalions to include one company of light tanks, where the Stuarts mostly performed the traditional cavalry missions of scouting and screening; for the rest of the war, most U.S. tank battalions had three companies of M4 Shermans and one company of M3s or M5/M5A1s.[37]
In Europe, Allied light tanks were given cavalry and infantry fire support roles since their light main armament was not competitive against heavier enemy armored fighting vehicles. However, the Stuart was still effective in combat in the
Though the Stuart was to be completely replaced by the newer M24 Chaffee, the number of M3s/M5s produced was so great (over 25,000 including the 75mm HMC M8) that the tank remained in service until the end of the war, and well after. In addition to the U.S, UK and Soviet Union, who were the primary users, it was also used by France (M3A3 and M5A1),
With the limitations of both the main gun (see below) and armor, the Stuart's intended combat role in Western Europe was changed significantly. Light tank companies were often paired with cavalry reconnaissance units, or else used for guarding or screening, and even used in supply or messenger roles for medium tank units.[c]
Limitations of the 37mm gun
On 9 December 1944, the 759th Tank Battalion advanced on a hill near Bogheim but was subjected to a counter-attack by German forces, including a heavy self-propelled assault gun, which took "over 100 direct hits" at ranges as low as 75 yd (69 m) with "no appreciable damage".[41]
In January 1945, a report to General Eisenhower concluded that the Stuart was "obsolete in every respect as a fighting tank" and that it would not "turn the German fire [n]or [would] the 37mm gun damage the German tanks or SP guns".[42]
Post World War II use
After the war, some countries chose to equip their armies with cheap and reliable
The M5
M3A1 and M3A3s were used by British forces in Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution, where they suffered heavy losses due to the Stuart's thin armor plating.[43] They were used until 1946, when the British left. The M3A1 and M3A3s were then passed on to the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, which used them until the end of the fighting before passing on the tanks to the Indonesian Army. The tank saw action during the Darul Islam rebellions in Aceh and Java, Republic of South Maluku rebellions in South Maluku, PRRI rebellions in Sumatra, Permesta rebellions in Northern Sulawesi and the fighting against the 30 September Movement.[44]
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Portuguese Army also used a small number of M5A1 light tanks, out of a total of 90 received as military aid from Canada in 1956, in the war in Angola, where its all-terrain capability (compared to wheeled vehicles) was greatly appreciated. In 1967, the Portuguese Army deployed three M5A1 light tanks – nicknamed "Milocas", "Licas", and "Gina" by their crews – to northern Angola, which served with the 1927th Cavalry Battalion commanded by Cavalry Major João Mendes Paulo, stationed at Nambuangongo. The vehicles were mostly employed for convoy escort and recovery duties and limited counterinsurgency operations against National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) guerrillas, who dubbed them "Elefante Dundum". "Milocas" was destroyed by an accidental fire in 1969, while "Gina" and "Licas" were withdrawn from active service in 1972, the former being sent to Luanda and the latter ended up in 1973 as an airfield security pillbox in the Portuguese Air Force's Zala airfield.[45] Period photographs show some modifications to the basic design, namely the omission of the bow machine gun, re-installed on a pintle mount in the roof of the turret, and a small searchlight fitted in front of the commander's cupola.[46]
During the four-day long Football War of 1969, El Salvador invaded Honduras in an all-out-war strike using the M3 Stuart as the main battle tank. El Salvador captured eight major cities before the Organization of American States arranged a ceasefire.
The
The M3 Stuart is still on the active list in the Armed Forces of Paraguay, with ten of the tanks being overhauled in 2014 to provide a training capability.[48]
Variants
US variants
- M3 (British designation "Stuart I")
- 5,811 vehicles were produced.
- 1,285 M3s had Guiberson diesel installed and were called "Stuart II" by British.
- Late production M3s were fitted with turret developed for M3A1, though without turret basket. These tanks were dubbed "Stuart Hybrid".
- M3A1 (Stuart III)
- 4,621 were produced from May 1942 to February 1943.
- New turret with turret basket and no cupola. Gun vertical stabilizer installed. Sponson machine guns were removed.
- 211 M3A1s with Guiberson diesel were called "Stuart IV" by British.
- M3A3 (Stuart V)
- 3,427 produced.
- Put into production to integrate hull improvements brought by the M5 into the M3 series. Turret with rear overhang to house SCR-508 radio. Welded hull with sloped armor, 20° in from the vertical, on front and sides.
- M5 (no British designation)
- 2,074 produced.
- Twin Cadillac engines. Redesigned hull similar to M3A3, but with vertical sides and raised engine deck. Turret as for M3A1.
- M5A1 (Stuart VI)
- 6,810 produced.
- M5 with the turret of the M3A3; this was the major variant in US units by 1943.
- 1,778 units produced between September 1942 and January 1944.
- Based on M5 chassis. The gun was replaced with the 75 mm M2/M3 howitzer in open turret and a trailer hook was fitted so an ammunition trailer could be towed. Provided fire support to cavalry reconnaissance squadrons.
- T6 Armored Recovery Vehicle
- Armoured recovery vehicle based on the chassis of an M5A1. Project was discontinued in 1943 in favor of the M24 Chaffee-based T6E1.[49]
- T16 4.5-inch Gun Motor Carriage
- Self-propelled 4.5-inch gun based on the chassis of an M5. Project was discontinued in 1943.[50]
- Self-propelled gun based on M3 chassis. 75 mm M1A1 pack howitzerwas mounted in a boxy superstructure. The project started in September 1941 and was abandoned in April 1942. Only two were produced, 75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8 was chosen to be produced instead.
- T27 / T27E1 Mortar Motor Carriage
- M5A1 with turret replaced by superstructure in which an 81 mm mortar was installed. Also carried Browning M2HB machine gun. The project was abandoned in April 1944 because of inadequate crew and storage space.
- T29 Mortar Motor Carriage
- Design similar to T27, with 4.2 inch (107 mm) mortar. Was abandoned for the same reason.
- T56 Gun Motor Carriage
- Self-propelled gun based on M3A3 chassis. The engine was moved to the middle of the hull and a 3-inch (76 mm) gunwas mounted in a superstructure in the rear. The project started in September 1942 and was abandoned in February 1943.
- T57 Gun Motor Carriage
- Variant of T56 with Continental engine of the Medium Tank M3. Also dropped in February 1943.
- T81 Chemical Mortar Motor Carriage
- M5A1-based 4.2 inch (107 mm) chemical mortarcarrier.
- T82 Howitzer Motor Carriage
- Self-propelled 105 mm howitzer based on M5A1 chassis. Development began in 1943. Two prototypes built and tested in August 1944 at Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Project was discontinued on June 21, 1945.
- M3 with Maxson Turret
- Anti-aircraft variant developed in 1942. Was armed with four .50 (12.7 mm) cal. machine guns in a turret developed by Maxson Corp. The project was rejected because of the availability of the M16 MGMC.
- 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64
- Self-propelled howitzer based on lengthened M5 with 155 mm howitzer M1. One built, but replaced by the M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage based on the light tank M24 chassis.[51]
- 40 mm Gun Motor Carriage T65
- Anti-aircraft vehicle based on lengthened M5A1 with Bofors 40 mm gun. Not proceeded with but ideas used in developing M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage using the light tank M24chassis.
- 20 mm Multiple Gun Motor Carriage T85
- Anti-aircraft vehicle based on same chassis as T65 (M5A1). Armed with quad Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.
- M3/M5 Command Tank
- M3/M5 with turret replaced by small superstructure with a .50 (12.7 mm) cal. machine gun.
- T8 Reconnaissance Vehicle
- M5 with turret removed and mounting for .50 (12.7 mm) cal machine gun.
- M3 with T2 Light Mine Exploder
- Developed in 1942, was rejected.
- M3/M3A1 with US Marine Corpsin 1943.
- M5A1 with E5R1-M3 Flame Gun
- Flame thrower installed instead of the hull machine gun.
- M3A1 with E5R2-M3 Flame-gun
- Flame thrower installed in place of hull machine gun.
- M5 Dozer
- M5 with dozer blade. Turret was usually removed.
- M5 with T39 Rocket Launcher
- T39 launcher with 20 7.2-inch (18 cm) rockets mounted on the top of the turret. Never reached production.
- M5A1 with E7-7 Flame Gun
- Flame thrower installed instead of the main gun.
- M5A1 with E9-9 Flame-throwing equipment
- Prototype only.
- M5A1 with E8 Flame-gun
- Turret replaced by boxy superstructure with flame thrower in a smaller turret. Prototype only.
UK variants
- Stuart Recce
- Reconnaissance vehicle based on turretless Stuart.
- Stuart Command
- Stuart Kangaroo with extra radios.
- Stuart artillery tractor
- Another turretless variant similar in appearance to the Recce and Kangaroo. Used to tow the Ordnance QF 17 pounder.[52] Not to be confused with the US M5 Tractor.
Brazilian variants
In the 1970s, the Brazilian company Bernardini developed a series of radical Stuart upgrades for the Brazilian Army.
- X1A
- Based on M3A1, this design had new engine (280 hp (210 kW) Saab-Scania diesel), improved suspension, new upper hull armor, fire controls and DEFA 90 mm gun in a new turret. 80 vehicles were produced.
- X1A1
- An X1A with improved suspension with three bogies (instead of two) each side and raised idler.
- X1A2
- Based on the X1A1, this version retained almost nothing of the original Stuart as even its hull was redesigned. The vehicle weighed 19 short tons (17 t), had crew of 3, was armed with 90 mm gun and powered by Saab-Scania 300 hp (220 kW) diesel. 30 vehicles were produced in 1979–1983.
Yugoslav partisans variants
- M3A1 with 81 mm mortar: 2 built[53]
- M3A1 and M3A3 with 7.5 cm Pak 40[53] designated SO-75
- M3A3 with four guns Flakvierling 38: 1 built[53]
- M3A3 with 7.5 cm Pak 50: 5 built[53]
- M3A3 with 15 cm sIG 33: 1 built[53] designated SO-150
Operators
Current operators
Former operators
- Australia — Around 370.[55]
- Belgium
- Bolivia — 18 M3A1, last 4 donated by Venezuela for training.
- Brazil — 350 M3A2, M3A3/A5.
- Canada — Stuart V (M3A3) tanks were widely used in the reconnaissance troop of armoured regiments. In the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade after the Normandy landings, the establishment for each regiment was 49 Sherman tanks, both 75 mm and 17-pounder, and up to 9 Stuart tanks.
- Chile
- People's Republic of China — Some captured from the Nationalist Chinese Army during the Chinese Civil War, but primary received from the Soviet Union.
- Republic of China
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Czechoslovakia
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- France
- Guatemala — imported from the United States; put into operation around the year 1945.[56]
- Haiti — eight M3A1 and five M5A1.
- Kingdom of Hungary — captured at least three from the Soviets.
- India
- Indonesia — M3A1 and M3A3 from the Netherlands.
- Italy[57]
- Japan — Operated captured vehicles, for example in the Philippines[33] and at the Battle of Imphal.
- Mexico – Delivered 25 units (M3A1) in 1942, served in the Mexican Army until 1980.
- Netherlands
- New Zealand — The M3A1 was supplied in 1941–42 (89) and some were used in the Pacific. They were withdrawn in 1953–55.[58]
- Nicaragua — four M3A1 were used by the National Guard from the mid-1940s to 1979.
- Pakistan
- Philippine- Philippine Army 10 M5 Stuart light tanks left behind by American troops from World War II. [59]
- Poland [60]
- Republican National Guardfrom 1956 to 1972.
- Romania — 21 lend-lease tanks captured from the Soviets in February 1943, others were captured in December 1943. Briefly used by the Romanian Cavalry Corps before being withdrawn due to lack of spare parts. At least five Stuarts were sent to Romania for anti-tank testing in March 1944.[61][62]
- South Africa
- Southern Rhodesia
- Turkey — 210 British M3s received from 1942 to 1944.[63]
- United Kingdom
- Uruguay 44 tanks were received in 1944 through the EDA (Excess Defense Article) program from 1942 – 1945, were in use for training until 1999.
- United States
- Soviet Union — 1,676 M3 series tanks received as part of Lend-Lease, and 5 M5 series tanks.[64]
- Venezuela
- Yugoslavia — M3A1 and M3A3, used during and after the war.[65]
Surviving examples
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2023) |
Belgium
- 75mm Howitzer motor carriage M8 on display at the Musée des Blindés
Brazil
- X1A at Conde de Linhares Military Museum, Rio de Janeiro
Canada
- The Ontario Regiment Museum has an operational M3 Stuart.
Indonesia
- Indonesian Army retains one M3A1 Stuart in operational condition used for historical theater show.[66]
Israel
- Light tank M3A1 in Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel
Philippines
- M3 of the Philippine Army in outdoor Static Display at the Philippine-Korea Friendship Center.Bayani Road, Taguig City. [67]
Serbia
- Light tank M3A3 at the Belgrade Military Museum, Serbia
Taiwan
- An M5A1 Stuart used by the Republic of China Armed Forces is referred to locally as "The Bear of Kinmen" (Chinese: 金門之熊) because of its outstanding performance against the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the Battle of Guningtou following the Chinese Civil War and the exit of the Nationalist forces to Taiwan.
United Kingdom
- Early production light tank M5A1 at Worthington Tank Museum
- M3 Stuart Diesel at Bovington Tank Museum
United States of America
- A M3A1 Stuart tank at Aberdeen Proving Ground
- A M3A1 Stuart tank (Lady Lois) at Stuart Tank Memorial Association, Berwick, Pennsylvania
- A M3A1 Stuart tank on the town green of New Milford, Connecticut
Zimbabawe
- A former Rhodesian Army Stuart tank on display at the Zimbabwe Military Museum in the city of Gweru.
In the media
- The 1941 US military propaganda short film The Tanks Are Coming features the M3 and its manufacturing process.
- The 1945 Mexican film comedy "Un día con el diablo" (A Day with the devil) uses several Mexican Army M3s.
- Modified Stuarts were used in the movie Attack! as German tanks.
- An M3 was the center piece of The Green Hornetepisode "Seek, Stalk, & Destroy".
- A "24k gold" M3 was created from gold bullion in the Batmanepisode "Penguin's Disastrous End". It was stopped with the "Batzooka".
- Season 5 of the TV series Battle of Little Big Horn.
- "Haunted Tank" was a DC Comics feature that appeared in G.I. Combat starring an M3 Stuart. It ran from 1961 to 1987. The tank was "haunted" by the ghost of J.E.B Stuart, who gave cryptic warnings to the crew.
- An M3 was featured in the movie Under Fire as a Nicaraguan National Guard tank.
- The M3 was added to the 2006 strategy game, Company of Heroes, by the Opposing Fronts expansion as a buildable unit for the British.
- A heavily modified M5A1 Stuart was featured in the movie Tank Girl as the eponymous heroine's tank.[citation needed]
- A M5A1 Stuart tank was featured in the James Bond movie Licence to Kill. The tank opens fire on the Chinese hideout in the fictional country Isthmus, and saves Bond.
- The sole operational M3A1 Stuart of the Indonesian Army were featured in the movies Darah Garuda (Blood of Eagles) and Hati Merdeka (Hearts of Freedom), part of the Merah Putih (Red and White) trilogy, as Dutch tank.[66][68]
- An M3 or M5 was used as a prop German tank in the propaganda film that Steve Rogers was in part way into Captain America: The First Avenger.[69]
See also
- Rhino tank
- SCR-245
- List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
- G-numbers
Notes
Notes
- ^ >the M3 actually had thicker front and turret armor, while the Panzer III had slightly thicker side armor.
- ^ however, by late 1942, the Crusader received the 57 mm QF 6-pdr gun, significantly improving its anti-tank characteristics and giving it HE capability[citation needed]
- ^ "At approximately 1720 hours on June 1st (the light tank) company... was called upon to move to the vicinity of 032465 (Velletri) to form an armored guard for the 85th Division C.P.. Three other light tanks of the company were used as liaison between the medium tanks companies of the regimental command post. This use of light tanks proved to be the most effective way of maintaining communication between the tanks and infantry regimental headquarters."[40]
- Citations
- ISBN 9780811761338.
- ^ TM-9-732-M5-Manual, p. § 6.
- ^ "Light Tank M5 Stuart". afvdb.50megs.com.
- ^ "Light Tank M3 Stuart". 28 November 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 395
- ^ Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 301
- ^ Zaloga 1999, p. 31
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 127 and p. 153
- ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 164
- ^ Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 17
- ^ Official Munitions Production of the United States by Months, July 1, 1940-August 31, 1945. Washington, D.C.: United States Civilian Production Administration. 1947. p. 226.
- ^ Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-12, Tank Gunnery, April 22, 1943 p. 18-19
- ^ Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-30, Tank Platoon, October 22, 1942, p 44
- ^ Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-33 The Armored Battalion – Light and Medium, September 18, 1942, p 112
- ^ Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-30 Tank Platoon, October 22, 1942, p 55-56
- ^ Cavalry Field Manual FM 2-30, Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, August 28, 1944, p. 2
- ^ After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 thru March 45 (Report). p. 9 – via Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library.
- ^ Hunnicutt (1992) p. 391
- ^ a b Zaloga 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 9-12
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 391–394
- ISBN 1-885119-40-2
- ^ Zaloga 1999, p. 31.
- ^ Training memorandum number 2: lessons from the Italian Campaign Archived 2020-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, page 47 of 162, March 1945
- ^ "Beyond the Liri (page 491)". NZETC. 2023.
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 395 & 396
- ^ Zaloga, (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 13, 14
- ^ Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 301 & 302
- ^ Daniel Ford, Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942 (Warbird Books, 2016), p. 192
- ^ Zaloga (Japanese Tanks) p. 15
- ^ Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 33
- ^ a b "Captured Stuart". Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p.396
- ^ Zaloga [page needed]
- ^ Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 34
- ^ "T/O&E 17–25 Tank Battalion (18 November 1944)" (PDF). militaryresearch.org. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
- ^ Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 475 M2A4 had 1" thick armor/p. 478 M3 had 11⁄4" thick armor
- ^ Zaloga (Japanese Tanks) p. 29 plate D, "Type 95 had 12 mm thick armor"
- ^ Headquarters 760th Tank Battalion, "Operations in Italy 1944", Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library, p. 108, archived from the original on 7 November 2019
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 through March 45 (Report). 4 May 1945. p. 27. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2017 – via Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library.
- ISBN 978-1-84176-564-8.
- ^ Padi, Mata. "M3A3 Stuart: Light Tank Legendaris Yang Masih Punya "Gigi"". Facebook (in Indonesian). Facebook.com. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "M3A3 Stuart: Light Tank Legendaris Yang Masih Punya "Gigi"". Indomiliter/. Indomiliter.com. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Alexandre Gonçalves, Odissea em África – Os M5A1 em Angola, in Cadernos Militares do Lanceiro n.º3, Lisbon 2010, pp. 83–91
- ISBN 972-8496-14-1, pp. 53–55.
- ^ "Lesakeng". South African Armour Museum. 2012-12-06. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
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- ^ Zaloga, Steven J.,M3 & M5 Stuart Light Tank, 1940–1945. Osprey Publishing. p.43
- ^ ISSN 1765-0828.
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- ISBN 0304361410.
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References
- ISBN 0-89141-462-2.
- ISBN 978-1-85532-911-9.
- Zaloga, Steven (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. New Vanguard 137. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-091-8.
- Zaloga, Steven (2008). Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3.
- Hembree, Mark (February 2011). "History You Can Model". FineScale Modeler. p. 74. ISSN 0277-979X.
- "TM 9-732 M5 Stuart Light Tank Operating Manual". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02.
External links
- AFV Database(Pictures Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine)
- OnWar: M3 Stuart Archived 2018-02-07 at the Wayback MachineM3A1 Stuart Archived 2018-02-07 at the Wayback MachineM3A3 StuartM5A1 Stuart
- M5A1 Stuart Light Tank Photos and Walk Arounds on Prime Portal
- Berwick RAILFAN – Excursions To Our Past – Berwick American Car & Foundry, Berwick Forge & Fabricating, Berwick Freight Car Co. Archived 2016-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
- M3 Stuart tank Archived 2015-11-10 at the Wayback Machine & M5A1 Stuart tank Archived 2020-03-09 at the Wayback Machine at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
- Description of Stuart tank, with video of surviving tanks rolling