Ngarrindjeri language

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ngarrindjeri
RegionSouth Australia
EthnicityNgarrindjeri, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Yarilde, Meintangk, Portaulun, Warki
Native speakers
312 (2016 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Yaralde (Ngarrindjeri)
  • Tangane (Tanganekald)
  • Ramindjeri
  • Portaulun
  • Warki
Jaralde Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3nay
Glottolognarr1259
AIATSIS[2]S69
ELP

Ngarrindjeri, also written Narrinyeri, Ngarinyeri and other variants, is the language of the Ngarrindjeri and related peoples of southern South Australia. Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi (or Yaralde Tingar).

Overview

Ngarrindjerri is

Pama–Nyungan. McDonald (2002) distinguishes five dialects: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi.[2] Bowern (2011) lists the Yaraldi, Ngarrindjeri, and Ramindjeri varieties as separate languages.[3]

Tanganekald, also known as Thangal,[4] is now extinct.[5]

Status and revival

In 1864, the publication of the Ngarrindjerri

Aboriginal language. 8 Genesis 2:8 follows in Ngarrindjerri from the 1864 translation and a literal English translation.[6]
"Jehovah winmin gardenowe Edenald, kile yuppun ityan korn gardenungai." "Jehovah God planted a garden in Eden, toward the east, and there he put the man whom he had formed."

The last fluent speaker of Ngarrindjerri died in the 1960s, but there have been attempts to revive the language in the 21st century, including the release of a Ngarrindjeri dictionary in 2009.

colonisation of South Australia have contributed enormously to the revival of both Ngarrindjeri and Kaurna.[8]

There were 312 speakers of Ngarrindjerri recorded in the 2016 Australian census.[2]

A second edition of the dictionary was published in 2019, with 500 additional words, bringing the total to 4,200. Ngarrindjeri

language revival.[9][10]

The third, expanded edition of the dictionary, again compiled by Gale and Williams, was published by

AIATSIS in 2020.[11] Hundreds of new words have been added, including words for items which did not exist in the 19th century, such as "solar panel".[12]

In 2021 the first students of the first training course to be specially tailored to the teaching of

Robert Amery and his wife, Mary-Anne Gale, have helped to drive the project.[12]

The musical group Deadly Nannas (Nragi Muthar) have been writing and singing songs in Ngarrindjerri and English, and using them to help teach the language in schools and other venues.[13][14]

Name

Linguist

hypercorrect "emblematicity" due to Othering: the Ngarrindjeri revivalists are trying to define themselves vis-à-vis the "Other", distancing themselves from "the colonizers' mother tongue, Australian English" (even at the expense of losing one of their own original rhotics).[15]
: 198 

Other names include Jarildekald, Jaralde, Yarilde, Yarrildie, Jaraldi, Lakalinyeri, Warawalde, Yalawarre, Yarildewallin (although as mentioned above, Yaraldi is regarded as a dialect[2]).

Berndt, Berndt & Stanton (1993) wrote: "The appropriate traditional categorisation of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhabitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost.".[16]

Sign language

The Yaralde had the southernmost attested

Australian Aboriginal sign language.[17]

Some words

The following words are from the Ngarrindjeri language:[18]

  • kondoli – 'whale'
  • korni/korne – 'man'
  • kringkari, gringari – 'white man'
  • muldarpi/mularpi – 'travelling spirit of sorcerers and strangers'
  • yanun – 'speak, talk'

These are words for animals extinct since European colonisation:[19]

Phonology

Consonants

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Labial Velar Palatal Dental Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive p k c
t̪
t
 		ʈ
Nasal
 m ŋ ɲ
n̪
n
 		ɳ
Lateral ʎ
l̪
l
 		ɭ
Rhotic
r
 		ɽ
Approximant w j
  • /r/ can be heard as a tap and approximant, as allophones [ɾ, ɹ].

Vowels

Front Central Back
High
 i u
Mid e o
Low
 a
Vowel Allophones
/i/ [i], [ɪ], [ɨ]
/e/ [e], [ɛ], [æ]
/a/ [a], [ɐ], [ʌ], [ɑ]
/o/ [o], [ɔ], [ɒ]
/u/ [u], [ʊ], [ʉ]
  • /i/ when preceding retroflex consonant, can be heard as central [ɨ]
  • /u/ when occurring after a trill consonant in closed syllables can be heard as central [ʉ]
  • A mid sound /ə/ can also be heard in various syllabic positions.

References

  1. ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d S69 Ngarrindjeri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  3. ^ Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
  4. Mobile Language Team
    . Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  5. ^ S11 Tanganekald at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ^ Gale (1997), p. 71.
  7. ^ University of South Australia, "Preserving Indigenous culture through language", 16 May 2008,[1] Archived 5 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 January 2010.
  8. ISBN 978-0-646-92900-2
    .
  9. ^ "Ngarrindjeri Concise 2nd edition Dictionary launched". AIATSIS. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  10. ISBN 978-0-9946336-3-7 {{citation}}: |author3= has generic name (help
    )
  11. ISBN 978-0-9946336-4-4
  12. ^ a b Marchant, Gabriella (12 July 2021). "Aboriginal languages making comeback through new training program and dictionaries". ABC News. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  13. ^ Skujins, Angela (13 August 2019). "Rhyme and reclamation with the Deadly Nannas". InDaily. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  14. ^ Evins, Brittany (11 April 2021). "Aboriginal singers the Deadly Nannas are breathing new life into an ancient language". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  15. ^
    ISBN 9780199812776
  16. ^ "A world that was: the Yaraldi of the Murray River and the lakes, South Australia" By Ronald Murray Berndt, Catherine Helen Berndt, John E. Stanton Chapter "1 The land and the people p19
  17. ^ Kendon, A. (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  18. ISBN 978-1-875-55971-8
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-920-89955-4
    .

Further reading

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