Shimoga district
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Shimoga district, officially known as Shivamogga district,
Origin of name
Shivamogga was previously known as Mandli.
History
During
In the 8th century
Geography
Shimoga district is a part of the Malnad region of Karnataka and is also known as the 'Gateway to Malnad' or 'Malenaada Hebbagilu' in Kannada. The district is landlocked and bounded by Haveri, Davanagere, Chikmagalur, Udupi and Uttara Kannada districts. The district ranks 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka. It is spread over an area of 8465 km2.[15]
Shimoga lies between the latitudes 13°27' and 14°39' N and between the longitudes 74°38' and 76°04' E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level.
Climate
As the district lies in the tropical region, rainy season occurs from June to October. In the years 1901–1970, Shimoga received an average annual rainfall of 1813.9 mm with an average of 86 days in the year being rainy days.[16] The average annual temperature of Shimoga district is around 26 °C. The average temperature has increased substantially over the years.[17] In some regions of the district, the day temperature can reach 40 °C during summer. This has led to water crisis and other problems.[18]
Geology
- The major soil forms found in the Shimoga district are brown forest soil.[19]
- The major minerals found in the district are
The plain land of the district is suitable for agriculture.
Economy
Foundry, agriculture and
Industries
Iron, agriculture, Textiles and engineering are the major industries in Shimoga district.[20] Foundry activity has a long history there and Pearlite Liners (P) Led., one of the oldest industries of Karnataka (earlier known as Bharath Foundry), is the largest private-sector employer in the district.[22] As of 2000[update], there were about 9800 industrial units in Shimoga District (small, medium and large), with more than 41,000 employees.[22]
Major investments are made in food; beverages, engineering, and
Karnataka government has created industrial regions to encourage industrialisation of the district: KIADB Nidige Industrial area in Bhadravathi taluk; Machinahaali Industrial Area. Mandli-Kallur Industrial area in Shimoga taluk; Shimoga Industrial estate in Shimoga; Kallahalli Industrial estate in Shimoga. KIADB Devakathikoppa Industrial Area. KSSIDC Siddlipura Industrial Area. Major industries in Shimoga district are
Administrative divisions
Shimoga district is divided into seven taluks: Soraba, Bhadravathi, Thirthahalli, Sagara, Shikaripura, Shimoga and Hosanagara.
The district administration is headed by the
The Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the entire Shimoga district and also covers parts of Nalluru and Ubrani
- Soraba
- Sagara
- Shimoga
- Shimoga Rural
- Shikaripura
- Bhadravathi
- Thirthahalli
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 383,007 | — |
1911 | 367,303 | −0.42% |
1921 | 354,101 | −0.37% |
1931 | 364,903 | +0.30% |
1941 | 381,059 | +0.43% |
1951 | 475,999 | +2.25% |
1961 | 763,076 | +4.83% |
1971 | 988,744 | +2.62% |
1981 | 1,261,582 | +2.47% |
1991 | 1,452,259 | +1.42% |
2001 | 1,642,545 | +1.24% |
2011 | 1,752,753 | +0.65% |
source:[25] |
According to the
Shimoga taluk has the highest population with Hosanagara taluk having the lowest. The district has a sex ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Shimoga Taluk having 991 females to 1000 males has the lowest sex-ratio.[30]
Taluk name | Number of households | Population | Males | Females |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soraba | 37,363 | 185,572 | 94,267 | 91,305 |
Shimoga | 93,426 | 445,192 | 226,928 | 218,264 |
Bhadravati | 71,771 | 338,989 | 171,917 | 167,072 |
Hosanagara | 23,358 | 115,000 | 57,392 | 57,608 |
Sagara | 41,915 | 300,995 | 150,977 | 150,018 |
Shikaripura | 41,389 | 213,590 | 108,344 | 105,246 |
Thirthahalli | 32,002 | 143,207 | 70,734 | 72,473 |
At the time of the 2011 census, 70.20% of the population spoke Kannada, 12.71% Urdu, 4.17% Tamil, 4.07% Telugu, 2.95% Lambadi, 2.10% Marathi and 1.47% Konkani as their first language.[33]
Culture
Heritage and architecture
Ballegavi, also known as 'Dakshina kedara' was the capital of
Poetry and literature
Shimoga district has produced several Kannada writers and poets:
- Kuvempu was born in the village Kuppalli in Thirthahalli Taluk.
- G. S. Shivarudrappa born in Shikaripur.
- U.R. Ananthamurthy was born in Melige village in Thirthahalli Taluk.
- P. Lankesh born in Konagavalli.
- K. V. Subbanna from Sagara
- M. K. Indira
- Na D'Souza from Sagara
- H. M. Nayak from Thirthahalli
- Poornachandra Tejaswi, the son of Kuvempu.
In December 2006, the 73rd Kannada Sahitya Sammelana took place in Shimoga. K.S.Nissar Ahmed was the president of the event.[35] This was the third Kannada Sahiya Sammelana held at Shimoga: The first one was held in 1946 (president: Da.Ra.Bendre) and second one in 1976 (president: S.V.Ranganna).
Ninasam
Nilakanteshwara Natya Seva Sangha is located in a village called Heggodu in Sagara. It was established by K. V. Subbanna in 1958.[36] Ninasam is a drama institute. The headquarters is in Heggodu. It has a library, rehearsal hall, guesthouse and theatre.[37] Shivarama Karantha Rangamandira is an auditorium for Ninasam. It was opened in 1972.[38] Ninasam started a Theatre-in-education project called Shalaranga with the help from the government of India during 1991–1993.[39][40] Ford Foundation has volunteered in establishing a rural theatre and film culture project called Janaspandana.[40][41] Ninasam conducts a summer workshop for youngsters.[42] Ninasam chitrasamaja is an organisation to encourage film culture and to hold film festivals.[43]
Handicrafts and sculpture
Gudigars are a clan of craftsmen who are specialised in carving intricate designs on wood, mainly sandalwood. They are concentrated in the Sagara and Soraba taluks. The articles they make are sold at government emporiums.[44] Ashok Gudigar is one of the sculptors from this clan. A 41-foot Bahubali statue is one of his works.[45] He has won the Vishwakarma award for his Chalukyan-style Ganesha sculpture. He has won the National award in 1992 for his Hoysala-styled Venugopala sculpture.[46]
Dance
Dollu Kunitha and Yakshagana are some of the dance forms which are prevalent in this district. Yakshagana has a long history in the district and Dr. Kota Shivarama Karantha suggests that origin of the 'badaguthittu' form of Yakshagana took place in the region between Ikkeri of Shimoga district and Udupi.[47]
Fairs
Dasara is celebrated every year in Shimoga.[48] Many cultural programmes[48] are held during this time. A folk fair was organised in Shimoga in 2006.[49] Marikamba festival is celebrated in Sagara once in 3 years.[50]
Cinema
The tele-serial
Cinema personalities born in Shimoga district:
- Girish Kasaravalli: Film director who has won several Swarna Kamal awards for Kannada art movies.
- P. Lankesh: Editor of the tabloid Lankesh Patrike and director of a few films.
- and others.
- SudeepKannada actor born in Shimoga
- Arun Sagar A Kannada Actor from Sagara
Cuisine
Rice is the staple food for majority of the people in Shimoga district. The food in this district is somewhat similar to Udupi cuisine. However, exclusive dishes specified to Malenadu are a part of Shimoga District.
The cooking in the Malnad region of Shimoga district includes items like midigayi-uppinakai (tender-mango pickle), sandige (similar to
Flora and fauna
The Malnad region is a biodiversity hotspot with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The region has protected areas classified as wildlife sanctuaries to ensure the protection of these species:
- Gudavi Bird Sanctuary is in Sorab Taluk. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 0.74 km2 (180 acres)[60]
- There are many species of flora found here:
- 191 species of fauna have been recorded here: 63 are water-dependent; 20 species are known to breed here. Water birds in the sanctuary include Cotton Teal. An average of about 8000 White Ibis visit the sanctuary every year.[60]
- Linganamakki reservoir.[60]
- The species of flora found here:
- The animals found here:
- Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary lies adjacent to Shimoga city and has forests ranging from dry deciduous to semi-evergreen and is spread over an area of 395.6 km2 (152.7 sq mi).fire.[62]
- Trees of the dry deciduous parts include Tectona grandis, and Grevillea robusta also exist in the sanctuary.[60]
- Mammals in the sanctuary include Tigers, Malabar giant squirrel, giant flying squirrel, Pangolin.
- Trees of the dry deciduous parts include
Python, cobra, king cobra, rat snake, marsh crocodile are among the reptiles found in the sanctuary.
Birds include Hornbills,
- Malabar giant squirrel.
Some of the bird species found here are Malabar whistling thrush; species of Bulbuls; Woodpeckers, Hornbills, pigeons, Drongos, Asian paradise flycatcher. The sanctuary has been recently adopted under a tiger-conservation project called Project Tiger which is an initiative from the Indian government.[63][64]
- Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary is a 1.14-acre (0.46 ha) sanctuary 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Shimoga town on the way to Thirthahalli. This is a small island surrounded by Tunga river. The birds found here are median
- Sakrebailu Elephant Camp lies 14 km. from Shimoga town on the way to Thirthahalli. This is a training camp where elephants undergo training from mahouts.[68]
- Tyavarekoppa Lion and Tiger Safarilies about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Shimoga town on the way to Sagar. The safari has lions, tigers and deer.
Education
Shimoga district has a literacy rate of 80.2%.[1] The district has two engineering colleges, two medical colleges, an ayurvedic medical college, dental college, veterinary College and an agricultural college. There are 116 pre-university colleges[69] in the district out of which 51 government pre-university colleges.[70] There are 41 educational institutions managed by National education society.[71] There are 1106 lower primary schools and 1185 higher primary schools.[72]
Primary and high school education
There are 1106 lower primary schools, 1185 higher primary schools and 393 high schools in Shimoga district. There are 1323 anganawadis.
Government High School, Jade
Government High School, Jade is one of the top three high schools in Soraba Taluk. This high school has the biggest playground and more than 500 students from Jade, and surrounding up to 10 km villages are studying in this school. GHS JADE have won several computation organised by Department Of Education, like sports, Prathiba Karanji in every year, In 2015 this high school started to offer English-medium classes for 8th, 9th and 10th students.
Pre-university education
There are 116 pre-university colleges in the district.[69] There are 51 government colleges, 3 bifurcated colleges, 47 unaided colleges and 15 aided colleges.[69] In the 2012 second year pre-university examination, the district ranked 5th with 54.31% of passed candidates.[75]
Diploma courses
There are 8 Polytechnics in the district. Major polytechnics among them are Government Polytechnic - Bhadravathi, Government Women's Polytechnic - Gopala, Sahyadri Polytechnic, Sanjay Memorial Polytechnic-Sagara, DVS Polytechnic.
Undergraduate education
There are 12 colleges affiliated to
Postgraduate education
Sahyadri science college offers two post graduate programmes:
Sports
Shimoga district has three cricket stadiums: Nehru stadium,[93] Jawaharlal Nehru college of engineering cricket ground and PES Institute of Technology Cricket ground.[94] The first match played on the Nehru stadium was in 1974.[93] Since then 13 matches have been played[95][96] out of which 3 are Ranji matches.[95] The Ranji match between Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh was hosted on the Jawaharlal Nehru cricket ground.[97]
Sagara has a very good cricket stadium called Gopalagowda Stadium, It is the only best leather pitch stadium in the district.
The work on an international cricket stadium has started near Navule.
Gundappa Viswanath is a cricketer from Bhadravathi. He has played test cricket for India from 1969 to 1983 making 91 appearances.[102] Bharat Chipli is a cricketer from Sagar who plays for Deccan Chargers.[103] The 18th Junior National Athletic Championship was held in Shimoga.[104]
State-level
Tourism
Waterfalls
- Jog Falls is the highest waterfall in India and second highest in Asia.[122] The river Sharavathi falls into the gorge in four distinct flows which are termed Raja, Rani, Rover, and Rocket.[123] Jog falls lies in Sagar taluk and is 30 km. from the city of Sagar.
- Kunchikal Falls is the 11th highest waterfall in India and 313th highest in the world[124] with a height of 455 meters and ranks 116 in the list of highest waterfalls in the world.[124] This waterfall is near Mastikatte and is formed by the Varahi River.
- Barkana Falls is near Agumbe and 80 km from Thirthahalli town. Barkana Falls is the 10th highest waterfall in India and ranks 308 in the world.[124]
- Achakanya Falls is located near a village called Aralsuruli, 10 km from Thirthahalli on the way to Hosanagara. The falls is formed by the Sharavathi river.[125]
- Vanake-Abbey Falls is in the heart of Malnad forests, 4 km from Agumbe.[125]
- Hidlamane Falls is near trekking.[125]
Dams
- Linganamakki dam is built across the Sharavathi river in Sagar taluk and is 6 km from Jog Falls.[125] It is the main feeder reservoir for the Mahatma Gandhi hydro-electric project. It has two power generating units of 27.5 MW.[127]It is the biggest dam in Karnataka of 151.75 Tmcft.
- Bhadra river dam is built across Bhadra river at Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah, the then chief engineer of Karnataka state. The dam mainly serves the purpose of irrigation in and around Bhadravathi taluk and Tarikeretaluk of Chikkamagaluru district.
- Gajanur dam is built across the river Tunga in a village called Gajanur 12 km from Shimoga city.[125]
Rivers
- Tunga and Bhadra originates at Varaha mountains. They meet at Koodli and become Tungabhadra river.[128] Koodli is 16 km from Shimoga city and the Smartha monastery in Koodli was founded in 1576 CE by Jagadguru Narsimha Bharathi swami of Sringeri.[129]
- Ambuteertha is located 10 km from Thirthahalli[130] on the Thirthahalli-Hosanagara road. River Sharavathi originates at this place.
- Varadamoola is 6 km from Sagar town. River Varada originates at this place. Varada flows through the town of Banavasi before joining Tungabhadra.
Hill stations
- Agumbe is 90 km west of Shimoga city. It is known as the Cherrapunji of South India. Agumbe is 650 meters above sea level. The place is famous for its sunset view.[131]
- Kavaledurga is a fort on a hill 871 metres (2,858 ft) above sea level.[132]
- Kodachadri hills are 115 km from Shimoga city. The hills are 1343 m[133] above sea level.
- Kundadri is a hill near Thirthahalli. It is famous for its rock formations.[134]
Cultural heritage
- Shivappa Nayaka palace and museum is in the city of Shimoga. The palace was built by Shivappa Nayaka during the 17th century CE. Kote Seetharamanjaneya temple is beside it.[135]
- Sacred Heart church, built in the 1990s and second largest church of Asia, is in the city of Shimoga. It has features of
- The Lakshminarasimha temple is located in the Bhadravathi city. It has been built in the Hoysala style called 'trikutachala'.[135]
- Chandragutti fort is near Balligavi which was built by Banavasi Kadambas. The Renukamba temple is in this village.[136]
- Panchakuta Basadi, Humcha which was built during 10th and 11th century CE.[137]
- The Kedareshvara temple is located in Kubetoor. It has been built in the Chalukyan style.[138]
- Nagara, which was earlier called Bidarur, was the last capital of the Keladi kings and later taken by Hyder Ali during 1763.[139] The Hyder Ali tank, Neelakanteshwara temple and Venkataramana temple are located in this city.[140]
- Keladi and Ikkeri were the capitals of Keladi Nayakas. The places are near Sagar.[138]
- Talagunda is a village in the Shikaripura taluk. The Talagunda inscription on a stone pillar is in Prakrit language. The author of the inscription was Kubja, court poet of Shantivarman.[141]
Notable people
- U. R. Ananthamurthy, a Jnanapeeta Awardee
- Sarekoppa Bangarappa, an Indian politician who was the 12th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1990 to 1992
- Diganth, Kannada actor
- Shantaveri Gopala Gowda, a Socialist Leader
- Dattatreya Hosabale, Indian social worker
- M. K. Indira, writer and poet
- Justice M. Rama Jois, a former Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, a former member of Rajya Sabha, a former Governor of Jharkhand and Bihar states and a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India
- Kaviraj (lyricist), poet, lyricist and director in Kannada film industry
- Kuvempu, a Jnanpeeta Awardee
- P. Lankesh, poet, journalist
- Akka Mahadevi, poet, social reformer
- Kadidal Manjappa, a veteran freedom fighter and a former Chief minister of Karnataka
- Anupama Niranjana, noted writer
- J. H. Patel, former chief minister
- Allama Prabhu, social reformer
- S. Rudregowda, industrialist and Member of Legislative Council
- Khadi Shankarappa, a veteran freedom fighter.
- Abhilash Shetty, a film director in Kannada film industry
- G. S. Shivarudrappa, poet, one of the three Rashtrakavis in Kannada
- K. V. Subbanna, artist and writer
- Shimoga Subbanna, a playback singer
- Sudeep, actor and director of Kannada cinema
- Poornachandra Tejaswi, writer
- Gundappa Viswanath, a former cricketer
- B. S. Yeddyurappa, politician and Chief Minister of Karnataka
Notes
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- ^ Sir William Wilson Hunter, Great Britain. India Office. Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 22 (1908 ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 284.
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{{cite journal}}
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