Charles I of Austria: Difference between revisions
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|moretext = ([[Grand title of the Emperor of Austria|more...]]) |
|moretext = ([[Grand title of the Emperor of Austria|more...]]) |
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|cor-type = Hungary |
|cor-type = Hungary |
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|coronation = 30 December 1916 |
|coronation = 30 December 1916,<br />[[Budapest]] (as king of Hungary) |
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|reign = 21 November 1916 – {{nowrap|11 November 1918}} |
|reign = 21 November 1916 – {{nowrap|11 November 1918}} |
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|predecessor = [[Franz Joseph I]] |
|predecessor = [[Franz Joseph I]] |
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==Reign== |
==Reign== |
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[[Image:Karloath.jpg|thumb|King Charles taking his [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|coronation oath]] at Holy Trinity Column outside [[Matthias Church]], 30 December 1916]] |
[[Image:Karloath.jpg|thumb|King Charles IV taking his [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|coronation oath]] at Holy Trinity Column outside [[Matthias Church]], [[Budapest]], 30 December 1916]] |
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[[Image:Karlfamily.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the recently crowned King Charles IV and [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma|Queen Zita]] with their son [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]]] |
[[Image:Karlfamily.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the recently crowned King Charles IV and [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma|Queen Zita]] with their son [[Otto von Habsburg|Otto]]]] |
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Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. |
Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. |
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The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles' political future became uncertain. On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the [[personal union]] between Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained of Charles' realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the [[German Austria]]n State Council. His last Austrian prime minister, [[Heinrich Lammasch]], advised him that he was an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power. |
The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles' political future became uncertain. On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the [[personal union]] between Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained of Charles' realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the [[German Austria]]n State Council. His last Austrian prime minister, [[Heinrich Lammasch]], advised him that he was an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power. |
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==Proclamation of 11 November== |
==Proclamation of 11 and 13 November== |
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[[File:Verzichtserklärung Karl I. 11.11.1918.jpg|right|thumb|The declaration of 11 November 1918.]] |
[[File:Verzichtserklärung Karl I. 11.11.1918.jpg|right|thumb|The declaration of 11 November 1918.]] |
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On 11 November 1918, the same day as the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice ending the war between the Allied Powers and Germany]] was signed, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State."<ref name=Duffy>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Duffy|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/abdication_karl.htm|title=Primary Documents - Emperor Karl I's Abdication Proclamation, 11 November 1918|website=First World War.com|date=22 August 2009|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day the Imperial Family left [[Schönbrunn Palace]] and moved to Castle [[Eckartsau]], east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit of Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation for Hungary. |
On 11 November 1918, the same day as the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice ending the war between the Allied Powers and Germany]] was signed, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State."<ref name=Duffy>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Duffy|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/abdication_karl.htm|title=Primary Documents - Emperor Karl I's Abdication Proclamation, 11 November 1918|website=First World War.com|date=22 August 2009|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day the Imperial Family left [[Schönbrunn Palace]] and moved to Castle [[Eckartsau]], east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit of Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation (the Eckartsau Proclamation) for Hungary. |
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[[File:Eckartsaui nyilatkozat.jpg|right|thumb|The Eckartsau Proclamation for Hungary on 13 November 1918.]] |
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Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", that word was never mentioned in either proclamation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kings and Queens of Hungary & Princes of Transylvania|first=István|last=Gombás|publisher=Corvina|location=Budapest|year=2002|isbn=963-13-5152-1}}</ref> Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word ''abdication'' in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. |
Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", that word was never mentioned in either proclamation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kings and Queens of Hungary & Princes of Transylvania|first=István|last=Gombás|publisher=Corvina|location=Budapest|year=2002|isbn=963-13-5152-1}}</ref> Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word ''abdication'' in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. |
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Revision as of 19:58, 12 December 2017
Charles I and IV | ||
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Prime Ministers | See list
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Born | Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma | 17 August 1887|
Issue | ||
Roman Catholicism |
Charles I (Karl Franz Joseph Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria; 17 August 1887 – 1 April 1922) was the last reigning monarch of the
Early life
Charles was born 17 August 1887 in the Castle of
As a child, Archduke Charles was reared a devout
In 1907, he was declared of age and Prince Zdenko Lobkowitz was appointed his chamberlain. In the next few years he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Charles's relations with his granduncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position.[3]
Marriage
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hochzeit_Erzh_Karl_und_Zita_Schwarzau_1911c.jpg/220px-Hochzeit_Erzh_Karl_und_Zita_Schwarzau_1911c.jpg)
In 1911, Charles married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem (Brandeis an der Elbe) in Bohemia, from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad.[4]: 5 It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.[4]: 5 Due to Franz Ferdinand's morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession. As a result, the Emperor severely pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles' devout Catholicism, but also an impeccably royal lineage.[5]: 16 Zita later recalled:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative,
Jaime, Duke of Madrid. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandeis and sought out his [step]grandmother, Archduchess Maria Theresa, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."[4]: 8
Heir presumptive
Charles became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, the event which precipitated World War I. Only at this time did the old Emperor take steps to initiate the heir-presumptive to his crown in affairs of state. But the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education. Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence.[3]
Charles then became a
Reign
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2017) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Karloath.jpg/220px-Karloath.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Karlfamily.jpg/220px-Karlfamily.jpg)
Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph.
On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the whole army from Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian Army, as intermediary. However, the Allies insisted on Austrian recognition of Italian claims to territory and Charles refused, so no progress was made.
Although his foreign minister, Graf Czernin, was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany, Charles himself went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary into an even more dependent position with respect to its seemingly wronged German ally.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with much tension between ethnic groups. As part of his Fourteen Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the ethnic groups fought for full autonomy as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent from Vienna at the earliest possible moment.
Foreign minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice 14 October based on the Fourteen Points, and two days later Charles issued a proclamation that radically changed the nature of the Austrian state. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in a Polish state. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian. Each of the four parts was to be governed by a federal council, and Trieste was to have a special status. However, Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs. Therefore, autonomy for the nationalities was no longer enough. In fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an independent South Slav state 29 October 1918.
Trialism and Croatia
Since the beginning of his rule he favored the creation of third Croatian political entity, in his Croatian Coronation oath from 1916 he recognized the union of the
The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles' political future became uncertain. On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the
Proclamation of 11 and 13 November
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Verzichtserkl%C3%A4rung_Karl_I._11.11.1918.jpg/220px-Verzichtserkl%C3%A4rung_Karl_I._11.11.1918.jpg)
On 11 November 1918, the same day as the armistice ending the war between the Allied Powers and Germany was signed, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State."[18] He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to Castle Eckartsau, east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit of Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation (the Eckartsau Proclamation) for Hungary.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eckartsaui_nyilatkozat.jpg/220px-Eckartsaui_nyilatkozat.jpg)
Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", that word was never mentioned in either proclamation.[19] Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word abdication in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him.
Privately, Charles left no doubt that he believed himself to be the rightful emperor. He wrote to Friedrich Gustav Piffl, the Archbishop of Vienna:
I did not abdicate, and never will. (...) I see my manifesto of 11 November as the equivalent to a cheque which a street thug has forced me to issue at gunpoint. (...) I do not feel bound by it in any way whatsoever.[20]
Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent
Although the newly established republican government of Austria was not aware of this "Manifesto of
In Switzerland, Charles and his family briefly took residence at Castle Wartegg near Rorschach at Lake Constance and later moved to Château de Prangins at Lake Geneva on 20 May 1919.
Attempts to reclaim throne of Hungary
Encouraged by Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary's regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy (the last commander of the Imperial and Royal Navy), refused to support him. Horthy's failure to support Charles' restoration attempts is often described as "treasonous" by royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. Indeed, the neighbouring countries had threatened to invade Hungary if Charles tried to regain the throne. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs.
Exile in Madeira and death
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karl_Grabmal_Monte.jpg/220px-Karl_Grabmal_Monte.jpg)
After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were briefly quarantined at Tihany Abbey. On 1 November 1921 they were taken to the Hungarian Danube harbour city of Baja, were made to board the British monitor HMS Glowworm and there removed to the Black Sea where they were transferred to the light cruiser HMS Cardiff.[22][23] They arrived at their final exile, the Portuguese island of Madeira, on 19 November 1921. Determined to prevent a third restoration attempt, the Council of Allied Powers had agreed on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded.[24]
Originally the couple and their children, who joined them on 2 February 1922, lived at Funchal at the Villa Vittoria, next to Reid's Hotel and later moved to Quinta do Monte. Compared to the imperial glory in Vienna and even at Eckartsau, conditions there were certainly impoverished.[25]
Charles did not leave Madeira again. On 9 March 1922 he had caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and subsequently progressed to severe
Legacy
![]() |
Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. One of the most critical has been Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, who has described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician." However, others have seen Charles as a brave and honourable figure who tried, as Emperor-King, to halt World War I. An English writer, Herbert Vivian, wrote:
"Karl was a great leader, a Prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his Empire; a King who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come."
Furthermore, Anatole France, the French novelist, stated:
"Emperor Karl is the only decent man to come out of the war in a leadership position, no one listened to him. He sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. It was a wonderful chance that was lost."
[27]
"He tried to compensate for the evaporation of the ethical power which emperor Franz Joseph had represented by offering ethnical reconciliation. Even as he dealt with elements who were sworn to the goal of destroying his empire he believed that his acts of political grace would affect their conscience. These attempts were totally futile; those people had long ago lined up with our common enemies, and were far from being deterred."[28]
Beatification
Blessed Charles of Austria-Hungary | |
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Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II | |
Feast | 21 October |
Attributes |
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Pope John Paul II declared Charles "Blessed" in a
From the beginning, the Emperor Charles conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance.
The cause or campaign for his canonization began in 1949, when testimony of his holiness was collected in the
The League of Prayers established for the promotion of his cause has set up a website,[32] and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna has sponsored the cause.
Recent milestones
- On 14 April 2003, the venerable.
- On 21 December 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the varicose veins; she was able to get out of bed after she prayed for his beatification.
- On 3 October 2004, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II. The Pope also declared 21 October, the date of Charles' marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, as Charles'
- On 31 January 2008, a Church tribunal, after a 16-month investigation, formally recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I (required for his
Quotes
- "Now, we must help each other to get to Heaven."[39] Addressing Empress Zita on 22 October 1911, the day after their wedding.
- "I am an officer with all my body and soul, but I do not see how anyone who sees his dearest relations leaving for the front can love war."[40] Addressing Empress Zita after the outbreak of World War I.
- "I have done my duty, as I came here to do. As crowned King, I not only have a right, I also have a duty. I must uphold the right, the dignity and honor of the Crown.... For me, this is not something light. With the last breath of my life I must take the path of duty. Whatever I regret, Our Lord and Savior has led me."[41] Addressing Cardinal János Csernoch after the defeat of his attempt to regain the Hungarian throne in 1921. The British Government had vainly hoped that the Cardinal would be able to persuade him to renounce his title as King of Hungary.
- "I must suffer like this so my people will come together again."[42] Spoken in Madeira, during his last illness.
- "I can't go on much longer... Thy will be done... Yes... Yes... As you will it... Jesus!"[43] Reciting his last words while contemplating a crucifix held by Empress Zita.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Styles of Charles I of Austria | ||
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Reference style His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty | | |
Spoken style | Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty | |
Alternative style | Sir |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Charles_I_of_Austria.svg/170px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Charles_I_of_Austria.svg.png)
Titles and styles
- 17 August 1887 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Charles of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[44]
- 21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia[45]
- 3 April 1919 – 1 April 1922:
- His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Emperor Charles of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary (used outside Austria)
- Karl Habsburg-Lothringen (used in Austria)
Official grand title
His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty,
Charles the First,
By the Grace of God, Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, of this name the Fourth, King of
Honours
- Charles was Grand Master of the following Orders:
Austrian Empire:
- Gold Medal of Military Merit (Signum Laudis)
- Military Cross for the 60th year of the reign of Franz Joseph
- Foreign decorations
Kingdom of Prussia :
- Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle
- Pour le Mérite
- Iron Cross
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Kingdom of Saxony: Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
Children
Charles and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma had eight children together.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Die_Kinder_von_Kaiser_Karl_und_Kaiserin_Zita.jpg/170px-Die_Kinder_von_Kaiser_Karl_und_Kaiserin_Zita.jpg)
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
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Crown Prince Otto | 20 November 1912 | 4 July 2011 | (aged 98)married (1951) Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (1925–2010); seven children.
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Archduchess Adelheid | 3 January 1914 | 2 October 1971 | (aged 57)|
Archduke Robert | 8 February 1915 | 7 February 1996 | (aged 80)married (1953) Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (born 7 April 1930); five children. |
Archduke Felix | 31 May 1916 | 6 September 2011 | (aged 95)married (1952) Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg (5 July 1925 – 9 June 1997); seven children. |
Archduke Karl Ludwig | 10 March 1918 | 11 December 2007 | (aged 89)married (1950) Princess Yolanda of Ligne (born 6 May 1923); four children. |
Archduke Rudolf | 5 September 1919 | 15 May 2010 | (aged 90)married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (11 June 1929 – 20 September 1968); four children. Second marriage (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940); one child. |
Archduchess Charlotte | 1 March 1921 | 23 July 1989 | (aged 68)married (1956) George, Duke of Mecklenburg (5 October [O.S. 22 September] 1899 – 6 July 1963). |
Archduchess Elisabeth | 31 May 1922 | 7 January 1993 | (aged 70)married (1949) Prince Heinrich Karl Vincenz of Liechtenstein (5 August 1916 – 17 April 1991), grandson of Prince Alfred ; five children.
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Ancestors
Family of Charles I of Austria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Ukrainian Austrian internment
- List of heirs to the Austrian throne
Notes
- ^ "Charles (I)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ http://www.emperorcharles.org
- ^ a b c d Pribram, Alfred Francis (1922). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
- ^ a b c Beeche.
- ISBN 0-00-215861-2.
- ^ (Hrvatska) Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. hrvatskom Saboru 28. prosinca 1916. (sa grbom Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slavonije i Rijeke iznad teksta), str. 1.-4. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv./ENG. (Croatian) Coronation oath of Karl IV to Croatian Sabor (parliament), 28th December 1916. (with coat of arms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka above the text), p.1-4 Croatian State Archives
- ^ F. Šišić Dokumenti, p.180.
- ^ Vasa Kazimirović NDH u svetlu nemačkih dokumenata i dnevnika Gleza fon Horstenau 1941 – 1944, Beograd 1987., p.56.-57.
- ^ Jedna Hrvatska ‘H. Rieči’", 1918., no. 2167
- ^ A. Pavelić (lawyer) Doživljaji, p.432.
- ^ a b Dr. Aleksandar Horvat Povodom njegove pedesetgodišnjice rodjenja, Hrvatsko pravo, Zagreb, 17/1925., no. 5031
- ^ Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau,Die Katastrophe. Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Zürich – Leipzig – Wien 1929, p.302-303.
- ^ a b Budisavljević Srđan, Stvaranje Države SHS, (Creation of the state of SHS), Zagreb, 1958, p. 132.-133.
- ^ F. Milobar Slava dr. Aleksandru Horvatu!, Hrvatsko pravo, 20/1928., no. 5160
- ^ S. Matković, "Tko je bio Ivo Frank?", Politički zatvorenik, Zagreb, 17/2007., no. 187, 23.
- ^ Hrvatska Država, newspaper Public proclamation of the Sabor 29.10.1918. Issued 29.10.1918. no. 299. p.1.
- ^ Narodne novine, br. 56/90, 135/97, 8/98 – pročišćeni tekst, 113/2000, 124/2000 – pročišćeni tekst, 28/2001, 41/2001 – pročišćeni tekst, 55/2001 – ispravak
- ^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Primary Documents - Emperor Karl I's Abdication Proclamation, 11 November 1918". First World War.com. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
- ISBN 963-13-5152-1.
- ^ Scheidl, Hans Werner (7 November 2008). "Abdanken? Nie – nie – nie!" [Abdication? Never - never - never!]. Die Presse (in German). Vienna. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ Portisch H: Österreich I. Die unterschätzte Republik. Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1989. p. 117
- ISBN 978-1852854393.)
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help - ^ "Charles Carried into Exile on a British Ship As Napoleon Was; Zita to Bear Another Heir". The New York Times. 5 November 1921. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Charles St. Helena Likely to be Funcha". The New York Times. 6 November 1921. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ Blessed Emperor Charles, Prince of Peace for a United Europe. Archdiocese of Vienna K1238/05. 6 July 2005.
- ^ "Charles of Austria Dies of Pneumonia in exile on Madera". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 April 1922. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "L'Empereur Charles a offert la paix ; c'est le seul honnête homme qui ait paru au cours de cette guerre, on ne l'a pas écouté. Il y avait là un moyen, on aurait pu l'essayer..." in Marcel Le Goff, Anatole France à La Béchellerie - Propos et souvenirs 1914-1924, Léo Delteil, Paris, 1924, p. 166.
- ^ Hindenburg, Paul von (1920). Aus meinem Leben [In My Life] (PDF) (in German). Leipzig: S. Hirzel. p. 163 (pdf page 165).
- ISBN 978-0521736268.)
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|subscription=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help - ^ "Beatification of Five Servants of God; Homily of John Paul II". 3 October 2004. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ The Forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin, Christopher Lawrence Zugge, Syracuse University Press, 2001, p. 208: "Karl of Austria-Hungry, who preceded Lenin in death on April 1, 1922, was opened fifty years later to being the cause of his beatification, his body was discovered to be miraculously incorrupt." https://books.google.com/books?id=HnUnJ7X10BMC&pg=PA208 Accessed 9 Jan., 2017
- ^ "Kaiser Karl Gebetsliga für den Völkerfrieden" [Emperor Charles Prayer League for the Harmony of Peoples] (in German). Emperor-charles.org. 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Emperor and mystic nun beatified". BBC News. 3 October 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Historiker: Giftgas-Einsatzbefehl durch Karl I. war "Notwehr"" [Historian: poison gas use command by Charles I was "self-defense"]. Der Standard. 5 October 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ Goodman, Tanya (8 February 2008). "Miracle in our midst: Central Florida woman's cure may lead to sainthood for Blessed Karl of Austria". Florida Catholic. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pinsky, Mark I. (8 February 2008). "Baptist woman from Kissimmee edges Austro-Hungarian emperor toward Roman Catholic sainthood". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ "Historians Question the Beatification of Blessed Charles". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "Austria's Holy Uproar: Vatican beatification of World War I emperor triggers spirited debate". NBC News.
- ^ Bogle 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Bogle 2005, p. 54.
- ^ Bogle 2005, p. 137.
- ^ Bogle 2005, p. 143.
- ^ Bogle 2005, p. 144.
- ^ Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige. Since 1780 official title used for princes ("zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz")
- ^ Croatian Coronation Oath of 1916. P.2-4, "Emperor of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Apostolic King"
Further reading
- Bogle, James and Joanna (5 September 2005). A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary. Gracewing Publishing. )
- G. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress: The Life & Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989, 1991. ISBN 0-00-215861-2.
- Hopwood, Robert F. "The Conflict between Count Czernin and Emperor Charles in 1918." Austrian History Yearbook 4 (1968): 28-43.
- Mason, John W. The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1918 (Routledge, 2014).
- Valiani, Leo. The End of Austria-Hungary (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973).
- ISBN 88-89219-04-1.
External links
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