Tablighi Jamaat
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Ideology and influences |
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Notable institutions |
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Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat |
Associated organizations |
Tablighi Jamaat (
The group encourages its followers to undertake short-term preaching missions (khuruj), lasting from a few days to a few months in groups of usually forty days and four months, to preach to Muslims reminding them of "the core teachings of the Prophet Muhammad" and encourage them to attend mosque prayers and sermons. Members "travel, eat, sleep, wash and pray together in the mosques and often observe strict regimens relating to dress and personal grooming".[1]
Established in 1926 by
Tablighi Jamaat denies any political affiliation, involvement in debate over political or Islamic doctrine such as fiqh,[15][16][17] let alone terrorism.[15] It maintains its focus is on the study of the sacred scriptures of Islam: the Quran and the Hadith,[16][18] and that the personal spiritual renewal that results will lead to reformation of society.[1] However, the group has been accused of maintaining political links,[9] and being used by members of Islamic terrorist organizations to recruit operatives.[3][4][11][15]
History
The emergence of Tablighi Jamaat also coincided closely with the rise of various Hindu revivalist movements such as
Origin
Ilyas abandoned his teaching post at
At the time, some Muslim Indian leaders feared that Muslims were losing their religious identity and were heedless of Islamic rituals. The movement was never given any name officially, but Ilyas called it Tahrik-i Imaan.[25][26] Muhammad Ilyas died in 1945 and he himself is buried in the Nizām Ad-Dīn Mosque.
The Mewat region where Tablighi Jamaat started near Delhi[24] was inhabited by the Meos, an ethnic group native to the region, most of whom had converted to Islam, and then had adopted Hindu traditions and attitudes when Muslim political power declined in the region, lacking the necessary acumen (according to one author, Ballard) required to resist the cultural and religious influence of majority Hindus, prior to the arrival of Tablighi Jamaat.[27]
Expansion
The group began to expand its activities in 1946. The initial expansion within South Asia happened immediately after the partition of India in 1947, when the Pakistan Chapter was established in the hinterlands of Raiwind town near Lahore, Pakistan. The Pakistan Chapter remained the largest until Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan in 1971. Today, the largest Chapter is Bangladesh followed by the second largest in Pakistan. Within two decades of its establishment, the group reached Southwest and Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America.[28] The Tablighi Jamaat's aversion to politics, and also its lack of any direct and practical economic-political-social viewpoints, helped it enter and operate in societies, especially western countries and societies where politically active religious groups faced restrictions.[8]
Foreign missions
The first foreign missions were sent to the Hejaz (western Saudi Arabia) and Britain in 1946.[29] The United States followed and during the 1970s and 1980s the Tablighi Jamaat also established a large presence in continental Europe.[25] In France it was introduced in the 1960s, and grew significantly in the two decades following 1970.[30]
In France, as of 2004, it was represented on the French Council of the Muslim Faith.[25] During the first half-decade of the 21st century Tablighi Jamaat went through a major revival in France, reaching 100,000 followers by 2006.[31] However, the United Kingdom is the current focus of the movement in Europe, primarily due to the large South Asian population that began to arrive there in the 1960s.[32] By 2007, Tablighi Jamaat members were situated at 600 of Britain's 1,350 mosques.[33]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the movement made inroads into Central Asia. As of 2007, it was estimated that 10,000 Tablighi Jamaat members could be found in Kyrgyzstan.[34]
Pew Research Center estimates there are between 12 and 80 million adherents, spread across more than 150 countries.[10] By some measures this made Tablighi Jamaat the largest Muslim movement in the World.[citation needed] The majority of the followers of the Tablighi Jamaat live in South Asia.[9][12] It is estimated that nearly 50,000 members of Tablighi Jamaat are active in the United States.[9]
Beliefs and objectives
Members of Tabligh Jamat are allowed to follow their own
And whose words are better than someone who calls ˹others˺ to Allah, does good, and says, “I am truly one of those who submit.”?
Let there be a group among you who call ˹others˺ to goodness, encourage what is good, and forbid what is evil—it is they who will be successful.
Six Attributes (Sifāt)
When Tablighi Jamaat visits a village or neighborhood, it invites the local Muslims to assemble in the mosque to hear their message in the form of "Six Attributes". These six Attributes were derived from the lives of the companions of Muhammad, since Muslims believe Sahabah (companions) are the best human beings after Muhammad—It is stated in one hadith, "My Sahabah (companions) are like [guiding] stars, whosoever follows [any] one of them will be guided."
- Kalimah — "An article of faith in which the tabligh accepts that there is no god but Allah and the Prophet Muhammad is His messenger" (lā ilāha illā -llāh Muḥammadur rasūlu -llāh);[11]
- Salah (aka Namaz) — Performing the five daily prescribed ritual prayers "that are essential to spiritual elevation, piety, and a life free from the ills of the material world";[11]
- Ilm with Zikr (knowledge and remembrance of Allah) — This involves "sessions in which the congregation listens to preaching by the emir, performs prayers, recites the Quran and reads Hadith". The congregation will also use In addition the congregation will eat meals together during these sessions to foster "a sense of community and identity";[11]
- Ikram al-Muslim (Honoring Muslims) — Treating fellow Muslims "with honor and deference";[11]
- Ikhlas-i-Niyyah (Monotheism and Intention) – "Reforming one's life in supplication to Allah by performing every human action for the sake of Allah and toward the goal of self-transformation";[11]
- Dawah & Tabligh (Invitation and Conveyance), also Tafrigh-i-Waqt (sparing time) — Inviting and Preaching – "The sparing of time to live a life based on faith and learning its virtues, following in the footsteps of Muhammad, and taking His message door to door for the sake of faith",[11]
Activities, traditions, methodology
Dry-dock parable:
Man is a ship in trouble in tumultuous sea. It is impossible to repair it without taking it away from the high seas where the waves of ignorance and the temptations of temporal life assail it. Its only chance is to come back to land to be dry-docked. The dry-dock is the mosque of the jamaat.
— from the book Travellers in Faith[39]
The activism of Tablighi Jamaat can be characterised by the last of the Six Principles. This principle, Tafrigh-i-Waqt (English: sparing of time) justifies the withdrawal from World, though temporarily, for travelling. Travel has been adopted as the most effective method of personal reform and has become an emblematic feature of organisation. They describe the purpose of this retreat as to patch the damages caused by the worldly indulgence and occasionally use the dry-dock parable to explain this.[39]
These individual jamaats, each led by an ameer, are sent from each markaz across the city or country to remind people to persist on the path of God. The duration of the work depends on the discretion of each jamaat. A trip can take an evening, a couple of days or a prolonged duration.[9][40]
Khurūj (proselytising tour)
largest Islamic movement, Tabligh Jamaat encourages its followers to follow the pattern of spending "ten nights a month (Ashra),120 continuous days a year (Teen Chilla), and ultimately 150 days (5 Maah- Beroon) in tabligh missions". During the course of these tours, members are generally seen dressed in simple, white, loose-clothing, carrying sleeping bags on their backs.[40] These members use mosques as their base during this travel but particular mosques, due to more frequent tablighiyat activities, have come to be specifically associated with this organisation. These mosques generally hold the periodic, smaller scale convocations for neighbourhood members.[41]
During their stay in mosques, these jamaats conduct a daily gasht, which involves visiting local neighbourhoods, preferably with the help of a guide called as rehbar.
Generally, the assumed role of these jamaat members cycle in a way that they may be engaged as a preacher, a cook or as a cleaner at other times. Among Tabligh Jamaat members, this is generally referred to as khidmat which essentially connotes to serving their companions and freeing them for tablighi engagements.[40] The members of the Jamaat are assigned these roles based on the day's mashwara. The markaz keeps records of each jamaat and its members, the identity of whom is verified from their respective mosques. Mosques are used to assist the tablighi activities of individual jamaats that voluntarily undertake preaching missions.[9][12] Members of a jamaat, ideally, pay expenses themselves so as to avoid financial dependence on anyone.[40]
Ijtema (annual gathering)
An annual gathering of followers, called ijtema, is summoned at headquarters of the respective countries. A typical ijtema continues for three days and ends with an exceptionally long prayer.[31] These gatherings are considered moments of intense blessings by Tabligh Jamaat members and are known to attract members in excess of 2 million in some countries.[41] The oldest ijtema of the World started in Bhopal, capital city of Madhya Pradesh, India. It attracts people from all over the world. Almost 2 million people gather for this annual gathering.[citation needed] One of the largest of such annual gatherings is held in Bangladesh. The Bengali gathering, called Bishwa Ijtema (World Gathering), converges followers from around the world in Tongi near Dhaka, Bangladesh, with an attendance exceeding 2 million people.[43][44] The second largest Tabligh Jamaat gathering takes place in Raiwind, Pakistan which was attended by approximately 1.5 million people in 2004.[45] In 2011 Pakistan divided the Ijtema into two parts and a total of 1 million people attended each of the two Ijtema.[46][47]
Methodology
The method adopted by Muhammad Ilyas was to organise units (called jamaats,
In its early days and in South Asia, the Tabligh movement aimed to return to orthodoxy and "purify" the Muslim religio-cultural identity of heterodox or "borderline" Muslims who still practised customs and religious rites connected with Hinduism. Especially to counteract the efforts of Hindu proselytising movements who targeted these often recently converts from Hinduism.[52] Unlike common proselytising movements, Tablighi Jamaat has mostly focused on making Muslims 'better and purer' and ideally "religiously perfect", rather than preaching to the non-Muslims. This is because (it believes) dawah to non-Muslims will only be effective (or will be much more effective) when a Muslim reaches "perfection".[52][53]
Organisation
Tablighi Jamaat follows an informal organisational structure and keeps an introverted institutional profile. It has been described as "a free-floating religious movement with minimal dependence on hierarchy, leadership positions, and decision-making procedures."[54] It keeps its distance from the mass media and avoids publishing details about its activities and membership. The group also exercises complete abstinence from expressing opinions on political and controversial issues, mainly to avoid the disputes that would accompany these endorsements.[55][56] As an organisation, Tabligh Jamaat does not seek donations and is not funded by anyone; in fact, members have to bear their own expenditures. Since there is no formal registration process and no official membership count has ever been taken, the exact membership statistics remain unknown.[28] The movement discourages interviews with its elders and has never officially released texts, although there are publications associated with the movement (usually referred to as Tablighi Nisaab [Tablighi Curriculum]). The emphasis has never been on book learning but rather on first-hand personal communication.[41][57]
The organisation's activities are coordinated through centers called Markaz. It also has country-wise centers in over 200 countries to coordinate its activities. These centers organize volunteer, self-funding people in groups (called jamaats), averaging ten to twelve people, to remind Muslims to remain steadfast on the path of Allah.[12] These jamaats and preaching missions are self-funded by their respective members.
Role of women
In Tablighi Jamaat, women are encouraged to stay home, and to choose a life of "segregation between female and male". However they also engage in proselytizing activities, discussing among themselves in small groups the basics of Tabligh and traveling with their husbands (or another mahram) on proselytizing trips.[59] Tabligh inculcates in them that dawah is also important alongside taking care of their spouses or taking care of their children.[59]
According to a 1996 study by Barbara Metcalf,[40] the Tablighi Jamaat has encouraged women to participate since the beginning of the movement. Some scholars objected to the participation of women, but Muhammad Ilyas slowly gained their support and the first jamaat of women was formed in Nizamuddin, Delhi.[40] Accompanied by a close male relative, (mahram), women are encouraged to go out in jamaats and work among other women and family members while following the rules of modesty, seclusion and segregation. They observe hijab by covering their faces and hands.[31][40] Jamaats of women sometimes participate in large annual meetings; otherwise, they commonly hold neighbourhood meetings.
Tablighi Jamaat tends to blur the boundaries of gender roles and both genders share a common behavioural model and their commitment to tabligh. The emphasis is on a common nature and responsibilities shared by both genders. Just as men redraw the gender roles when they wash and cook during the course of da'wa tours, women undertake the male responsibility of sustaining the household.[40] Women do not play any role in the higher echelons of the movement,[31] but their opinions are taken into due considerations. Women and the family members are being to told to learn Quran and follow 5 Amaals in every day life, Taleem of Ahadees, Quran recitation, 6 Points muzakera, and mashwara for daily life work and fikr for the whole world as people from around the world will be coming and they are the one who has to learn before they teach.[40]
Criticism and controversy
Lack of political activism
Tabligh Jamaat has been criticised—especially by
The difference of opinion regarding political participation also marks the fundamental difference between the Tablighi Jamaat and Islamist movements. While the Islamists believe that the acquisition of political power is the absolute requirement for the establishment of an Islamic society, the Tablighi Jamaat believes that mere political power is not enough to ensure effective organisation of the Islamic social order.[62] The exclusive focus of the Tablighi Jamaat's attention is the individual, and members believe the reformation of society and institutions will only be effective through education and reform of individuals. It insists that nations and social systems exist by the virtue of the individuals who form them; therefore, the reform must begin at the grass-roots with individuals and not at the higher level of political structure.[63]
Question: The first question we were asked was about a critical issue, so may Allah reward you well, because you have done the mental labor of giving your opinion on many critical issues of Tabligh Jamaat, but here are some more critical issues related to other points of view, which are answered. We would like to know, first briefly, then in detail, may God have mercy on you: The questioner said: What do you say about a principle of the Tabligh Jamaat, in which they say: We do not talk about four things when we go out (in da'wah work), because talking about those four things causes fitna. Because of the creation, these are: politics, jurisprudence, disagreement or ikhtilaf and party differences? Answer: And we pray to Allah, may Allah guide them! Initially we agree with them (Tabligh Jamaat) on politics, but not on the whole. The way we see it, I've said it many times before. We were interrogated in Syria, and there we were questioned by the intelligence agencies, unfortunately as they do in every Muslim country: you are gathering, partying, etc. etc. And I said: This party is for reform, not for politics, and after a long discussion of more than an hour when this Bathist (
Bath Partyor Hizbul Bas, a political party in Syria) interrogator did not find any way to be considered from a legal point of view, He said: Go then, go and give your dars (teachings), but do not talk about politics, although I explained to him: We call upon ourselves by calling for reform, that is to return to the Qur'an and the Sunnah as you have always heard and all your life. Stay, and I've explained it before, but now you go back to that: But don't get involved in politics. So this forces me to point out a few things to you. It is true that we do not engage in politics. Because getting involved in politics is not part of Islam, it is not right. Politics is part of Islam, and some Islamic scholars are familiar with Ibn Taymiyyah's book "Siyasah Shariah, Qadiman wa Hadisan" (Politics/policy of Shariah, Past and Present). The Islamic state does not fall outside politics, and what is the meaning of the word politics (siyasat)? That is: the policy of the people (siyasatun nas, b. in Arabic both policy and politics both are understood by the word siyasat) and establishing solutions to their problems, according to their present and future interests. We do not deny the need to involve ourselves in politics, but we have seen - and we have proof of this - that leaving politics is part of politics (ايّها المتأسلمون: من السياسه ترك السياسه) (Min as-Siyasah Taraqa al-Siyasah, from Politics (comes) to leave politics (the matter of)/the matter of leaving politics comes/came from politics). One has to participate in politics temporarily or temporarily, but it cannot be abandoned, otherwise how can a Muslim state be established without such politics? But those who should participate in politics must be scholars, scholars must be scholars according to the correct understanding of the Book (Qur'an) and Sunnah (ideology of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad) and according to the understanding of the Salaf al-Saliheen, etc., and that is why we agree with them (the Tabligh Jamaat) on this issue, we agree with them in general, but we do not agree with them in detail, so now we say: leaving politics is part of politics.
Ideological opposition
Tablighi Jamaat has received criticism in the Indian subcontinent from the
Tablighi Jamaat has been criticised for being retrogressive. The women in the movement observe hijab for which the movement has been accused of keeping women "strictly subservient and second string".[31]
Before the rule of Prince Muhammad bin Salman,
Allegations of extremism
- Denials of extremism
Tablighi Jamaat focuses on religion and generally avoids political activities and debates,[15] claiming that the reformation of society will be achieved through personal spiritual renewal.[1] It has been criticized by some Muslims for being too pacifist/quietist.[15] Its leaders have denied any links with terrorism,[15] denounced Al-Qaeda,[65] but admit to not controlling its membership.[66]
At least three western experts on Islam have testified to its apolitical, quietist and/or peaceful character:
- "peaceful and apolitical preaching-to-the-people movement" (Graham E. Fuller).[67][68][69]
- "completely apolitical and law abiding" (
- "an apolitical, quietist movement of internal grassroots missionary renewal" (Barbara D. Metcalf).[41][72]
According to the American Foreign Policy Council (AFPC), the Tablighi Jamaat teaches that jihad is "primarily as personal purification rather than as holy warfare".[73] Because of its disavowal of violent jihad, the Tablighi activities have been banned in Saudi Arabia and some Islamist groups have accused the Tabligh of weakening support for jihad amongst Muslims.[74]
This section may lack focus or may be about more than one topic.(May 2022) |
Fred Burton, Scott Stewart, Mumtaz Ahmad, and Shireen Khan Burki explain the connection between TJ and jihadism by the opinions that
- TJ shares much with groups that have been accused of breeding jihadis -- Wahhabis and other 'revivalist' Islamist movements. They share the same conservative Islamic values and lifestyle, strict Islamic belief system and rejection of secularism;[75][76][9] they "share the same core ideology and ultimate objectives (the expansion of Dar al Islam and the establishment of a global Caliphate)".[77][73] According to US officials (the U.S. Government has closely monitored Tablighi Jamaat since September 2001),[15] though the Tablighis do not have a direct link with terrorism,[15][78]the teachings and beliefs of Tablighi Jamat have been a cornerstone for joining in radical Muslim groups.
- By asking Muslims to "shun politics and public affairs", TJ leaves "a gap" in members' worldview/belief system; since "some people find they cannot ignore what is happening in the world around them, especially when that world includes wars". When jihadist groups "offer religiously sanctioned prescriptions as to how 'good Muslims' should deal with life's injustices", some TJ members listen.[9]
- In addition, Mumtaz Ahmad notes, its "apolitical stance" has helped reassure Muslim and non-Muslim states, governments and others who put severe restrictions on politically activist Islamic groups; it allows TJ to penetrate and operate in these societies.[8]
- Thus TJ provides "a cover, a conduit and a fertile recruiting ground for jihadi organizations such as Al Qaeda and Lashkar-i-Taiba".[77] TJ has been said to enable Al-Qaida "by supporting recruitment in radical madrassas and fundraising at mosques all over Pakistan."[79] Law enforcement officials says that Tablighi Jamaat's presence all around the world and its apolitical stance have been exploited by militant groups.[65] A former homeland security employee described Tablighi Jamaat as a "trans-national Islamist network".[80] According to Alex Alexiev, "perhaps 80% percent of the Islamist extremists have come from Tablighi ranks, prompting French intelligence officers to call Tablighi Jamaat the 'antechamber of fundamentalism.'"[67][81][82]
- In addition, some argue Tablighi Jamaat is not as apolitical as it might first appear. According to Patrick Sukhdeo, TJ is an extremely secretive group and the core of the group does not disclose how it operates. Despite claims of being apolitical, it has ties with the political and military sector of countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh.[77][67]
The Tablighi Jamaat operates in every sense as a secret society in this country [Britain], as much as elsewhere [...] Its meetings are held behind closed doors. We don't know who attends them. How much money it has. It publishes no minutes or accounts. It doesn't talk about itself. It is extremely difficult to penetrate.[83]
Some have compared the group's ideology to
The Tablighi Jamaat tried to expand the Abbey Mills Mosque into the largest mosque in the United Kingdom. The plan attracted controversy,[86] and the Tabligh was denied permission.[87]
Bans of the group in different countries
Tablighi Jamaat has been banned in Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, Russia and Saudi Arabia. In some Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, where its puritanical preachings are viewed as extremist.[88] In February 2020, a counter-terrorism operation in Russia led to the arrest of seven Tablighis and dismantled the terrorist cell affiliated to the Tablighi Jamaat. According to Russian intelligence, the terrorist cell was involved in dissemination of materials and radicalization. The Tablighi Jamaat has been banned in Russia since 2009. The Supreme Court of Russia also recommended the Tablighi Jamaat to be included into the list of terrorist groups monitored by the Kremlin.[89] On 10 December 2021, Saudi Arabia further warned against Tablighi Jamaat, calling it a "danger to society" and "one of the gates of terrorism", while all forms of innovated Islamic preaching are already banned in the kingdom. The announcement was made by the country's Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dr Abdullatif Al Al-Sheikh.[90] It is pertinent to note that all other Arab countries specifically Gulf Arabic countries such as United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman have Tablighi Jamat Maraakez (Centres) and many locals are openly involved in Tabligh activity.
# | Country | Banned since | Note | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Iran | [91] | ||
2 | Uzbekistan | [91] | ||
3 | Turkmenistan | [92] | ||
4 | Tajikistan | 2006 | [91][93] | |
5 | Kazakhstan | 2013 | Designated as extremist in Kazakhstan and now considered illegal. | [94][95] |
6 | Russia | 2009 | Banned by Supreme Court of Russia | [89] |
7 | Saudi Arabia | 2021 | Warned against by Ministry of Islamic Affairs of Saudi Arabia | [90] |
COVID-19 pandemic
Tablighi Jamaat attracted significant public and media attention during the COVID-19 pandemic.[96][97][98]
Malaysia
Between 27 February and 1 March 2020, the movement organised an international mass religious gathering at the
Indonesia
Despite the outbreak, Tablighi Jamaat organised a second international mass gathering on 18 March in Gowa Regency near Makassar in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Though the organisers initially rebuffed official directives to cancel the gathering, they subsequently complied and cancelled the gathering.[106][107]
Pakistan
Yet another gathering was organised in Pakistan near Lahore at
Ninety-four more Tableeghi Jamaat members tested positive for the coronavirus on 31 March 2020 in Hyderabad, in the Sindh province.[111]
India
The Tablighi Jamaat wanted to arrange the program somewhere in Vasai, Maharashtra. After the outbreak of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, the Government of Maharashtra and Mumbai Police called off the meeting. After the rejection from the Government of Maharashtra, the Nizamuddin faction the Tablighi Jamaat held the religious congregational program (Ijtema) in Nizamuddin West, Delhi.[112][113][114][115][116] There were also other violation of rules by foreign speakers including misuse of tourist visa for missionary activities and not taking 14-day home quarantine for travellers from abroad.[117]
The Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque added that the officials there"met the Ld. DM and apprised him of the stranded visitors and once again sought permission for the vehicles arranged by us," to clear the Markaz premises and take the devotees back home.[118]
"Under such compelling circumstances there was no option for Markaz Nizamuddin but to accommodate the stranded visitors with prescribed medical precautions till such time that situation becomes conducive for their movement or arrangements are made by the authorities," the Tablighi Jamaat HQ said.[118]
On 21 March the Markaz directed everyone "not to venture out until 9 PM as desired by the Prime Minister of India, therefore the plans to move back to their native places by way of means other than railways also did not materialise."[118]
At least 24 of the attendees had tested positive for the virus among the 300 who showed symptoms by 31 March 2020.[119] It is believed that the sources of infection were preachers from Indonesia.[120] Many had returned to their states and also housed foreign devotees without the knowledge of local governments.[121] and eventually started local transmissions especially in Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir and Assam. The entire Nizamuddin West area has been cordoned off by the police as of 30 March, and medical camps have been set up.[122] After evacuation from the markaz, of the scores of jamaat attendees, 167 of them were quarantined in a railway facility in south east Delhi amid concerns over their safety and transmission of the virus. The Tablighi Jamaat gathering emerged as one of India's major coronavirus hotspots in India,[123] after 1445 out of 4067 cases were linked to attendees according to the Health Ministry.[124][125] On 18 April 2020, Central Government said that 4,291 cases (or 29.8% Of the total 14,378 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in India) were linked to the Tablighi Jamaat, and these cases were spread across 23 states and Union Territories.[126]
Questions have been raised as to how the Delhi Police, which under direct control of the Union Home Ministry headed by the Home Minister & the then
People associated with the ruling
On 12 October 2020, Mumbai court discharged the members with the order stating they didn't act negligently to spread COVID and didn't disobey to the orders of the Indian authorities.[138]
Notable members
The Tablighi Jamaat has no membership lists nor formal procedures for membership, which makes it difficult to quantify and verify affiliations.[139]
The former chief minister of the Pakistani province of Punjab, Pervaiz Elahi is also a strong supporter of the Tablighi Jamaat. During his tenure in 2011, 75 kanals of land (3.8 ha, 9.4 acres) were purchased for a Tablighi Jamaat mosque at the Raiwind Markaz.[140]
In India, Munawar Faruqui, an Indian stand-up comedian, and Sana Khan, an ex-Bollywood star, and Arif Khan, an ex-Bollywood actor, are associated with Jamaat.[citation needed]
The Former Pakistan Presidents-
Singers, actors and models, including
are also affiliated with the movement.Former
In Malaysia, prominent actors and singers such as Azmil Mustapha, Nabil Ahmad, Aliff Aziz, Anuar Zain, Amar Asyraf, Dato' Nash and Dr Sam have all been involved with Tablighi Jamaat. One of Malaysia's most prominent actress Neelofa, has also participated in Tablighi Jamaat's Tours with her husband (PU Riz), as a result of which she now dons the Islamic face veil ever since.
See also
- List of Deobandi organisations
- Darul Uloom Deoband
- Islamisation
- Nizamuddin Markaz
- Raiwind Markaz
- Spread of Islam
- Saad Kandhlawi
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f "Tablighi Jama'at". Pew Research Center. 15 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ S2CID 144466130.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kuiper, Matthew J. (22 February 2018). "Tablighi Jamaʿat - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ Johny, Stanly (2 April 2020), "Explained, Who are the Tablighi Jamaat?", The Hindu, Chennai
- ^ Desai, Ebrahim (9 June 2007), "Fatwa # 15332 from Sri Lanka", Ask Imam, Online Islamic Q & A with Mufti Ebrahim Desai Darul Iftaa, archived from the original on 6 February 2012
"Tableegh literally means 'to convey'. Contextually, it refers to conveying the message of Islam." - ^ Taylor, Jenny (8 September 2009). "What is the Tablighi Jamaat?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Ahmad (1994), p. 524
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Burton, Fred; Scott Stewart (23 January 2008). "Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect Line to Terrorism". Stratfor Intelligence. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ a b Masoodi, Ashwaq (16 September 2013). "Inside the Tablighi Jamaat". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Howenstein, Nicholas (12 October 2006). "Islamist Networks: The Case of Tablighi Jamaat". www.usip.org. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d Sameer Arshad (22 July 2007). "Tabligh, or the enigma of revival". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
- ^ Dominic Kennedy and Hannah Devlin (19 August 2006). "Disbelief and shame in a community of divided faith". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
- ^ Howenstein, Nicholas (12 October 2006). "Islamic Networks: The case of the Tablighi Jamaat". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Takar, Nafees; Zahid, Noor (15 January 2016). "Are Conservative Muslim Tablighi Jamaat Pacifists or Extremists?". VOA News. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Ayoob 2007, p. 135
- LCCN 2016951736.
- ISBN 978-0-19-531395-6.
tablighi.
- ISBN 9781472532237. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Quran 3:104
- ^ a b Ballard 1994, p. 65
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Bibliography
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Further reading
- Alex Alxiev, Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad's Stealthy Legions, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2005, pp. 3–11
- Agwani, Mohammed (1986). Islamic Fundamentalism in India. Twenty-First Century India Society. OCLC 246335287.
- Alexiev, Alex (2005). "Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad's Stealthy legions". Middle East Quarterly.
- Ali, Jan A. (2012). Islamic Revivalism Encounters the Modern World: A Study of the Tablīgh Jamā‘at. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-6843-7
- Burki, Shireen (2013). "The Tablighi Jama'at:Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse?". Journal of Applied Security Research. 8: 98–117. S2CID 144466130.
- Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674010901.
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.
- ISBN 0-674-01575-4. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- Rabasa, Angel (2004). The Muslim world after 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. ISBN 0-8330-3712-9. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- Snehesh Alex Philip, What is Tablighi Jamaat? Organiser of Delhi event behind spike in India's Covid-19 count, The Print, 31 March 2020.
- Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674291416. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
- Sikand, Yoginder (1998). "The Origins and Growth of the Tablighi Jamaat in Britain". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 9 (2): 171–92. .
- Sikand, Yoginder (2002). The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jama'at (1920s–1990s): A cross cultural comparative study. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 978-8125022985.
- Jenny Taylor, What is the Tablighi Jamaat?, The Guardian, 8 September 2009.
- Stern, Jessica (2000). "Pakistan's Jihad Culture". Foreign Affairs. 79 (6): 115–26. JSTOR 20049971.
- Zargar, Nazir Ahmad (1999). Da Wah Methodology In Contemporary Perspective Dissertation Submitted For The Master of Philosophu In Islamic Studies (Thesis). India: Jamia Hamdard University. pp. 125–138.