Deobandi movement

Deobandi Movement
Clockwise from top: Darul Uloom Deoband, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Taqi Usmani, Shah Ahmad Shafi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

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The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a

Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri after the Indian Rebellion of 1857–58. They opposed the influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the Dars-i-Nizami associated with the Lucknow-based ulama of Firangi Mahal with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist and secular ideas during British colonial rule. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its participation in the pan-Islamist Khilafat movement and propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism

In terms of

Muslims in India

The movement has spread from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to the

militant

Foundation and expansion

Part of a series on the

Deobandi movement

Ideology and influences

Dars-i Nizami
Maturidi theology
Hanafi fiqh

Founders and key figures

Notable institutions

Darul ulooms and madrasas

Deoband
Mazahir Uloom
Nadwatul Ulama
Aminia
Shahi
Dabhel
Hathazari
Ashrafia
Karachi
Banuri Town
Bury
In'aamiyyah
List of Deobandi universities

Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat

Associated organizations

All India Muslim
Personal Law Board
Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa
Education Commission
Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh
Islamic Fiqh Academy, India
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
Tablighi Jamaat

Deobandi jihadism

Deobandi jihadism:

madrassa) known as Darul Uloom Deoband,^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7] where the Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Towards the time of the Indian independence movement and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of composite nationalism by which Muslims and Hindus were seen as one nation who were asked to be united in the struggle against the British rule.^[8]

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party

Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam.^[8] A group later dissented from this position and joined Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League, including Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Muhammad Shafi, who formed the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam in 1945.^[9]

Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat,^[8]^[10]^[11] the Deobandi movement began to spread.^[12]^[13] Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and Malaysia opened thousands of madaaris throughout the world.^[14]

India

The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7] and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.^[8]^[10]^[11]

Pakistan

Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% consider themselves Deobandi.

Shia organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.^[16] Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.^[16]

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the

TTP, SSP, Let, etc. have a militant character^[17] and have attacked and destroyed Sufi sites holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as Data Darbar in Lahore, Abdullah Shah Ghazi's tomb in Karachi, Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and Rahman Baba's tomb in Peshawar.^[17]

Afghanistan

Deobandi Islam is the most popular movement in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the Durand Line that separates Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[16]^[3] Moreover, prominent Afghan and Pakistani Taliban leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.^[18]

South Africa

The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian

Asad Madni. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are Jamiatul Ulama South Africa and the Muslim Judicial Council.^[20]

Iran

Students from various regions, including Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.^[21] This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[22] After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the Baloch tribes and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran.^[23] Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The Naqshbandi order played an important role for the Deobandi movement in the Persian-speaking world.^[24]

United Kingdom

In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.^[25] Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."^[25] In 2007, the Deobandis ran 17 seminaries (out of a total of 26 in the UK) and were producing 80 percent of home-trained Muslim clerics. They also ran 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques.^[26] In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars were controlled by the Deobandis.^[27]

Journalist Andrew Norfolk found that the leading Deobandi preacher loathed western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus.^[26] In 2015 Ofsted highlighted the Deobandi seminary in Holcombe as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".^[28] Norfolk disagreed with the assessment.^[29]

Beliefs

The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of the pre-colonial Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan, and it considers its visionary forefather to be Ismail Dehlawi (26 April, 1779 – 6 May, 1831).^[1]^[30]^[31]^[32] Dehlawi was a contemporary of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and they studied in Medina under some of the same teachers.^[33] Muhammad Iqbal said: "The Deobandi movement is neither a creed (Aqidah) nor a denomination (Tayifa) – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root."^[34]

Theology

Deobandis follow the

Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi.^[38]

The official Deobandi book,

kufr (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents.^[39]

According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ from Barelvis on three theological positions.[40] Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.^[41] This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.^[40]^[41] According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.^[40] Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad.^[40]^[41] Gangohi clarifies that although God has the ability to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would never do so".^[40]

Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

Main article: Deobandi fiqh

Deobandis are strong proponents of the doctrine of
madhhabs) of Sunni Islamic Law and discourage inter-school eclecticism.^[45] They themselves claim to be the followers of the Hanafi school.^[35]^[46] Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as Nur al-Idah, Mukhtasar al-Quduri, Sharh al-Wiqayah, and Kanz al-Daqa’iq, culminating their study of the madhhab with the Hidayah of al-Marghinani.^[47]

With regard to views on Taqlid, one of their main opposing reformist groups are the
Ghair Muqallid, the nonconformists, because they eschewed taqlid in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith.^[48] They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation, and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling.^[49] Almost since the very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a madhhab in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the Quran and Hadith.^[50]

Hadith

See also: Hadith studies

In response to this need to defend their madhhab in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to the study of Hadith in their madrasas. Their madrasa curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the Daura-e Hadis, the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the Sihah Sittah) are reviewed.^[51]
In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of Shaykh al-Hadith, or the resident professor of
Sahih Bukhari, is held in much reverence. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of Islamic reform movements of the colonial period.^[3]^[52]^[53]

Sufism

See also:
Sufi–Salafi relations

Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri outlined the creedal beliefs of Deobandis in his Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
where he stated that

Our way is following the greatest Imam,
Qadiri masters, and the most radiant way of the Suhrawardi
masters (Allah be pleased with them all). — Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)

However, Deobandis are strictly opposed to
Islamic prophet Muhammad, the celebration of Urs, and the Mourning of Ashura.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]
Deobandis also reject the building of structures over graves,
Sufi saints, as well as the practice of loud Dhikr, Qawwali, Wajd and Sama - seeing them as too "innovative" in nature.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58] Deobandis oppose various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha,^[59]^[60] which they label as Kufr and Shirk.^[60]

Deoband's curriculum combined the study of
logic, philosophy and science). At the same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the Chishti order.^[6] Taqi Usmani - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. Mahmood Ashraf Usmani, the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of Tariqa and Bay'ah based on the Pledge of the Tree incident.^[61] Ashraf Ali Thanwi graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband and was widely considered a preeminent Sufi of modern India.^[62]

Founders of the Deobandi school,

Fatihah on special occasions, and engaging in Sema.^[57]

Gangohi opposed the

Sufi views of Muhammad having unparalleled and unequal knowledge that encompasses the unseen realm.^[64]^[65] Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas against the Mawlid and stated it is an innovation (bidah),^[66] and opposed the practice of standing up in honour of Muhammad during Mawlid.^[66]

Zakariyya Kandhlawi, noted hadith scholar and Sufi Shaykh of Deobandis, says that,

The reality of "tasawwuf" is merely correction of intention. It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that you worship Him (Allah) as if you see Him."^[67]

Scholarship

Deobandi fiqh

Imdad-ul-Fatawa and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.^[72] Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in Afghanistan's judiciary system,^[73] with Taqi Usmani and Khalid Saifullah Rahmani recognized as prominent contemporary faqihs of the Deobandi school.^[74] Digital initiatives such as Darulifta-Deoband.com and Askimam demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh.^[75]^[76] A significant fatwa in Deobandi fiqh is the Fatwa of Peace for Humanity, issued by Farid Uddin Masood in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as haram or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition.^[77]

Politics

Deobandi jihadism

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, its expansion occurred through various madrasas, such as Darul Uloom Haqqania and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, with political support provided by Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S). Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghan jihad and later formed various organizations, including the Taliban. The most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established Islamic rule in Afghanistan. Sami-ul-Haq

, the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded as the "father of the Taliban."

Organizations

Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Sanaullah Amritsari and several other scholars including Kifayatullah Dehlawi who was elected its first interim president.^[83] The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state.^[84] The Constitution of India represents this contract.^[85]

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.^[86] The JUI formed when members broke from the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1945 after that organization backed the Indian National Congress against the Muslim League's lobby for a separate Pakistan.^{[citation needed]} The first president of the JUI was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam

Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi were the founders of the party.^[87] The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement,^[88]^[89]^[8] which cleaved closer to the Congress Party.^[90]^{[page needed]} The party was associated with opposition to Muhammad Ali Jinnah and against establishment of an independent Pakistan as well as criticism of the Ahmadiyya movement.^[91] After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad^[vague], nifaaz Hakomat-e-illahiyya and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in Lahore and in India it is based in Ludhiana

Tablighi Jamaat

Tablighi Jamaat, a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.^[92] Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.^[93]

Associated organizations

Associated militant organizations

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

Punjabi.^[99] The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.^[100]

Taliban

The Taliban ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,^[101] is an Islamic fundamentalist political and militant movement in Afghanistan. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until December 2001, with Kandahar as the capital. While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of

treatment of women.^[106]^[107]

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

Islamist militant groups based in the northwestern Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.^[108]^[109] Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of sharia and a plan to unite against NATO-led forces in Afghanistan.^[108]^[109]^[110]

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by

Pashtun.^[110]^[111]

Sipah-e-Sahaba

Shiite influence in Pakistan in the wake of the Iranian Revolution.^[112]^[113] The organization was banned by President Pervez Musharraf in 2002 as being a terrorist group under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997.^[112]^[113]

In October 2000 Masood Azhar, another militant leader, and founder of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."^[114] A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."^[115]

Institutions

Right after

Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam is the first established Deobandi madrassa in Bangladesh, which produced the scholars like Shah Ahmad Shafi, Junaid Babunagari. Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, Ontario, Canada, Darul Uloom Al-Madania in Buffalo, New York, Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan in Iran and Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah

are some top Deobandi institutions.

Notable members

Mahmud Deobandi (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.^[124]
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920) – Popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".^[125]^[126]
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)^[127]
Ubaidullah Sindhi (1863–1943) – Indian independence activist and Life Member of Jamia Millia Islamia.
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)^[128]
Hussain Ahmad Madani (1879–1957)^[129]
Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi (1884–1944) – Founder of Tablighi Jamaat.^[130]

Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)^[131]
Uzair Gul Peshawari (1886–1989), Indian independence activist and former head of Madrasa Rahmania in Roorkee.
Muhammad Shafi (1897–1976)^[132]
Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898–1982)^[133]
Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi (1910–1991), former head of the Islamic studies department of Jamia Millia Islamia.
Abdul Matin Chowdhury (1915–1990)^[134]
Fazlul Karim (1935–2006)^[135]

Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board.^[136]

Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi (1920–2015) – He was the founder director of Islamic Research Center Bangladesh, Dhaka & Many Deobandi school. Ex chairman of the Shariah Council of Many Islamic Bank.^[137]

Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018) – former Amir of the Tablighi Jamaat Pakistan Chapter.^[138]

Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)^[139]
Khalid Mahmood (1925–2020) – UK. He was the founder and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.^[140] which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor at Murray College Sialkot and also at MAO College Lahore. He obtained a PhD in Comparative Religion from University of Birmingham in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).^[141]

Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri (1937-2017) – Senior Hadith Scholar and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur. He was among the senior students and disciples of Zakariyya Kandhlawi
.

Usman Mansoorpuri (1944-2021) – First National President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind's Mahmood faction.
Yusuf Motala (1946–2019) – UK; Founder and senior lecturer at Dar al-Ulum Bury, one of the oldest Deobandi Madrasas in the West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of the United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."^[142]
Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020) – Former Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[143]

Ebrahim Desai, South Africa – Mufti and founder of Askimam fatwa portal (1963–2021).^[123]
Taha Karaan, South African scholar and jurist (1969–2021).

Contemporary Deobandis

Mahmudul Hasan, Bangladesh – President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh and Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Chancellor of Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania, Amir of Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq Bangladesh.^[144]
Syed Rezaul Karim Vice President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh and Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Amir of Islami Andolan Bangladesh, President of the Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board.
A F M Khalid Hossain – Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar.
Abdul Halim Bukhari, Bangladesh – Chancellor of Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya.
Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[145]

Syed Faizul Karim Senior Vice President of Islami Andolan Bangladesh. He is also the Vice President of Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board and Central Member of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh
Bangladesh Khelafat Youth Majlish.^[146]

Muhibbullah Babunagari, Chief advisor of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh (born 1935)
Rafi Usmani, Pakistan – Former President and senior lecturer of Darul Uloom Karachi.^[147]
Taqi Usmani, Pakistan – Vice-president of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Former judge on the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC, leading scholar of Islamic Finance,^[148] and often considered to be a leading scholar and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.^[149]
Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Pakistan – President of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
(F).

Nurul Islam Jihadi, Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh. (born 1948)
Mufassir from Bangladesh.^[150]

Tariq Jameel, Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher in the Tablighi Jama'at.^[151]

Ismail ibn Musa Menk, Zimbabwean scholar.^[152]
Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera, Mufti and founder of Whitethread Institute and Zamzam Academy.
Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband
.
Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi, founder and rector of Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah.
Mahfuzul Haque, secretary general of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh.
Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, founder and chief-Mufti of Darul Ifta Leicester.
Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, Iraninan Sunni Scholar who is regarded as a "spiritual leader for Iran’s Sunni Muslim population".^[153]
Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi, Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the founder of Darul Uloom Online.
Sufi Shaykh.^[154]

Publications about Deobandism

Islamic Revival in British India
Revival from Below
The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan
A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa, The Muslim World^[155]

References

General citations

^ ^a ^b Khan, Rehan (3 February 2020). "Shah Ismail Dehlawi, a Grandson of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Represented a Fusion of Sufism with Salafism". New Age Islam. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021.
^ "Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India".
^
CTC Sentinel. 2 (11). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 19–22. Archived from the original
on 21 January 2022.

^ "The Six Great Ones". Darul Uloom Deoband. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hashmi, Arshi Saleem (2016). "Historical Roots of the Deobandi Version of Jihadism and Its Implications for Violence in Pakistan". In Jawad Syed; Edwina Pio; Tahir Kamran; Abbas Zaidi (eds.). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan.
Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of Shah Waliullah and they set up an Islamic seminary at Deoband in UP
on 30 May 1866

^
ISBN 0521779332
.

^
ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6
.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ali, Asghar (9 April 2011). "Islamic identity in secular India". The Milli Gazette. The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami'at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur'an and hadith and opposing Muslim League's separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama's priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.
^ A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224
^
S2CID 144466130
.

^ ^a ^b Kuiper, Matthew J. (22 February 2018). "Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
ISBN 978-1472532237
. p. 191.

Bibliography

OCLC 16907808
.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deobandi movement.

v
t
e
Deobandi movement
Ideology and influences

Dars-i Nizami

Theology:
Maturidi

Fiqh:
Hanafi

Deobandi

Founders and key figures

Mamluk Ali Nanautawi

Imdadullah Muhajir Makki

Rahmatullah Kairanawi

Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri

Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi

Sayyid Muhammad Abid

Mahmud Deobandi

Muhammad Ali Mungeri

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri

Ashraf Ali Thanwi

Ubaidullah Sindhi

Anwar Shah Kashmiri

Kifayatullah Dehlawi

Hussain Ahmad Madani

Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi

Shabbir Ahmad Usmani

Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi

Zakariyya Kandhlawi

More

By country

Iran

South Africa

Notable institutions
Darul ulooms and Madrasas

Darul Uloom Deoband

Darul Uloom Karachi

Mazahir Uloom

List of Deobandi universities

List of Deobandi madrasas

Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat

Bhopal

Dewsbury

Dhaka

Nerul

Nizamuddin

Raiwind

Associated organizations

All India Muslim Personal Law Board

Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasa Education Commission

Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh

Islamic Fiqh Academy, India

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Tablighi Jamaat

Legacy

Bibliography
Islamic Revival in British India

Revival from Below

The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan

Index of related articles

Related

Deoband–Aligarh relations

Category:Deobandi movement

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Darul Uloom Deoband
People
Founders

Qasim Nanawtawi

Yaqub Nanautawi

Rafiuddin Deobandi

Sayyid Muhammad Abid

Fazlur Rahman Usmani

Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi

Vice-Chancellors

Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad

Marghubur Rahman

Abul Qasim Nomani

Rafiuddin Deobandi

Sayyid Muhammad Abid

Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi

Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi

Academic staff

Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband

Alumni

List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni
List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi‎

Publications

Monthly Darul Uloom

Al-Daie

Da'watul Haq

Darulifta-Deoband.com

Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband

History of Darul Uloom Deoband

Legacy

Bibliography

Centenary Celebration

Related

Deobandi movement
Index of Deobandi movement–related articles

Qasmi Cemetery

Category:Darul Uloom Deoband

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Islam topics
Outline of Islam
Beliefs

God in Islam
Allah

Tawhid

Muhammad
In Islam

Prophets of Islam

Angels

Revelation

Qadar

Judgement Day

Holiest sites

Five Pillars

Shahada

Salah

Sawm

Zakat

Hajj

History
Leaders

Timeline of the history of Islam

Succession to Muhammad

Early conquests

Golden Age

Historiography

Sahaba

Ahl al-Bayt

Shi'a Imams

Caliphates
Rashidun

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Córdoba

Fatimid

Almohad

Sokoto

Ottoman

Religious texts

Quran

Hadith

Tafsir

Seerah

Story of Prophets

Denominations

Sunni
Ash'arism

Atharism

Maturidism

Mu'tazili

Salafi
Wahhabism

Sufi

Shia
Twelver Shi'ism

Isma'ilism

Alawites

Alevism
Bektashi Alevism

Zaydism

Muhakkima/Khawarij
Azariqa

Moderate Kharijites
Ibadi

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Nation of Islam

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Lahori

Quranism

Non-denominational

Life
Culture

Animals

Art

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Calendar

Children

Clothing

Flags

Holidays

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LGBT

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Law
Jurisprudence
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Banking

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Sukuk

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Murabaha

Riba

Hygiene

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Miswak

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Toilet

Wudu

Sex

Haya

Marriage contract

Mahr

Mahram

Nikah

Nikah mut'ah

Zina

Other aspects

Baligh

Cleanliness

Criminal
Violence
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Islamic terrorism

Apostasy

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Death penalty

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Schools of islamic jurisprudence

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poetry

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Other
Other religions

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Apostasy

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List of former Muslims

List of ex-Muslim organisations

Related topics

Criticism of Islam
Muhammad

Quran

Cultural Muslim

Islamism
Criticism

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Qutbism

Islamophobia

Islamic view of miracles

Nursing

Persecution of Muslims
Minority Muslim

Sectarian

Quran and miracles

Symbolism

Islam portal

Category

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Islamism
Outline

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Islamic feminism

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Islamic republic

Islamistan

Islamization
of knowledge

Pan-Islamism

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Sharia

Shura

Turkish model

Two-nation theory

Ummah

Movements
Socio-political

Deobandi

Hizb ut-Tahrir
in Britain

in Central Asia

Islamic Defenders Front

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Millî Görüş

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in Egypt

in Syria

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Ansar

Khatmiyya

Political parties

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Green Algeria Alliance

Ennahda

Felicity Party

Free Cause Party

Hadas

Hezbollah

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Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami

Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

Jamiat-e Islami

Justice and Construction Party

Justice and Development Party (Morocco)

Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

National Congress

National Iraqi Alliance

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Malaysian Islamic Party

Prosperous Justice Party

Al Wefaq

Welfare Party

Fatah Alliance

State of Law Coalition

Islamic Action Front

United Arab List

Related

Ansar Allah

Taliban

Islamic modernism

Political leaders

Muhammad Abduh

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī

Qazi Hussain Ahmad

Hibatullah Akhundzada

Muhammad Asad

Hassan al-Banna

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Necmettin Erbakan

Muammar Gaddafi

Rached Ghannouchi

Safwat Hegazi

Muhammad Iqbal

Alija Izetbegović

Ali Khamenei

Ruhollah Khomeini

Abul A'la Maududi

Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi

Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani

Mullah Omar

Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Sayyid Qutb

Tariq Ramadan

Ata Abu Rashta

Rashid Rida

Navvab Safavi

Omar Bongo

Ali Shariati

Haji Shariatullah

Hassan al-Turabi

Malcolm X

Ahmed Yassin

Zia-ul-Haq

Rizieq Shihab

Salafi movement
Movements
Scholastic

Ahl-i Hadith

Madkhalism

Sahwa movement

Wahhabism

Political

Al Asalah

Authenticity Party

Al-Islah

Al-Nour Party
Islamist Bloc

People Party

Young Kashgar Party

Major figures

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Al-Albani

Ibn Baz

Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i

Safar al-Hawali

Rabee al-Madkhali

Muhammad Al-Munajjid

Zakir Naik

Salman al-Ouda

Ali al-Tamimi

Al-Uthaymin

Related

International propagation of Salafism

Islamic religious police

Petro-Islam

Salafi–Sufi relations

Militant Islamism/Jihadism
Ideology

Qutbism

Salafi jihadism

Movements

Militant Islamism based in
MENA region
Egyptian Islamic Jihad

Fatah al-Islam

Hamas

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

South Asia
Taliban

Lashkar-e-Taiba

Southeast Asia
Abu Sayyaf

Sub-Saharan Africa
Boko Haram

al-Shabaab

al-Qaeda
in the Arabian Peninsula

in Iraq

in North Africa

Major figures

Hibatullah Akhundzada

Anwar al-Awlaki

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Osama bin Laden

Akhtar Mansour

Mullah Omar

Juhayman al-Otaybi

Omar Abdel-Rahman

Ayman al-Zawahiri

Related

Islam and violence

Islamic extremism

Islamic terrorism

Jihad

Mujahideen

Slavery

Talibanization

Other topics
Texts

Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)

Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)

Principles (Asad, 1961)

Milestones (Qutb, 1964)

Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)

Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)

The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)

Historical
events

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization

Iranian revolution

Grand Mosque seizure

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

Popular Arab and Islamic Congress

Algerian Civil War

Faith Campaign

September 11 attacks

War on terror

Arab Spring

Arab Winter

Influences

Anti-imperialism

Anti-Zionism

Contemporary Islamic philosophy

Islamic response to modernity

Islamic revival

by region

Balkans

Gaza Strip

Sudan

United Kingdom

Related topics

Criticism

Political aspects of Islam

Political Islam

Islam in South Asia

North Africa

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