Vaughan
Vaughan | ||
---|---|---|
City of Vaughan | ||
Regional Municipality York | | |
Communities | List of major subdivisions | |
Settled | 1792 | |
Incorporated | ||
• Township | 1850 | |
• City | 1991 | |
Government | ||
• Type | 905, 289, 365, and 742 | |
Website | www |
Vaughan (/vɔːn/ vawn) (2021 population 323,103)[1] is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located in the Regional Municipality of York, just north of Toronto. Vaughan was the fastest-growing municipality in Canada between 1996 and 2006 with its population increasing by 80.2% during this time period and having nearly doubled in population since 1991.[2] It is the fifth-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area, and the 17th-largest city in Canada.
Toponymy
The township was named after Benjamin Vaughan, a British commissioner who signed a peace treaty with the United States in 1783.
History
In the late pre-contact period, the
The first European to pass through Vaughan was the French explorer Étienne Brûlé, who traversed the Humber Trail in 1615. However, it was not until townships were created in 1792 that Vaughan began to see European settlements, as it was considered to be extremely remote and the lack of roads through the region made travel difficult.
Despite the hardships of pioneer life, settlers came to Vaughan in considerable numbers. The population grew from 19 men, 5 women, and 30 children in 1800 to 4,300 in 1840. The first people to arrive were mainly Pennsylvania Germans, with a smaller number of families of English descent and a group of French Royalists. This migration from the United States was by 1814 superseded by immigrants from Britain. While many of their predecessors had been agriculturalists, the newer immigrants were highly skilled tradespeople, useful for a growing community.
Among the facilities established by this group were a number of hamlets, the oldest of which was
In 1846, the Township was primarily agricultural but had a population of 4,300. There were six grist mills and 25 saw mills.[7] By 1935, there were 4,873 residents.
However,
Incorporated in 1850 as Vaughan Township, a municipal government was established.
Two F2 tornadoes tore through the city of Vaughan during the Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak on August 20, 2009. Premier Dalton McGuinty and Mayor Linda Jackson toured the destruction the next day and reported 200 homes in critical shape and as many as 600 additional homes likely to be demolished. The tornadoes also ripped up trees, flipped cars, and left thousands of people without electricity. Vaughan declared a state of emergency because of the widespread damage.[10][11] No deaths were reported from the tornadoes, but one man who was injured in the storms suffered a heart attack the following morning.[12]
North American telephone customers placing calls to Vaughan may not recognize the charge details on their billings. Although Vaughan has been a single municipality since 1971, the local incumbent local exchange carrier, Bell Canada, splits the city into three historical rate centres–Kleinburg, Maple and Woodbridge. Part of the Thornhill rate centre extends into Vaughan. Indeed, Vaughan does not even appear in the telephone book.
Mayor and councillors
Vaughan is governed by a
City councillors meet at Vaughan City Hall, located in Maple. The city's City Hall was opened on September 25, 2011, and is named in memory of late Mayor
Vaughan is the first municipality in Ontario to have a Youth City Councillor. The youth city councillor is appointed as a non-voting member of Council every six months to represent the youth of Vaughan. Vaughan council originally rejected the proposal of a youth councillor but, after the Vaughan Youth Cabinet amended its proposal, Council accepted the recommendation.[14]
After serving as mayor for nine years, Lorna Jackson saw the Town of Vaughan become incorporated as the City of Vaughan.[15] Following the death of Mayor Lorna Jackson in 2002, Michael Di Biase was appointed mayor by Vaughan council by virtue of his position as one of two regional councillors representing Vaughan, Joyce Frustaglio was the other regional councillor. Gino Rosati, a Vaughan local councillor, was subsequently appointed by Vaughan Council to fill Di Biase's position as regional councillor and a by-election was held to fill Rosati's local councillor's position which was won by Linda Jackson, the daughter of Mayor Jackson. Di Biase first became involved in the city's politics in 1985, when he was elected as a local councillor in 1985. Di Biase retained the mayorship in the 2003 municipal election, defeating challenger Robert Craig.
In the municipal election on November 13, 2006, Di Biase was narrowly defeated by Linda Jackson, who was sworn in as mayor on December 4, 2006. On June 18, 2008, an audit of Jackson's 2006 campaign finances found that the politician exceeded her legal spending limit of $120,419 by at least $12,356, or 10 per cent. The auditors, LECG Canada Ltd., say that amount could almost double if what they believed to be unreported contributions in kind at various election events but couldn't prove are later verified.[16]
They also found other apparent contraventions of the Canada Elections Act, including at least five instances where associated companies made donations that exceeded the normal $750 donation limit per company.
On June 24, 2008, Vaughan Council voted unanimously to hire a special prosecutor to consider laying charges against Mayor Linda Jackson under the Municipal Elections Act in reaction to the auditors' report. Council hired Timothy Wilkin, "an expert in municipal law" to decide what if any charges are to be laid.[17] If Jackson is charged and found guilty, she would face punishments ranging from fines to removal from office.[needs update]
Subsequently, an audit was conducted on former Mayor Di Biase's 2006 election campaign funds. This exposed 27 contraventions under the Elections Act, along with a $155,000 anonymous cash payment made to his lawyer to cover his legal fees. Di Biase has refused to disclose who made this payment.[18]
On 25 October 2010, longtime MP Maurizio Bevilacqua was elected mayor and he assumed office in December 2010.
On 24 October 2022, former Ontario Liberal Party leader Steven Del Duca was elected mayor and he assumed office on November 15, 2022.
Geography
Vaughan is bounded by
Communities and identity
The city is made up of nearly a dozen historic communities. Likely as a result of the municipality being established when it was still largely a rural area with scattered settlements, most residents (and even non-residents) identify more with the larger communities than they do with the city as a whole and have greatly expanded their areas, and the City officially designates five in the urban area as major communities, with all of the built-up areas of the city considered as being within one of them. This includes corporations such as
- Woodbridge: North/South - Major Mackenzie[19]/Steeles, East/West - Hwy 400/Hwy 50
- Maple: North/South - King Vaughan Line/Rutherford, East/West - Bathurst/Hwy 400
- Thornhill: North/South - Hwys. 7 and 407 (Major Mackenzie for the area west of Bathurst)/Steeles, East/West - Yonge/Dufferin
- Concord: North/South - Rutherford/Steeles, East/West - Dufferin/Hwy 400
- Kleinburg: North/South - King Vaughan Line/Major Mackenzie, East/West - Hwy 400/Hwy 50
Vaughan Metropolitan Centre
The
When the Township of Vaughan officially became a town in 1971, it was made up four historic communities (Maple, Kleinburg, Thornhill, and Woodbridge) large enough to have their own village or town centres. Vaughan committed to building a new business and commercial core distinct from all of them. This commitment became policy in 1998 when Official Plan Amendment 500 called for the Vaughan Corporate Centre, as it was then branded, to become a focal point for business activity and major commercial development.[20]
It is served by the Vaughan Metropolitan Centre subway station, which is the northwestern terminus of Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway system. It is also a major transit hub for York Region Transit (YRT), as well as Viva and Züm bus rapid transit services.[21]
Climate
Vaughan, like much of the Greater Toronto Area, features a continental climate Dfb and has four distinct seasons.
Climate data for Woodbridge (Vaughan) Climate ID: 6159575; coordinates 43°47′N 79°36′W / 43.783°N 79.600°W; elevation: 164 m (538 ft); 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.0 (91.4) |
36.0 (96.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.6 (20.1) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.7 (12.7) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −34.5 (−30.1) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−29.4 (−20.9) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−34.5 (−30.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.3 (1.98) |
44.2 (1.74) |
49.2 (1.94) |
63.3 (2.49) |
79.1 (3.11) |
76.3 (3.00) |
70.4 (2.77) |
80.4 (3.17) |
84.6 (3.33) |
66.5 (2.62) |
78.3 (3.08) |
57.4 (2.26) |
799.8 (31.49) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 20.4 (0.80) |
23.2 (0.91) |
31.4 (1.24) |
59.6 (2.35) |
79.1 (3.11) |
76.3 (3.00) |
70.4 (2.77) |
80.4 (3.17) |
84.6 (3.33) |
66.0 (2.60) |
71.1 (2.80) |
34.6 (1.36) |
697.0 (27.44) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 29.9 (11.8) |
21.1 (8.3) |
17.8 (7.0) |
3.7 (1.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.45 (0.18) |
7.2 (2.8) |
22.8 (9.0) |
102.8 (40.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 13.5 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 137.4 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.2 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 6.5 | 108.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.2 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.23 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 34.3 |
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[22] |
Services
Health care
Vaughan was the largest city in Canada without a hospital
Fire services
Transportation
Vaughan offers a complex transportation infrastructure, which includes
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1971 | 16,189 | — |
1976 | 18,120 | +11.9% |
1981 | 30,386 | +67.7% |
1986 | 67,595 | +122.5% |
1991 | 115,477 | +70.8% |
1996 | 132,549 | +14.8% |
2021 | 323,103 | +5.5% |
[29][30][31][32][33][1] |
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Vaughan had a population of 323,103 living in 103,914 of its 107,159 total private dwellings, a change of 5.5% from its 2016 population of 306,233. With a land area of 272.44 km2 (105.19 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,186.0/km2 (3,071.6/sq mi) in 2021.[34]
Median age as of 2021 was 41.6, on par with the Ontario median age of 41.6.[1]
Language
According to the 2021 Census,
Religion
As of 2021, most reported religion among the population was
Ethnicity
Ethnic Origin (2021) | Population | Per cent |
---|---|---|
Italian | 85,030 | 26.5 |
Chinese
|
27,235 | 8.5 |
Jewish
|
25,325 | 7.9 |
Russian
|
18,245 | 5.7 |
Canadian | 17,780 | 5.5 |
East Indian | 17,330 | 5.4 |
Polish | 9,885 | 3.1 |
Filipino | 9,140 | 2.9 |
Portuguese | 8,300 | 2.6 |
English | 8,265 | 2.6 |
Vietnamese | 7,305 | 2.3 |
Ukrainian | 7,080 | 2.2 |
Iranian | 6,935 | 2.2 |
Irish | 6,715 | 2.1 |
Scottish | 5,895 | 1.8 |
As of 2021,
Panethnic group |
2021[35] | 2016[36] | 2011[32] | 2006[37] | 2001[38] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |||||
European[a] | 187,985 | 58.5% | 195,830 | 64.39% | 195,770 | 68.38% | 174,485 | 73.31% | 146,965 | 80.93% | ||||
South Asian | 35,890 | 11.17% | 30,610 | 10.06% | 27,725 | 9.68% | 20,370 | 8.56% | 10,665 | 5.87% | ||||
East Asian[b] | 33,855 | 10.54% | 26,420 | 8.69% | 18,035 | 6.3% | 13,070 | 5.49% | 8,550 | 4.71% | ||||
Middle Eastern[c] | 17,625 | 5.49% | 12,975 | 4.27% | 9,000 | 3.14% | 5,825 | 2.45% | 2,250 | 1.24% | ||||
Southeast Asian[d] | 16,920 | 5.27% | 15,525 | 5.1% | 16,320 | 5.7% | 9,655 | 4.06% | 4,725 | 2.6% | ||||
African
|
10,510 | 3.27% | 8,325 | 2.74% | 7,765 | 2.71% | 6,110 | 2.57% | 3,580 | 1.97% | ||||
Latin American | 8,320 | 2.59% | 7,360 | 2.42% | 6,055 | 2.11% | 4,810 | 2.02% | 2,165 | 1.19% | ||||
Indigenous | 675 | 0.21% | 630 | 0.21% | 555 | 0.19% | 320 | 0.13% | 180 | 0.1% | ||||
Other/Multiracial[e] | 9,540 | 2.97% | 6,465 | 2.13% | 5,080 | 1.77% | 3,355 | 1.41% | 2,515 | 1.38% | ||||
Total responses | 321,315 | 99.45% | 304,145 | 99.32% | 286,300 | 99.31% | 238,005 | 99.64% | 181,600 | 99.77% | ||||
Total population | 323,103 | 100% | 306,233 | 100% | 288,301 | 100% | 238,866 | 100% | 182,022 | 100% | ||||
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses |
Crime
The total crime against persons in 2017 was 619.43 per 100,000 population, with 1.49 per 100,000 being violations causing death.[39] Organized crime also has a notable presence in Vaughan.[40] Notable incidents include mob shootings outside the Terrace Banquet Hall in July 2013 resulting in two deaths, one of which was mobster Salvatore Calautti[41] and the Regina Sports Café in April 2014 resulting in the death of Carmine Verduci,[42] as well as the Woodbridge Cafe shooting at Islington Avenue and Highway 7 in June 2015.[43] Three killings in March 2017; on March 14, a 28-year-old Vaughan woman was shot as she sat in a car parked outside of a lighting business on Caster Avenue, on March 23, a shooting of a 26-year-old Ajax man at Jane Street and Highway 7,[44] and on March 30, a private social club shooting near Martin Grove Road and Highway 7.[45] In April 2017, Mayor Maurizio Bevilacqua spoke after the third March murder, stating people "should not live in fear".[46][47]
On July 18, 2019, the
Culture
Attractions
- Ahmadiyya Muslim community
- Boyd Conservation Area, park located east of Islington Avenue, south of Rutherford Road.
- Canada's Wonderland, Canada's largest amusement park, located on the east side of Highway 400 between Rutherford Road and Major Mackenzie Drive.
- Kortright Centre for Conservation, located between Rutherford Road and Major Mackenzie Drive east of Islington Avenue.
- McMichael Canadian Art Collection, located in Kleinburg.
- Vaughan Mills, a large shopping mall opened in 2004, which includes Legoland Discovery Centre[54]
- Reptilia Zoo, a 25,000 sq ft Reptile Zoo and Education Centre located near Vaughan Mills and Canada's Wonderland
- J. E. H. MacDonald House
Sports
Vaughan is home to many amateur sports teams for a variety of sports, with an organization running a league for each of the four major sports. There are also rep and select levels of these sports where the Vaughan Rangers, Vaughan Panthers, and Vaughan Kings represent the city in youth hockey,[55][56] the Vaughan Vikings represent the city in baseball,[57] the Vaughan Rebels represent the city in football,[58] and the Vaughan Panthers represent the city in basketball.[59] Vaughan also has a high softball following, with the Vaughan Vikings and Woodbridge Warriors offering house league and rep opportunities, as well as and adult World Series Slo Pitch league.[60] The city also hosts the Vaughan Flames, a youth organization exclusively for woman's hockey.[61] The name also belonged to the former CWHL hockey team that folded in 2010. Additionally, the Vaughan Vipers formerly played in the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. In 2012, the Vipers were decommissioned and withdrew from their league.[62]
The city is also home to numerous golf and country clubs. These include The National Golf Club of Canada, one of Canada's highest ranking golf clubs.[63]
Sport | Team | League | Years | Stadium | League
Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soccer | Toronto FC II | USL | 2015-2017 | Ontario Soccer Centre | 0 |
Vaughan Azzurri | L1O | 2014–present | North Maple Regional Park | 2 | |
Woodbridge Strikers | L1O | 2014–present | Vaughan Grove 1 | 0 | |
York Region Shooters | CSL | 1998–present | St. Joan of Arc Turf Field | 3 | |
Hockey | Vaughan Flames | CWHL | 1999-2010 | Vaughan Sports Village | 0 |
Soccer
Vaughan SC, Woodbridge SC and Kleinburg Nobleton SC offer house league and rep programs for youth soccer, as players for
Prior to 2018, Vaughan also played home to Toronto FC II, the United Soccer League affiliate team for Toronto FC.[67] Because the stadium's expansion to include more seating fell through, the team announced it would be moving to play in BMO Field/Lamport Stadium for the 2018 season.[68]
Media
Vaughan's weekly newspaper the Vaughan Citizen was first published in 2001 and has a circulation of roughly 59,000. The neighbourhood of Thornhill has its own weekly paper, the Thornhill Liberal. From 1878 to 2000 Vaughan's news was covered by The Liberal published in Richmond Hill.[69]
Lo Specchio is an Italian-language newspaper published in Vaughan since 1984.[70]
City Life is a Vaughan-specific lifestyle magazine published bi-monthly by Dolce Publishing since 2003.[71]
Film
More recently, Vaughan City Hall has served as a film location, when it was used as the new Red Center (the Rachel and Leah Center) in season 2 of Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale. It also served as the United Federation of Planets building and Office of the President in the season 1 finale of Star Trek: Discovery.
Education
York University in North York, Ontario lies on the Toronto side of the Toronto-Vaughan border. It is a major comprehensive university, with more than 43,000 students enrolled through 10 different faculties.
There are also a number of elementary and high schools in Vaughan, which operate under the York Region District School Board, the York Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (French-language Catholic schools) and Conseil scolaire Viamonde (French-language public schools). There is also a Waldorf school, the Toronto Waldorf School, which offers early childhood, elementary and accredited high school programs.
The American private Catholic Niagara University runs a branch campus in Vaughan, its first university in the city.[72] The Ontario branch of Niagara University opened a 12,000 square foot facility at Expo City in downtown Vaughan. This campus will offer Master of Science in Education and Bachelor of Professional Studies in Education programs.
Economy
Within the Greater Toronto Area, Vaughan is the third-largest employment center, after Toronto and Mississauga. With a real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $20.6 billion in 2018, it is the largest contributor (35%) to York Region's economy.
In 2018, the city was home to 12,105 businesses employing more than 222,000 people. Between 2008 and 2018, Vaughan's average annual employment growth was 3.2% and its business growth was 2.9%, exceeding provincial and national rates.
Manufacturing continues to dominate the local economy, accounting for 22% of total employment, followed by Construction (13%), Retail Trade (12%), Wholesale Trade (10%) and Transportation and Warehousing (6%). Small businesses with fewer than 20 employees account for 81% of all business establishments.
In 2018, the Accommodation and Food Services industry accounted for $295 million of Vaughan's real gross domestic product. Vaughan currently has 12 hotels and four motels with a total of 1,845 rooms. Development applications have been submitted that have the potential to add another 1,200 rooms to current supply in the coming years. Major tourism operators include Canada's Wonderland, Vaughan Mills, the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, the Kortright Centre for Conservation, LEGOLAND Discovery Centre, Reptilia, the mainstreet and village cores of Kleinburg, Thornhill, and Woodbridge.
Construction activity, as measured by value of building permits, has exceeded the $1 billion mark in eight of the last ten years.
As of 2018, the largest employers in Vaughan are:
- Canada's Wonderland
- United Parcel Service (UPS) Canada
- Canadian National Railway
- KPMG
- Bondfield Construction
- Ganz
- NPL Canada Ltd.
- Condrain Company Ltd.
- Ozz Electric
- Rollstamp Manufacturing
Vaughan is home to 184 Canadian or regional headquarters, including:
Archaeology
The Seed-Barker archeological site is a 16th-century
Notable people
Order of Vaughan
In 2016, to celebrate the city's 25th anniversary, Mayor Bevilacqua introduced the Order of Vaughan. This award is meant to be the highest honour bestowed by the city.[74] Initially, 25 recipients were given the award as a reflection of the anniversary; however, the city announced in 2017 that up to ten new individuals would receive the award each year thereafter.[75][76] The award is meant to recognize people in the categories of: accessibility, arts and entertainment, athletics, business, education, environment and spirituality, equity and diversity, health and wellness, media and communications, not-for-profit, philanthropy, public service, and science and technology.[77]
Twin cities
- Sora, Italy (1992)
- Ramla, Israel (1993)
- Sanjō, Japan (1993)
- Yangzhou, China (1995)
- Baguio, Philippines (1997)
- Delia, Italy (1998)
- Lanciano, Italy (2002)
See also
- List of townships in Ontario
- List of settlements in the Greater Toronto Area
Notes
- ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
- ^ Canada 2021 Census. Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Changes in population at the community level". A profile of the Canadian population: where we live. Statistics Canada. 2003-01-20. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- ^ Salvage excavations of nationally significant Huron sites in Vaughan continue into 2010. Cf., Gail Swainson, Toronto Star, First Nations want say in the preservation of important archaeological sites in Ontario Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Aug. 29, 2010; U of T basements hold thousands of remains Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Sept. 3, 2010; First Nation battles for history in court Archived 2012-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Sept. 10, 2010. See also Archaeological Services, Inc., "Stage 4 Salvage Excavation of the Baker Site Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine, June 2006.
- ^ University of Toronto, Anthropology Dept., Seed-Barker Site Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Rumble, Mrs. Arnold (1948-10-28). "Historical Notes on Maple" (PDF). The Liberal. Richmond Hill, Ontario. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
- ISBN 0-9692207-0-7.
- ^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 199. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
- ^ "History of Vaughan Road". The Tollkeepers Cottage and Early Roads such as Vaughan Road. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ Bulletin #4: Settlement, Education, Social and Political History. City of Vaughan Archives, Cultural Services Division. 1992.
- ^ "'Miracle no one killed' by Vaughan tornado, mayor says". Vaughan Citizen. 2009-08-20. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
- ^ "Relief and disbelief in Vaughan". Cnews.canoe.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Roberts, Rob (2009-08-21). "Vaughan man suffers heart attack after tornado injuries; McGuinty visits damaged neighbourhood". National Post. Retrieved 2009-08-21.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Vaughan Highlights Environmental Partnerships at 2006 Smog Summit". 2006-06-07. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ "Youth in Politics Article" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "City of Vaughan Celebrates 25 Years since Incorporation". GTA Real Estate News | Presented by Living Realty. 2016-09-27. Archived from the original on 2018-02-04. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
- ^ Vaughan mayor to face election-financing charges CBC News 25 June 2008
- ^ Vaughan mayor faces charges over election Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Phinjo Gombu, Toronto Star 25 June 2008.
- ^ Former Vaughan mayor Di Biase faces 27 election-related charges Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine Caroline Grech, Yorkregion.com 17 Sept 2009
- ^ "Vaughan–Woodbridge - Maps Corner - Elections Canada Online". www.elections.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
- ^ "Vaughan Corporate Centre OPA No. 500" (PDF). March 30, 1998.
- ^ "First Look: New TTC Map - Vaughan Metropolitan Centre". Vaughan Metropolitan Centre. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ "Woodbridge, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
- ^ "Ontario starts planning for new hospital in Vaughan". Canhealth.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Dobranowski, Alexis (May 28, 2009). "Where is our hospital?". Vaughan Today. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010.
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External links
- Official website
- Vaughan travel guide from Wikivoyage