ASEAN Football Federation

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

ASEAN Football Federation
AbbreviationAFF
Formation31 January 1984; 40 years ago (1984-01-31)[1]
Founded atJakarta, Indonesia
TypeFootball organisation
HeadquartersPutrajaya, Malaysia
Region served
Southeast Asia & Australia
Membership
12 associations
Official language
English
Cambodia Khiev Sameth
Parent organization
AFC
Websiteaseanfootball.org

The ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) is an

organisation within the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and is an international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer in Southeast Asia. It consists of the federations of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.[1]

The AFF was founded by member states of, and is officially associated with, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).[2]

History

The AFF was established in

East Timor in 2004, and Australia in 2013.[4]

President

Year Name
1984–1994 Indonesia Haji Kardono
1994–1996 Thailand Vijit Ketkaew
1996–2007 Malaysia Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen
2007–2019 Malaysia Sultan Ahmad Shah
2019–present Cambodia Khiev Sameth

Members

It has 12 member associations,[5] all of whom are members of the Asian Football Confederation.

Code
Association Joined in National team National league
AUS Australia Australia 2013
  • W U17
    (Men, Women)
    BRU Brunei Brunei Darussalam* 1984
      (Men)
      CAM Cambodia Cambodia 1996
        (
        Men
        , Women)
        IDN Indonesia Indonesia* 1984 (Men, Women)
        LAO Laos Laos 1996 (
        Men
        , Women)
        MAS Malaysia Malaysia* 1984
          (Men, Women)
          MYA Myanmar Myanmar 1996
            (Men, Women)
            PHI Philippines Philippines* 1984
              (Men, Women)
              SGP Singapore Singapore* 1984
                (
                Men, Women
                )
                THA Thailand Thailand* 1984
                  (Men, Women)
                  TLS East Timor Timor-Leste 2004 (
                  Men
                  , Women)
                  VIE Vietnam Vietnam 1996 (
                  Women
                  )
                  Notes

                  (*) Founding member

                  Tournaments

                  National competitions

                  Men's

                  Women's

                  Club competitions

                  Men's

                  Women's


                  Current title holders

                  Competition Year Champions Title Runners-up Next edition[6]
                  Men's national teams
                  ASEAN Championship 2022 (Final)  Thailand 7th  Vietnam 2024 (Final)
                  U-23 Championship 2023  Vietnam 2nd  Indonesia TBD
                  U-19 Championship 2022  
                  Malaysia
                  2nd  Laos 2024
                  U-16 Championship 2022  Indonesia 2nd  Vietnam 2024
                  SEA Games Men's Football Tournament
                  2023 (Final)  Indonesia 3rd  Thailand 2025 (Final)
                  AFF Futsal Championship 2022  Thailand 16th  Indonesia 2024
                  SEA Games Men's Futsal Tournament
                  2021
                   Thailand 5th  Indonesia TBD
                  Beach Soccer Championship 2022  Thailand 2nd  Malaysia 2024
                  Women's national teams
                  AFF Women's Championship 2022 (Final)  Philippines 1st  Thailand TBD (Final)
                  U-19 Women's Championship
                  2023
                   Thailand 2nd  Vietnam TBD
                  U-16 Women's Championship 2019  Thailand 3rd  Laos TBD
                  SEA Games Women's Football Tournament
                  2023 (Final)  Vietnam 8th  Myanmar 2025 (Final)
                  SEA Games Women's Futsal Tournament
                  2021
                   Thailand 5th  Vietnam TBD
                  Men's club teams
                  ASEAN Club Championship 2005 (Finals) Singapore Tampines Rovers 1st Malaysia Pahang FA
                  2024–25
                  Futsal Club Championship 2023 (Final) Indonesia Black Steel Papua 1st Thailand Hongyen Thakam 2024
                  Women's club teams
                  Women's Futsal Club Championship 2016 (Final) Indonesia Jaya Kencana Angels 1st Thailand Khon Kaen TBD

                  Titles by nation

                  Nation National team National team (women) Club Total
                  AFF
                  U23
                  U19 U16 Futs BS AFF U19 U16 ACC
                  FutsM
                  FutsW
                   Thailand 7 1 5 3 16 2 4 2 3 6 49
                   Vietnam 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 14
                   Australia 5 2 1 1 1 10
                   Indonesia 1 1 2 1 3 1 9
                   Malaysia 1 2 2 1 6
                   Myanmar 2 2 2 6
                   Singapore 4 1 5
                   Japan* 1 1 1 3
                   Philippines 1 1
                   India* 1 1
                   Iran* 1 1
                   Brunei 0
                   Cambodia 0
                   Laos 0
                   East Timor 0
                  Total 14 4 18 15 17 4 12 3 5 2 7 2
                  Notes

                  (*) Champion as an invited team.

                  Tournament record

                  FIFA World Cup

                  FIFA World Cup record
                  Team 1930
                  Uruguay
                  (13)
                  1934
                  Kingdom of Italy
                  (16)
                  1938
                  French Third Republic
                  (15)
                  1950
                  Fourth Brazilian Republic
                  (13)
                  1954
                  Switzerland
                  (16)
                  1958
                  Sweden
                  (16)
                  1962
                  Chile
                  (16)
                  1966
                  England
                  (16)
                  1970
                  Mexico
                  (16)
                  1974
                  West Germany
                  (16)
                  1978
                  Argentina
                  (16)
                  1982
                  Spain
                  (24)
                  1986
                  Mexico
                  (24)
                  1990
                  Italy
                  (24)
                  1994
                  United States
                  (24)
                  1998
                  France
                  (32)
                  2002
                  Japan
                  South Korea
                  (32)
                  2006
                  Germany
                  (32)
                  2010
                  South Africa
                  (32)
                  2014
                  Brazil
                  (32)
                  2018
                  Russia
                  (32)
                  2022
                  Qatar
                  (32)
                  2026
                  Canada
                  Mexico
                  United States
                  (48)
                  2030
                  Morocco
                  Spain
                  Portugal
                  Argentina
                  Uruguay
                  Paraguay
                  (48)
                  2034
                  Saudi Arabia
                  (48)
                  Years
                   Indonesia[a] × × R1 × × × × × × 1
                  1. ^ Indonesia competed as the Dutch East Indies in 1938.

                  FIFA Women's World Cup

                  FIFA Women's World Cup record
                  Team 1991
                  China
                  (12)
                  1995
                  Sweden
                  (12)
                  1999
                  United States
                  (16)
                  2003
                  United States
                  (16)
                  2007
                  China
                  (16)
                  2011
                  Germany
                  (16)
                  2015
                  Canada
                  (24)
                  2019
                  France
                  (24)
                  2023
                  Australia New Zealand
                  (32)
                  2027
                  TBD
                  (32)
                  Years
                   Thailand R1 R1 2
                   Philippines R1 1
                   Vietnam × × × R1 1

                  Olympic Games men's football tournament

                  Olympic Games (Men's tournament) record
                  Team 1900
                  France
                  (3)
                  1904
                  United States
                  (3)
                  1908
                  United Kingdom
                  (6)
                  1912
                  Sweden
                  (11)
                  1920
                  Belgium
                  (14)
                  1924
                  France
                  (22)
                  1928
                  Netherlands
                  (17)
                  1936
                  Germany
                  (16)
                  1948
                  United Kingdom
                  (18)
                  1952
                  Finland
                  (25)
                  1956
                  Australia
                  (11)
                  1960
                  Italy

                  (16)
                  1964
                  Japan

                  (14)
                  1968
                  Mexico
                  (16)
                  1972
                  West Germany
                  (16)
                  1976
                  Canada
                  (13)
                  1980
                  Soviet Union
                  (16)
                  1984
                  United States
                  (16)
                  1988
                  South Korea
                  (16)
                  1992
                  Spain
                  (16)
                  1996
                  United States
                  (16)
                  2000
                  Australia
                  (16)
                  2004
                  Greece
                  (16)
                  2008
                  China
                  (16)
                  2012
                  United Kingdom
                  (16)
                  2016
                  Brazil
                  (16)
                  2021
                  Japan
                  (16)
                  2024
                  France
                  (16)
                  Years
                   Thailand GS GS 2
                   Malaysia GS 1
                   Myanmar GS 1
                   Indonesia QF 1

                  AFC Asian Cup

                  AFC Asian Cup record
                  Team 1956
                  Hong Kong
                  (4)
                  1960
                  South Korea
                  (4)
                  1964
                  Israel
                  (4)
                  1968
                  Iran
                  (5)
                  1972
                  Thailand
                  (6)
                  1976
                  Iran
                  (6)
                  1980
                  Kuwait
                  (10)
                  1984
                  Singapore
                  (10)
                  1988
                  Qatar
                  (10)
                  1992
                  Japan
                  (8)
                  1996
                  United Arab Emirates
                  (12)
                  2000
                  Lebanon
                  (12)
                  2004
                  China
                  (16)
                  2007
                  Indonesia
                  Malaysia
                  Thailand
                  Vietnam
                  (16)
                  2011
                  Qatar
                  (16)
                  2015
                  Australia
                  (16)
                  2019
                  United Arab Emirates
                  (24)
                  2023
                  Qatar
                  (24)
                  2027
                  Saudi Arabia
                  (24)
                  2031

                  (24)
                  Years
                   Thailand 3rd GS GS GS GS GS R16 R16 8
                   Vietnam 4th 4th QF QF GS 5
                   Indonesia GS GS GS GS R16 5
                   Malaysia GS GS GS GS 4
                   Cambodia 4th 1
                   Myanmar 2nd 1
                   Philippines GS 1
                   Singapore GS 1

                  AFC U-23 Asian Cup

                  Teams
                  2013

                  2016

                  2018

                  2020

                  2022

                  2024

                  2026
                  Total
                   Vietnam GS 2nd GS QF Q 5
                   Thailand GS GS QF GS Q 4
                   Malaysia QF GS Q 2
                   Indonesia Q 1
                   
                  Myanmar
                  GS 1

                  Asian Games men's football tournament

                  Football at the Asian Games was a senior tournament until 1998.
                  Football at the Asian Games has been an under-23 tournament since 2002.
                  Nation India
                  1951
                  (6)
                  Philippines
                  1954
                  (12)
                  Japan
                  1958
                  (14)
                  Indonesia
                  1962
                  (8)
                  Thailand
                  1966
                  (11)
                  Thailand
                  1970
                  (10)
                  Iran
                  1974
                  (15)
                  Thailand
                  1978
                  (14)
                  India
                  1982
                  (16)
                  South Korea
                  1986
                  (18)
                  China
                  1990
                  (14)
                  Japan
                  1994
                  (19)
                  Thailand
                  1998
                  (23)
                  South Korea
                  2002
                  (24)
                  Qatar
                  2006
                  (28)
                  China
                  2010
                  (24)
                  South Korea
                  2014
                  (29)
                  Indonesia
                  2018
                  (25)
                  China
                  2022
                  (23)
                  Years
                   Brunei DQ DQ 0
                   Cambodia 7th 19th 2
                   Indonesia 6th 4th 3rd 5th 5th 5th 4th DQ DQ 27th 11th 10th 11th 10
                   Laos 21st 27th 23rd 3
                   Malaysia 13th 3rd 10th 10th 3rd 7th 14th 15th 12th 12th 17th 23rd 16th 19th 12th 15
                   
                  Myanmar ( Burma
                  )
                  5th 3rd 11th DQ 1st 1st 7th 12th 13th 16th DQ 19th 10th 10
                   Philippines 11th 8th 8th 15th 4
                   Singapore 9th 10th 4th 11th 26th 19th 17th 7
                   Thailand 7th 6th 6th 12th 6th 10th 11th 4th 15th 4th 4th 7th 7th 4th 18th 14th 15
                   
                  East Timor
                  28th 24th 2
                   Vietnam ( South Vietnam) 7th 7th 4th 7th 9th 17th 19th 15th 14th 12th 4th 17th 11

                  FIFA U-20 World Cup

                  FIFA U-20 World Cup record
                  Team 1977
                  Tunisia
                  (16)
                  1979
                  Japan
                  (16)
                  1981
                  Australia
                  (16)
                  1983
                  Mexico
                  (16)
                  1985
                  Soviet Union
                  (16)
                  1987
                  Chile
                  (16)
                  1989
                  Saudi Arabia
                  (16)
                  1991
                  Portugal
                  (16)
                  1993
                  Australia
                  (16)
                  1995
                  Qatar
                  (16)
                  1997
                  Malaysia
                  (24)
                  1999
                  Nigeria
                  (24)
                  2001
                  Argentina
                  (24)
                  2003
                  United Arab Emirates
                  (24)
                  2005
                  Netherlands
                  (24)
                  2007
                  Canada
                  (24)
                  2009
                  Egypt
                  (24)
                  2011
                  Colombia
                  (24)
                  2013
                  Turkey
                  (24)
                  2015
                  New Zealand
                  (24)
                  2017
                  South Korea
                  (24)
                  2019
                  Poland
                  (24)
                  2023
                  Argentina
                  (24)
                  Years
                   Indonesia GS 1
                   Vietnam GS 1
                   Myanmar GS 1
                   
                  Malaysia
                  GS 1

                  FIFA U-17 World Cup

                  FIFA U-17 World Cup record
                  Team 1985
                  China
                  (16)
                  1987
                  Canada
                  (16)
                  1989
                  Scotland
                  (16)
                  1991
                  Italy
                  (16)
                  1993
                  Japan
                  (16)
                  1995
                  Ecuador
                  (16)
                  1997
                  Egypt
                  (16)
                  1999
                  New Zealand
                  (16)
                  2001
                  Trinidad and Tobago
                  (16)
                  2003
                  Finland
                  (16)
                  2005
                  Peru
                  (16)
                  2007
                  South Korea
                  (24)
                  2009
                  Nigeria
                  (24)
                  2011
                  Mexico
                  (24)
                  2013
                  United Arab Emirates
                  (24)
                  2015
                  Chile
                  (24)
                  2017
                  India
                  (24)
                  2019
                  Brazil
                  (24)
                  2023
                  Indonesia
                  (24)
                  Years
                   Thailand GS GS 2
                   Indonesia GS 1

                  FIFA U-20 Womens World Cup

                  FIFA U-17 Womans World Cup

                  FIFA Futsal World Cup

                  FIFA Futsal World Cup record
                  Team Netherlands
                  1989
                  (16)
                  Hong Kong
                  1992
                  (16)
                  Spain
                  1996
                  (16)
                  Guatemala
                  2000
                  (16)
                  Chinese Taipei
                  2004
                  (16)
                  Brazil
                  2008
                  (20)
                  Thailand
                  2012
                  (24)
                  Colombia
                  2016
                  (24)
                  Lithuania
                  2021
                  (24)
                  Uzbekistan
                  2024
                  (24)
                  Years
                   Thailand R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 6
                   Vietnam R2 R2 2
                   Malaysia R1 1

                  Rankings

                  National football team

                  AFF Men's National Football Team Ranking by FIFA
                  Update: 4 April 2024

                  Women's national football team

                  AFF Women's National Football Team Ranking by FIFA
                  Update: 15 March 2024

                  National futsal team

                  AFF Men's National Futsal Team Ranking by Futsal World Ranking
                  Update: August 2023

                  AFF FIFA Country Points
                  1 25  Thailand 1244
                  2 36  Australia 1121
                  3 37  Indonesia 1112
                  4 39  Vietnam 1107
                  5 79  Malaysia 856
                  6 84  Myanmar 842
                  7 119  Singapore 614
                  8 120  Laos 596
                  9 122  Cambodia 576
                  10 123  
                  East Timor
                  571
                  11 128  Philippines 540
                  12 131  Brunei 524

                  Women's national futsal team

                  AFF Women's National Futsal Team Ranking by The Roon Ba
                  Update: January 2022

                  AFF AFC World Country Points
                  1 3 11  Thailand 5598
                  2 4 23  Vietnam 5300
                  3 8 32  Indonesia 5154
                  4 9 33  Australia 5152
                  5 11 39  Malaysia 4988
                  6 13 44  Myanmar 4883
                  7 17 50  Philippines 4724
                  8 20 61  Laos 4369
                  * * *  Brunei
                  * * *  Cambodia
                  * * *  Singapore
                  * * *  East Timor
                  • Note: (*) Inactive

                  National beach soccer team

                  AFF Men's National Beach Soccer Team Ranking by BSWW
                  Update: 8 May 2023

                  AFF Country Points
                  1  Thailand 201
                  2  Malaysia 67
                  3  Indonesia 67
                  *  Australia
                  *  Brunei
                  *  Cambodia
                  *  Laos
                  *  Myanmar
                  *  Philippines
                  *  Singapore
                  *  East Timor
                  *  Vietnam

                  Women's national beach soccer team

                  AFF Women's National Beach Soccer Team Ranking by BSWW
                  Update: 2 December 2022

                  AFF Country Points
                  *  Australia
                  *  Brunei
                  *  Cambodia
                  *  Indonesia
                  *  Laos
                  *  Malaysia
                  *  Myanmar
                  *  Philippines
                  *  Singapore
                  *  Thailand
                  *  East Timor
                  *  Vietnam

                  National football league

                  AFF Men's National Football League Ranking by AFC

                  AFC Club Competitions Ranking 2024 footyrankings/

                  Update: 15 December 2023

                  AFF League Points
                  1 Thailand Thai League 1 49.212
                  2 Malaysia Malaysia Super League 31.118
                  3 Australia A-League Men 30.888
                  4 Vietnam V.League 1 28.524
                  5 Singapore Singapore Premier League 17.310
                  6 Philippines Philippines Football League 16.186
                  7 Indonesia Liga 1 Indonesia 14.589
                  8 Cambodia Cambodian Premier League 10.055
                  9 Myanmar Myanmar National League 7.474
                  10
                  Lao Premier League
                  1.198
                  11 Brunei Brunei Super League 0.100
                  12 East Timor Liga Futebol Amadora Primeira Divisão 0.000

                  Awards

                  AFF President Sultan of Pahang, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah said that:

                  "In recent years,

                  ASEAN
                  football has cultivated some serious talent, and the region is growing as a football powerhouse. We are gaining traction at a global level, and the time is right to honour the men and women who have dedicated their lives to the evolution and honour of the world’s most popular sport."

                  Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, who is also chairman of the Awards Selection Committee, said that as football in the region continued to develop and mature, the commitment demonstrated by ASEAN’s finest needed to be acknowledged.

                  The AFF Awards is held every 2 years, starting from 2013.[7][8]

                  ASEAN Goodwill Award

                  Year Recipient
                  2013 Malaysia Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah
                  2015 Malaysia Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah
                  2017 Myanmar Zaw Zaw

                  AFF Life Service Award

                  Year Recipient
                  2013 Malaysia Tengku Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Ahmad Rithauddeen
                  2015 Malaysia Dato' Sri Paul Mony Samuel
                  2017 Indonesia Haji Kardono

                  AFF Association of the Year

                  Year Association
                  2013 Myanmar Myanmar
                  2015 Myanmar Myanmar
                  2017 Vietnam Vietnam
                  2019 Indonesia Indonesia

                  AFF National Team of the Year

                  Year Men Women
                  2013  Singapore  Vietnam
                  2015  Thailand  Thailand
                  2017  Thailand  Thailand
                  2019  Vietnam  Thailand

                  AFF Player of the Year (men's)

                  Year Name Club
                  2013 Singapore Shahril Ishak Singapore LionsXII
                  2015 Thailand Chanathip Songkrasin
                  BEC Tero Sasana
                  2017 Thailand Chanathip Songkrasin Thailand Muangthong United
                  2019 Vietnam Nguyễn Quang Hải
                  Hà Nội

                  AFF Player of the Year (women's)

                  Year Name Club
                  2013 Vietnam Đặng Thị Kiều Trinh Vietnam Hồ Chí Minh City I
                  2015 Thailand Nisa Romyen Thailand North Bangkok University
                  2017 Thailand Waraporn Boonsing Thailand BG-Bandit Asia
                  2019 Thailand Pitsamai Sornsai Thailand Chonburi Sports School

                  AFF Youth Player of the Year (men's)

                  Year Name Club
                  2013 Laos Keoviengphet Liththideth Laos Ezra
                  2015 Myanmar Aung Thu Myanmar Yadanarbon
                  2017 Vietnam Đoàn Văn Hậu
                  Hà Nội
                  2019 Thailand Suphanat Mueanta
                  Buriram United

                  AFF Futsal Team of the Year

                  Year Men
                  2013  Thailand
                  2015  Thailand
                  2017  Thailand
                  2019  Thailand

                  AFF Futsal Player of the Year (men's)

                  Year Name Club
                  2013 Thailand Suphawut Thueanklang Thailand Chonburi Bluewave
                  2015 Thailand Jetsada Chudech Thailand Rajnavy
                  2017 Thailand Jirawat Sornwichian Thailand Chonburi Bluewave
                  2019 Vietnam Trần Văn Vũ
                  Thái Sơn Nam

                  AFF Coach of the Year

                  Year Men Name Women Name
                  2013  Singapore Serbia Radojko Avramović  Myanmar Japan Kumada Yoshinori
                  2015  Thailand Thailand Kiatisuk Senamuang  Thailand Thailand Nuengrutai Srathongvian
                  2017  Thailand Thailand Kiatisuk Senamuang  Vietnam Vietnam Mai Đức Chung
                  2019  Vietnam South Korea Park Hang-seo  Thailand Thailand Nuengrutai Srathongvian

                  AFF Referee of the Year

                  Year Men Women
                  2013 Singapore Abdul Malik Abdul Bashir Singapore Abirami Apbai Naidu
                  2015
                  Mohd Amirul Izwan Yaacob
                  Malaysia Rita Ghani
                  2017 Singapore Muhammad Taqi Myanmar Thein Thein Aye
                  2019
                  Sivakorn Pu-Udom
                  Australia Jacewicz Katherine Margaret

                  AFF Assistant Referee of the Year

                  Year Men Women
                  2013 Singapore Tang Yew Mun Malaysia Widiya Habibah Shamsuri
                  2015 Malaysia Azman Ismail Singapore Rohaidah Mohd Nasir
                  2017 Malaysia Mohd Yusri Muhamad Vietnam Truong Thi Le Trinh
                  2019 Singapore Ronnie Koh Min Kiat Thailand Hinthong Supawan

                  Best Goal in the AFF Suzuki Cup

                  Year Name Club Match
                  2012 Thailand Teerasil Dangda
                  Muangthong United
                  Semi Final (1st Leg)
                  Malaysia vs Thailand, 9 December 2012.
                  2014 Vietnam Lê Công Vinh
                  Becamex Binh Duong
                  Group A
                  Vietnam vs Indonesia, 22 November 2014.
                  2016 Indonesia Andik Vermansah
                  Selangor
                  Group A
                  Singapore vs Indonesia, 25 November 2016.
                  2018 Malaysia Syahmi Safari
                  Selangor
                  Semi Final (2nd leg) Thailand vs Malaysia, 5 December 2018.

                  AFF Best XI

                  See also

                  References

                  1. ^ a b c "AFF – The Official Website Of The ASEAN Football Federation". About AFF. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
                  2. ^ "ENTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH ASEAN" (PDF). ASEAN. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
                  3. ^ "About AFF – AFF – the Official Website of the Asean Football Federation". 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
                  4. ^ "Australia Officially in AFF". ASEAN Football Federation. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
                  5. ^ "AFF – Southeast Asian Football Federation Official Website – 12 Football Associations". Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
                  6. ^ "Calendar". www.aseanfootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). 24 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
                  7. ^ "INAUGRAL [sic] AFF AWARDS 2013 TO HONOUR ASEAN FOOTBALL HEROES". 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
                  8. ^ Bhas Kunju (3 April 2013). "Singapore win big at AFF Awards 2013". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.

                  External links