Alanya

Coordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E / 36.550; 32.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Alania.
Alanya
District and municipality
Castle and harbour of Alanya
Castle and harbour of Alanya
Coat of arms of Alanya
Coat of arms
Official logo of Alanya
Logo
Map showing Alanya District in Antalya Province
Map showing Alanya District in Antalya Province
Alanya is located in Turkey
Alanya
Alanya
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E / 36.550; 32.000
CountryTurkey
ProvinceAntalya
Government
 • MayorOsman Tarık Özçelik (CHP)
Area
1,577 km2 (609 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
364,180
 • Density230/km2 (600/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
07400
Area code0242
Websitewww.alanya.bel.tr

Alanya (/əˈlɑːnjə/ ⓘ; Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city, a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey.[2] It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. Its area is 1,577 km2,[3] and its population is 364,180 (2022).[1] The city proper has 189,222 inhabitants (2022).[4]

Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the

Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle
.

The

foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city, resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya. In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel has served two terms as the Mayor of Alanya, first elected in 2014 and then elected for a second time in 2019. In March 31st 2024 Turkish local elections Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party has been elected as the new Mayor of Alanya, making an historic mark as the Republican People's Party was able to win an election in the city after 74 years.[5]

Names

The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in

Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I's name. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro.[9] In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the 'i' and 'e' in Alaiye, reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933.[10][11]

History

Further information on medieval beylik period: Alaiye
A detailed drawing of a map of a distinct peninsula with a walled city, and a curved bay below it. Mountains are included on the right, as is a compass rose on the left.
Piri Reis map of Alanya from 1525 showing the extent of the medieval city and the location on the Pamphylia plain.

Finds in the nearby

Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port, begun under Diodotus.[15]

The

Cilicia Trachaea, in particular); though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere.[18] Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408.[19]

With the spread of

Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged. It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century.[20][21][22][23] No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[24]

Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos.[25]

A stone statue of a man in warrior clothes on horseback.
Statue of Kayqubad I in Alanya

Following the

Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240.[29]

At the

government monopoly.[28] On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence.[9]

A hill populated with houses slants down into a blue-green sea below a stone dock with five arches. A stone wall extends along the sea from the dock to the lower right.
The Seljuk era Tersane was a drydock for ships.

Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center.

province of Cyprus.[12] The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya's port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya's suburbs.[8] The city was reassigned in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today.[12] During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility, and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities.[6] Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century.[32]

After World War I, Alanya was nominally

population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city's Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens. The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914.[34] Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave, and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort. Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure.[35]

Geography

Map of the Alanya Peninsula

Located on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline.[36] From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland, Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district.[37] Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west route into the Mediterranean.[citation needed]

The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an

Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine.[38] The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya. This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ. The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window.[39] Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined.[40]

Blue-green sea surrounds a rocky peninsula covered by green trees and a stone castle wall with crenelations.
Tip of the Alanya Peninsula

The town is divided east–west by a rocky

Cleopatra" possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess' visit here or the area's inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony.[41] Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern, much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road, encircles the main town to the north.[citation needed
]

Climate

Alanya has a typical

subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot, and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan "where the sun smiles".[42] Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore.[43] The presence of the Taurus Mountain near to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings. The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on warm days in the city below. The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually, with an average August temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).[44]

Climate data for Alanya (1970–2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.7
(87.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.8
(100.0) 		40.8
(105.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		40.8
(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.1
(89.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		23.7
(74.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		19.4
(66.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.5
(59.9)
Record low °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 199.0
(7.83) 		149.4
(5.88) 		97.8
(3.85) 		70.7
(2.78) 		32.4
(1.28) 		8.5
(0.33) 		4.5
(0.18) 		2.7
(0.11) 		17.5
(0.69) 		98.5
(3.88) 		182.9
(7.20) 		231.2
(9.10) 		1,095.1
(43.11)
Average rainy days 13.8 11.6 9.5 8.5 4.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 2.1 6.6 9.9 13.0 81.8
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		57 57 61 63 66 66 64 65 58 55 59 60 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.1 127.1 192.2 219.0 288.3 348.0 325.5 316.2 273.0 220.1 159.0 133.3 2,728.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.1 4.5 6.2 7.3 9.3 11.6 10.5 10.2 9.1 7.1 5.3 4.3 7.5
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[45]
Source 2: Weather2 [46]
Alanya mean sea temperature[47]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
17.8 °C (64.0 °F) 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) 27.9 °C (82.2 °F) 29.0 °C (84.2 °F) 27.7 °C (81.9 °F) 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) 19.0 °C (66.2 °F)

Main sights

Ruins of a small stone domed structure built in a Byzantine style with tall windows. Grasses grow on the second level, as do trees behind it.
The Byzantine era Church of Saint Constantine inside Alanya Castle was also used as a mosque.

On the peninsula stands

Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226. Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack. In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center.[48] Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent.[49] The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas, well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century.[citation needed
]

The

drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with equilateral pointed arches.[49] The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad's authority, has been converted into a museum and heritage center.[52]

Atatürk's House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the "karniyarik" (stuffed eggplant) style. Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building, The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach.[53]

Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.[54] In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List.[55][56]

A panoramic view of a city beneath a mountain range with blue sea on both sides of a peninsula. On the peninsula is a castle wall and red roofed buildings. A young girl peers into the scene over the wall on the far left.
Panorama from west side of peninsula.

Demographics

Further information: Demographics of Turkey
Historic populations
Year District City
1893[34] 37914
1965[57] 43459 12436
1970[58] 53552 15011
1975[59] 63235 18520
1980[60] 74148 22190
1985[61] 87080 28733
1990[62] 129106 52460
1997[63] 235884 117311
2007[64][65] 226236 91713
2012[64][65] 264692 104573
2017[64] 299464 -
2022[64] 364180 -

From only 87,080 in 1985,

housing market bubble.[66] In 2007, the city itself had a population of 134,396, of which 9,789 are European expatriates, about half of them from Germany and Denmark.[67] 17,850 total foreigners own property in Alanya.[68] There are a lot of Iranians who have settled in the city. During the Persian New Year a lot of Iranians go to Alanya for vacation. The European expatriate population tends to be over fifty years old.[69] During the summer the population increases due to large numbers of tourists, about 1.1 million each year pass through the city.[36] Both Turks and Europeans, these vacationers provide income for much of the population.[citation needed
]

The city is home to many migrants from the

Ottoman slaves.[73] In 2018, it was estimated that around 300 Finns live permanently in Alanya and 3,000 during the Winter.[74] According to the TÜİK Institute of Statistics, as of October 2022, 55,000 foreigners live in the city, more than half of them are Russian speakers.[75]

Nationality[76][77][78][74]
Foreigners in Alanya
1  Germany 10,000
2  Denmark 3,821
3  Finland 3,000
4  Russia 769
5  Netherlands 634
6  Norway 521
7  England 475
8  Azerbaijan 383
9  Sweden 303
10  Ukraine 297

The city is nearly 99%

Protestant church with seasonal service opened with much fanfare, after receiving permission to do so in 2003, a sign of the growing European population in the city.[79] In 2015, the town began renovations of the Greek Orthodox Agios Georgios Church in the village of Hacı Mehmetli, and the church has been used for a monthly Russian Orthodox service.[80] Alanya also provides the Atatürk Cultural Center to Christian groups on a regular basis for larger religious ceremonies.[81]

Education and health

Further information: Education in Turkey
Several children dressed in blue wearing backpacks crowd around a small rock enclosure.
Young students from an Alanya school at their class garden

The city has 95%

Doğuş Holding.[82]

In 2005,

United States Ambassador to Turkey from 1952 to 1953 George C. McGhee, and based in his villa.[86] Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya, a teaching hospital run by Başkent University in Ankara is one of nineteen hospitals in Alanya.[87] Other major hospitals include the 300-bed Alanya State Hospital and the 90-bed Private Hayat Hospital.[88]

Culture

Kızıl Kule
, or Red Tower, is home to the city ethnographic museum.

Alanya's culture is a subculture of the larger

Kızıl Kule, which is otherwise home to the municipal ethnographic museum. The Jazz Festival hosts Turkish and international jazz musicians in a series of five free concerts.[92]

Two guitarists in blue shirts perform on stage in front of a blue and white poster in Turkish.
Rockcorn from Finland perform during the 2011 Alanya International Culture and Art Festival

The Alanya Chamber Orchestra, formed of members of the Antalya State Opera and Ballet, gave its inaugural performance on December 7, 2007.

Istanbul International Film Festival
was born in Alanya, as was actress Sema Önür.

Norwegian Constitution Day,[97] and the city set up a Christmas market in December 2010.[98] Iranians also celebrate the Persian New Year, Nevruz, in Alanya.[99]

Government

A tall sweeping stone triangle projects skyward behind the statues of a man and two children in bronze on a smaller podium. Around the base are placed several wreaths with logos. Palm trees surround the scene.
Many national celebrations are centered at the downtown Mustafa Kemal Atatürk monument.

Alanya was set up as a municipality in 1872, electing its first mayor in 1901. Today, Alanya is governed by a mayor and a municipality council made up of thirty-seven members.[100] Twenty-four councilors are from the centre-left Republican People's Party, nine are from the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, and four are of the Good Party. Mayor Osman Tarık Özçelik of the Republican People's Party was elected in 2024 by unseating the incumbent Adem Murat Yücel, who had previously been mayor since 2014.[101] Elections are held every five years, with the next to be held in March 2029.

Two older Turkish men stand facing each other, one bald, the other wearing a white cap, while a large crowd mingles behind them along a waterfront.
MP Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (on the left) was also President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

Alanya District is divided up into 17 municipalities, including the city center, and 92 villages.[102] Alanya is greatly influenced by the provincial government in Antalya, and the national government in Ankara, which appoints a governor for the district, currently Dr. Hulusi Doğan.[103] Although Alanya has been part of Antalya Province since the Ottoman Empire, many local politicians have advocated a separate Alanya Province, a position supported by associations of foreign residents.[104]

Nationally, in the

Member of Parliament representing Antalya Province in the Grand National Assembly, where he chairs the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population.[106] Çavuşoğlu is the current[when?] Turkish Foreign Minister and also served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.[citation needed
]

Economy

Dozens of baskets of brightly colored fruits and vegetables stacked around intersecting aisles at a market.
Locally grown fruits for sale in a market in the farming district of Obaköy, outside Alanya

The tourist industry in Alanya is worth just under 1.1 billion

citrus fruits were produced in 2006 across 16,840 hectares (41,600 acres). The greengage plum and the avocado are increasingly popular early season fruits where citrus fruits are becoming unprofitable.[108]

Despite the seaside location, few residents make their living on the sea, and fishing is not a major industry. In the early 1970s, when fish stocks ran low, a system of rotating access was developed to preserve this sector.[109] This innovative system was part of Elinor Ostrom's research on economic governance which led to her 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics.[110] In 2007, locals protested the establishment of some larger chain supermarkets and clothing stores, which have opened branches in Alanya.[111]

Beginning in 2003, with the provisional elimination of restrictions on

land purchases by non-nationals, the housing industry in the city has become highly profitable with many new private homes and condominiums being built for European and Asian part-time residents.[66] Sixty-nine percent of homes purchased by foreign nationals in the Antalya Province and 29.9% in all of Turkey are in Alanya.[68][112] Buyers are primarily individuals, rather than investors.[113] This housing boom put pressure on the city's many gecekondu houses and establishments as property values rise and property sales to locals fall.[114] A height restriction in the city limits most buildings to 21 feet (6.5 m).[115] This keeps high rise hotels to the east and west of the city, preserving the central skyline at the expense of greater tourist potential. The fringes of the city however have seen uncontrolled expansion.[116]

Tourism

Numerous white, blue, and orange boats float tied to a dock in a greenish sea. Mountains rise on the other side of a bay.
Tourism began following the opening of Damlataş Cave in the 1950s.

Since the first modern

cuisine.[120]

Other outdoor tourist activities include

wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating. Attractions include Europe's largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey's largest go-kart track.[121] Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves.[122]

Media

Alanya has 10 local daily newspapers.[36] One of these is Yeni Alanya, which includes the news and lifestyles magazine Orange and is available in English, German and Turkish. Two native German language newspapers are published in Alanya, the Aktuelle Türkei Rundschau and Alanya Bote for the community of German speaking residents and visitors. A monthly magazine Hello Alanya published in Alanya for foreigners, appearing in English and Dutch.[123] The free regional newspaper, Riviera News, is printed in English and is widely available in Alanya.

Five radio stations broadcast from the city.[36] Alanya FM Radyo broadcasts on 106.0 FM and is partnered with Radio Flash, on 94.0 FM, both broadcasting popular music.[124] Other stations include Alanya RadyoTime on 92.3 FM, which broadcasts a variety of Turkish music, news, and talk programming.[125] Two television stations are local to Alanya, Kanal Alanya, and Alanya Televizyonu, abbreviated ATV, which is partnered with Alanya RadyoTime.[126][127]

Transportation

Further information: Transport in Turkey
Dozens of sailboats crowd a marina under a cloudy sky along a mountain-lined coast.
Alanya Marina was opened in 2010 at a cost of $10 million with space for 437 boats.[128]

The

Antalya Gazipaşa Airport, first begun in 1992, is only 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the city, and was expected to have its first regular domestic flights on May 22, 2010, although international flights were not expected before the start of the 2011 tourist season.[129] No train routes go to Alanya or Antalya Province, and there are no train stations in the district.[130]

There are bus and

community bicycle program with 150 bicycles and twenty terminals.[136]

Sports

Two female beach volleyball player dressed in black receive a volley from two others dressed in red. Light blue boards covered in advertising enclose the sandy playing court.
Women's teams in the 2006 beach volleyball tournament

Alanya is home to a

Second League between 1988-1997 and 2014–2016. The club finally promoted to top level in 2015–16 season. In 2007, the city began constructing a new soccer facility with the intention of hosting winter competitions between major teams.[137] The public Alanya Municipality Sports Facility is located adjacent to Milli Egemenlik Stadium, which is one of thirteen facilities.[138][139]

Dozens of professional bicyclists race on a street lined with palm trees and pastel apartments.
The Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey features a stage in Alanya every year.

Alanya's waterfront location makes it suitable for certain events, and is perhaps most famous for its annual

European Volleyball Confederation to build a beach volleyball training facility in Alanya, and make it the exclusive "center of beach volleyball in Europe".[144]

The city is also a frequent host to national events, such as the annual beach

handball tournament.[145] Alanya is the traditional finish site of the seven-day Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, though organizers reversed the route in 2012, and started the event in Alanya instead.[146] Other cycling events include the Alanya International Mountain Bike Race.[147] Additionally, the European Cycling Union had its 2010 European road cycling championship and 2010 ordinary congress meeting in Alanya.[148]

Neighbourhoods

There are 103

neighbourhoods in Alanya District:[149]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

The most significant tie is with the city of Nea Ionia, where many of Alanya's Christians were resettled in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne. Alanya is twinned with:[150]

Friendly cities

Notable residents

See also

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Further reading

External links

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