Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)
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Austro-Turkish War of 1663–1664 | |||||||||
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Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars | |||||||||
Battle of Saint Gotthard | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Piedmont-Savoy Kingdom of Croatia | |||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Raimondo Montecuccoli Miklós Zrínyi Jean de Coligny-Saligny Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches | Fazıl Ahmed Pasha | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
82,700 (annual average)[6][a] 6,000 | 100,000 | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
20,000+ | 8,000[7]–10,000[8][9] |
The Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) or fourth Austro-Turkish War was a short war between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman aim was to resume the advance in central Europe, conquer Vienna and subdue Austria. The Ottomans managed to capture key strongholds, however, the Habsburg army under Raimondo Montecuccoli succeeded in halting the Ottoman army in the Battle of Saint Gotthard.
Prelude
The cause of this war was the invasion of Poland in 1657 by Prince
Emperor Leopold I, not wishing to see Transylvania fall under direct Ottoman control, sent Montecuccoli into Hungary with 10,000 men.[13] Montecuccoli's advance into Transylvania was met with contempt by the local populace and his army was ineffective due to disease and privation.[13]
Meanwhile, in order to liberate
1663 campaign
In the summer of 1663, an Ottoman army of more than 100,000 strong under
The Habsburg commander
After capturing Nové Zámky in 1663, Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia.[14] The invasion devastated eastern and southern Moravia, and the towns of Vsetín, Uherský Brod, Uherské Hradiště, Hodonín, Břeclav and Hustopeče were pillaged.[14] Thousands of Moravians were killed and the Turks and Tatars took 40,000 captives to be sold as slaves.[14]
1664 campaign
At the beginning of 1664, the Imperial Army was divided into three corps: In the south, 17,000 Hungarian-Croatian troops under the command of
This army of 66,500 men was not united, as the differences of opinion between the commanders were very strong, especially with Zrinski.
As a preparation for campaigns planned for 1664, Zrinski set out to destroy the strongly fortified Ottoman bridge (the
The Turks besieged and conquered Zrinski's stronghold Novi Zrin, which had to be abandoned when Montecuccoli refused to come to its rescue. Zrinski would never forgive this, which would eventually lead to the Magnate conspiracy ("Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy" (Croatian: Zrinsko-frankopanska urota) in Croatia, and "Wesselényi conspiracy" (Hungarian: Wesselényi-összeesküvés) in Hungary).
Battle of Saint Gotthard
After the conquest of Novi Zrin, the Ottoman main army marched towards Vienna. As the Ottoman army advanced into Hungary, it was stopped at the Rába river between Mogersdorf and the Szentgotthárd Abbey by Montecuccoli's army, where the Ottomans were charged and defeated by the Imperial forces.[15]
In the north of Hungary the army of de Souches had also won some smaller victories against Küçük Mehmed Pasha. Most importantly, he reconquered Nitra and Léva.
Peace of Vasvár
Nine days later, on August 10, 1664, the Peace of Vasvár was signed.[16] The Habsburgs recognized Ottoman control of Transylvania, Nagyvarad (Grosswardein) and Ersekujvar (Neuhausel), Habsburg troops were to be removed from Transylvania[16] and had to turn over numerous border fortresses,[5] and they agreed to pay an annual 200,000 florins to the Ottoman Empire.[4][17] In contrast, the Ottomans agreed to send annual "gifts" to the Habsburg Emperor of the same worth, allow the construction of a Habsburg fort along the Waag river, and granted a twenty-year truce.[4][5]
The major factor in the Habsburgs' decision for a peace treaty was the French threat to the much more valuable estates in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy.[18] Moreover, the Imperial war effort lost some of its momentum after the victory of Saint Gotthard, as the French withdrew from the coalition while other German princes were reluctant to advance further east. Hence, the Austrians did not believe they could liberate the whole of Hungary and were unwilling to leave the French advance unchecked for a few Hungarian fortresses.
Consequences
The Croats and Hungarians were outraged at the loss of the conquered territories and felt the initiative and momentum after the victory of Saint Gotthard should have been maintained.[5] The discontent from the Vasvar treaty led to the Magnate conspiracy.[5]
The peace in fact held for 20 years until the Ottomans attacked Vienna for the second time in 1683 and were pushed back from Hungary in the following Great Turkish War (1683–1699).
Notes
References
- ^ a b Hochedlinger 2015, p. 67.
- ^ Ágoston 2021, p. 490.
- ^ Pálffy 2021, p. 134.
- ^ a b c d Tucker 2019, p. 1311.
- ^ a b c d e Lipp 2011, p. 200.
- ^ a b Wilson 2016, p. 461.
- ^ Bodart 1908, p. 88.
- ^ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches volume: 11, p. 135.
- ^ Mehmed Raşid, İsmail Asım Küçükçelebizade, "Tarih-i Raşid" (History of Raşid), Istanbul, 1865.
- ^ Lodge 1908, p. 344.
- ^ White 1999, p. 272.
- ^ Lodge 1908, p. 344-245.
- ^ a b c d Lodge 1908, p. 345.
- ^ a b c Šístek 2021, p. 33.
- ^ Gagliardo 1991, p. 241.
- ^ a b Pálffy 2021, p. 137.
- ^ Carsten 1961, p. 490.
- ^ Tucker 2010, p. 641.
Sources
- Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press.
- Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905). Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- Carsten, F. L., ed. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 5, The Ascendancy of France, 1648-88. Cambridge University Press.
- Gagliardo, John G. (1991). Germany under the Old Regime 1600-1790. Routledge.
- Hochedlinger, Michael (2015). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. Taylor & Francis.
- Lipp, Charles T. (2011). Noble Strategies in an Early Modern Small State: The Mahuet of Lorraine. University of Rochester Press.
- Lodge, Richard (1908). "Austria, Poland, and Turkey". In Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 5:The Age of Louis XIV. Cambridge at the University Press.
- Pálffy, Géza (2021). Hungary Between Two Empires 1526–1711. Translated by Evans, David Robert. Indiana University Press.
- Šístek, František (2021). Imagining Bosnian Muslims in Central Europe: Representations, Transfers and Exchanges. Berghahn Books.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). "1663-1664:Central Europe: Hungary". A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. Two:1500-1774. ABC-CLIO. p. 641.
- Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2019). "Vasvar, Treaty of (August 10, 1664)". Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Vol. III. ABC-CLIO.
- White, George W. (1999). "Transylvania: Hungarian, Romanian, or Neither?". In Herb, Guntram Henrik; Kaplan, David H. (eds.). Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale. Rowman and Littlefield.
- Wilson, Peter H. (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.