Corynebacterium
| Corynebacterium | |
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blood agar plate
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Corynebacteriaceae Lehmann and Neumann 1907 (Approved Lists 1980)[2] |
| Genus: | Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)[1] |
| Type species | |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
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| Species | |
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See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
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Corynebacterium (aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name (coryneform means "club-shaped").
They are widely distributed in nature in the
human microbiota) and are mostly innocuous, most commonly existing in commensal relationships with their hosts.[3] Some, such as C. glutamicum, are commercially and industrially useful.[4][5][6][7] Others can cause human disease, including, most notably, diphtheria, which is caused by C. diphtheriae. As with various species of microbiota (including their relatives in the genera Arcanobacterium and Trueperella), they usually are not pathogenic, but can occasionally opportunistically capitalize on atypical access to tissues (via wounds) or weakened host defenses
.
Taxonomy
The genus Corynebacterium was created by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896 as a
Eubacteria with high G:C content, with close phylogenetic relationship to Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Streptomyces.[8]
The term comes from
pathogenic; for example, C. diphtheriae would be excluded.[citation needed] The term diphtheroid comes from Greek διφθέρα, diphthérā 'prepared hide, leather'.[11][12]
Genomics
Comparative analysis of corynebacterial genomes has led to the identification of several
G+C content ranging from 46-74 mol%.[14]
Characteristics
The principal features of the genus Corynebacterium were described by Collins and Cummins, for Coryn Taylor in 1986.chemoorganotrophs. They are pleomorphic through their lifecycles, they occur in various lengths, and they frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on the surrounding conditions.[17]
Some corynebacteria are
fermentative (such as C. amycolatum; C. argentoratense, members of the C. diphtheriae group, C. glucuronolyticum, C. glutamicum, C. matruchotii, C. minutissimum, C. striatum, and C. xerosis) or nonfermentative (such as C. afermentans subsp. afermentans, C. auris, C. pseudodiphtheriticum, and C. propinquum).[18]
Cell wall
The
L-Rhap-(1 → 4)--D-GlcNAc-phosphate. These form a complex commonly seen in Corynebacterium species: the mycolyl-AG–peptidoglican (mAGP).[21] Unlike most corynebacteria, Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii does not contain mycolic acids.[22]
Culture
Corynebacteria grow slowly, even on enriched media. In nutritional requirements, all need
blood agar, and trypticase soy agar (TSA). They form small, grayish colonies with a granular appearance, mostly translucent, but with opaque centers, convex, with continuous borders.[16] The color tends to be yellowish-white in Loeffler's medium. In TSA, they can form grey colonies with black centers and dentated borders that either resemble flowers (C. gravis), continuous borders (C. mitis), or a mix between the two forms (C. intermedium).[citation needed
]
Habitat
Corynebacterium species occur commonly in nature in soil, water, plants, and food products.birds, have been recently reported for Corynebacterium uropygiale.[19] Some species are known for their pathogenic effects in humans and other animals. Perhaps the most notable one is C. diphtheriae, which acquires the capacity to produce diphtheria toxin only after interacting with a bacteriophage.[23][24] Other pathogenic species in humans include: C. amycolatum, C. striatum, C. jeikeium, C. urealyticum, and C. xerosis;[25][26][27][28][29] all of these are important as pathogens in immunosuppressed patients. Pathogenic species in other animals include C. bovis and C. renale.[30] This genus has been found to be part of the human salivary microbiome.[31]
Role in disease
The most notable human infection is
Several species cause disease in animals, most notably C. pseudotuberculosis, which causes the disease
trichomycosis axillaris.[36] C. striatum may cause axillary odor.[37] C. minutissimum causes erythrasma
.
Industrial uses
Nonpathogenic species of Corynebacterium are used for important industrial applications, such as the production of amino acids[38] and nucleotides, bioconversion of steroids,[39] degradation of hydrocarbons,[40] cheese aging,[41] and production of enzymes.[42] Some species produce metabolites similar to antibiotics: bacteriocins of the corynecin-linocin type,[34][43][44] antitumor agents,[45] etc. One of the most studied species is C. glutamicum, whose name refers to its capacity to produce glutamic acid in aerobic conditions.[46]
L-Lysine production is specific to C. glutamicum in which core metabolic enzymes are manipulated through genetic engineering to drive metabolic flux towards the production of NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway, and L-4-aspartyl phosphate, the commitment step to the synthesis of L-lysine, lysC, dapA, dapC, and dapF. These enzymes are up-regulated in industry through genetic engineering to ensure adequate amounts of lysine precursors are produced to increase metabolic flux. Unwanted side reactions such as threonine and asparagine production can occur if a buildup of intermediates occurs, so scientists have developed mutant strains of C. glutamicum through PCR engineering and chemical knockouts to ensure production of side-reaction enzymes are limited. Many genetic manipulations conducted in industry are by traditional cross-over methods or inhibition of transcriptional activators.[47]
Expression of functionally active human
secretory pathway or the twin-arginine translocation pathway.[49]
Unlike gram-negative bacteria, the gram-positive Corynebacterium species lack
endotoxins in humans.[citation needed
]
Species
Corynebacterium comprises the following species:[50]
- C. accolens Neubauer et al. 1991
- C. afermentans Riegel et al. 1993
- C. alimapuense Claverias et al. 2019
- "C. alkanolyticum" Lee and Reichenbach 2006
- C. ammoniagenes (Cooke and Keith 1927) Collins 1987
- C. amycolatum Collins et al. 1988
- C. anserum Liu et al. 2021
- C. appendicis Yassin et al. 2002
- C. aquatimens Aravena-Román et al. 2012
- C. aquilae Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 2003
- C. argentoratense Riegel et al. 1995
- "C. asperum" De Briel et al. 1992
- C. atrinae Kim et al. 2015
- C. atypicum Hall et al. 2003
- C. aurimucosum Yassin et al. 2002
- C. auris Funke et al. 1995
- C. auriscanis Collins et al. 2000
- C. belfantii Dazas et al. 2018
- C. beticola Abdou 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
- "C. bouchesdurhonense" Ndongo et al. 2017
- "C. bouchesdurhonense" Lo et al. 2019
- C. bovis Bergey et al. 1923 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. callunae (Lee and Good 1963) Yamada and Komagata 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. camporealensis Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 1998
- C. canis Funke et al. 2010
- C. capitovis Collins et al. 2001
- C. casei Brennan et al. 2001
- C. caspium Collins et al. 2004
- C. choanae Busse et al. 2019
- C. ciconiae Fernández-Garayzábal et al. 2004
- C. comes Schaffert et al. 2021
- C. confusum Funke et al. 1998
- C. coyleae Funke et al. 1997
- C. crudilactis Zimmermann et al. 2016
- C. cystitidis Yanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
- "C. defluvii" Yu et al. 2017
- "C. dentalis" Benabdelkader et al. 2020
- C. deserti Zhou et al. 2012
- C. diphtheriae (Kruse 1886) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. doosanense Lee et al. 2009
- C. durum Riegel et al. 1997
- C. efficiens Fudou et al. 2002
- C. endometrii Ballas et al. 2020
- C. epidermidicanis Frischmann et al. 2012
- C. faecale Chen et al. 2016
- C. falsenii Sjödén et al. 1998
- C. felinum Collins et al. 2001
- C. flavescens Barksdale et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. fournieri corrig. Diop et al. 2018
- C. frankenforstense Wiertz et al. 2013
- C. freiburgense Funke et al. 2009
- C. freneyi Renaud et al. 2001
- C. gerontici Busse et al. 2019
- C. glaucum Yassin et al. 2003
- C. glucuronolyticum Funke et al. 1995
- C. glutamicum (Kinoshita et al. 1958) Abe et al. 1967 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. glyciniphilum (ex Kubota et al. 1972) Al-Dilaimi et al. 2015
- C. gottingense Atasayar et al. 2017
- C. guangdongense Li et al. 2016
- "C. haemomassiliense" Boxberger et al. 2020
- C. halotolerans Chen et al. 2004
- C. hansenii Renaud et al. 2007
- C. heidelbergense Braun et al. 2021
- C. hindlerae Bernard et al. 2021
- C. humireducens Wu et al. 2011
- "C. ihumii" Padmanabhan et al. 2014
- C. ilicis Mandel et al. 1961 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. imitans Funke et al. 1997
- "C. incognitum" Boxberger et al. 2021
- C. jeddahense Edouard et al. 2017
- C. jeikeium Jackman et al. 1988
- C. kalinowskii Schaffert et al. 2021
- "C. kefirresidentii" Blasche et al. 2017
- C. kroppenstedtii Collins et al. 1998
- C. kutscheri (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1925 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. lactis Wiertz et al. 2013
- "C. lactofermentum" Gubler et al. 1994
- C. jeikliangguodongiiium Zhu et al. 2020
- C. lipophiloflavum Funke et al. 1997
- C. lizhenjunii Zhou et al. 2021
- C. lowii Bernard et al. 2016
- C. lubricantis Kämpfer et al. 2009
- C. lujinxingii Zhang et al. 2021
- C. macginleyi Riegel et al. 1995
- C. marinum Du et al. 2010
- C. maris Ben-Dov et al. 2009
- C. massiliense Merhej et al. 2009
- C. mastitidis Fernandez-Garayzabal et al. 1997
- C. matruchotii (Mendel 1919) Collins 1983
- C. minutissimum (ex Sarkany et al. 1962) Collins and Jones 1983
- C. mucifaciens Funke et al. 1997
- C. mustelae Funke et al. 2010
- C. mycetoides (ex Castellani 1942) Collins 1983
- C. nasicanis Baumgardt et al. 2015
- "C. neomassiliense" Boxberger et al. 2020
- C. nuruki Shin et al. 2011
- C. occultum Schaffert et al. 2021
- C. oculi Bernard et al. 2016
- C. otitidis (Funke et al. 1994) Baek et al. 2018
- "C. pacaense" Bellali et al. 2019
- "C. parakroppenstedtii" Luo et al. 2022
- "C. parvulum" Nakamura et al. 1983
- C. pelargi Kämpfer et al. 2015
- C. phocae Pascual et al. 1998
- "C. phoceense" Cresci et al. 2016
- C. pilbarense Aravena-Roman et al. 2010
- C. pilosum Yanagawa and Honda 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. pollutisoli Negi et al. 2016
- C. propinquum Riegel et al. 1994
- "C. provencense" Ndongo et al. 2017
- "C. provencense" Lo et al. 2019
- C. pseudodiphtheriticum Lehmann and Neumann 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
- "C. pseudokroppenstedtii" Luo et al. 2022
- C. pseudopelargi Busse et al. 2019
- C. pseudotuberculosis (Buchanan 1911) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. pyruviciproducens Tong et al. 2010
- C. qintianiae Zhou et al. 2021
- C. renale (Migula 1900) Ernst 1906 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. resistens Otsuka et al. 2005
- C. riegelii Funke et al. 1998
- C. rouxii Badell et al. 2020
- C. sanguinis Jaén-Luchoro et al. 2020
- "C. segmentosum" Collins et al. 1998
- "C. senegalense" Ndiaye et al. 2019
- C. silvaticum Dangel et al. 2020
- C. simulans Wattiau et al. 2000
- C. singulare Riegel et al. 1997
- C. sphenisci Goyache et al. 2003
- C. spheniscorum Goyache et al. 2003
- C. sputi Yassin and Siering 2008
- C. stationis (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Bernard et al. 2010
- C. striatum (Chester 1901) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. suicordis Vela et al. 2003
- C. sundsvallense Collins et al. 1999
- C. suranareeae Nantapong et al. 2020
- C. tapiri Baumgardt et al. 2015
- C. terpenotabidum Takeuchi et al. 1999
- C. testudinoris Collins et al. 2001
- C. thomssenii Zimmermann et al. 1998
- C. timonense Merhej et al. 2009
- C. trachiae Kämpfer et al. 2015
- C. tuberculostearicum Feurer et al. 2004
- C. tuscaniense corrig. Riegel et al. 2006
- "C. uberis" Kittl et al. 2022
- C. ulcerans (ex Gilbert and Stewart 1927) Riegel et al. 1995
- C. ulceribovis Yassin 2009
- C. urealyticum Pitcher et al. 1992
- C. ureicelerivorans Yassin 2007
- "C. urinapleomorphum" Morand et al. 2017
- C. urinipleomorphum corrig. Niang et al. 2021
- C. urogenitale Ballas et al. 2020
- C. uropygiale Braun et al. 2016
- C. uterequi Hoyles et al. 2013
- C. variabile corrig. (Müller 1961) Collins 1987
- C. vitaeruminis corrig. (Bechdel et al. 1928) Lanéelle et al. 1980
- C. wankanglinii Zhang et al. 2021
- C. xerosis (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Lehmann and Neumann 1899 (Approved Lists 1980)
- C. yudongzhengii Zhu et al. 2020
- C. zhongnanshanii Zhang et al. 2021
References
- ^ Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1896). Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik [Atlas and outline of bacteriology and textbook of special bacteriological diagnostics] (1st ed.). München: J.F. Lehmann.
- ^ Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1907). Lehmann's Medizin, Handatlanten X. Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik [Lehmann's Medicine, Handbook X. Atlas and outline of bacteriology and textbook of special bacteriological diagnostics] (4th ed.). Munchen: J. F. Lehmann.
- ^ PMID 15143043.
- S2CID 44274690.
- ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1.[page needed]
- PMID 15965888.)
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- Perseus Project.
- ^ βακτήριον, βακτηρία in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ διφθέρα in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "diphtheria". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- PMID 22390973.
- ^ Bernard, K.A.; Funke, G. (2012). "Genus I. Corynebacterium". In Goodfellow, M.; Kampfer, P.; Busse, H.J.; Trujillo, M.E.; Suzuki, K.; Ludwig, W.; Whitman, W.B. (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 245.
- ^ a b Collins, M. D.; Cummins, C. S. (1986). "Genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 350AL". In Sneath, P. H. A.; Mair, N. S.; Sharpe, M. E.; Holt, J. G. (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1266–76.
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- ^ Trichomycosis axillaris at eMedicine
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- ^ Yamada, K.; Kinoshita, S.; Tsunoda, T.; Aida, K., eds. (1972). The Microbial Production of Amino Acids. New York: Wiley.
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- ^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Corynebacterium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 21, 2022.
Further reading
Wikispecies has information related to Corynebacterium.
- Burkovski, Andreas, ed. (2008). Corynebacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-30-1.
- Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
- Database of Corynebacterial Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks
- Rollins, David M. University of Maryland: Pathogentic Microbiology: Corynebacterium [1]
- Khamis, A.; Raoult, D.; Scola, B. La (2004). "rpoB gene sequencing for identification of Corynebacterium species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (9): 3925–3931. PMID 15364970.
- Poetsch, A.; Haußmann, U.; Burkovski, A. (2011). "Proteomics of corynebacteria: From biotechnology workhorses to pathogens". Proteomics. 2011 (11): 3244–3255. S2CID 44274690.
- Goldenberger, D.; et al. (2014). "Extended characterization of Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens based on clinical strains from Canada and Switzerland". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (9): 3180–3183. PMID 24951802.
- Hacker, E.; et al. (2015). "Colonization of human epithelial cell lines by Corynebacterium ulcerans from human and animal sources". Microbiology. 161 (8): 1582–1591. PMID 26066797.
- Bernard, K. A.; Munro, C.; Wiebe, D.; Ongsanso, E. (2002). "Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (11): 4375–4381. PMID 12409436.
- Bittel, M.; Gastiger, S.; Amin, B.; Hofmann, J.; Burkovski, A. (2018). "Surface and Extracellular Proteome of the Emerging Pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans". Proteomes. 6 (2): 18. PMID 29673200.
- Ventura, M.; et al. (2007). "Genomics of Actinobacteria: Tracing the Evolutionary History of an Ancient Phylum". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 71 (3): 495–548. PMID 17804669.
- Hansmeier, N.; Chao, T. C.; Kalinowski, J.; et al. (2006). "Mapping and comprehensive analysis of the extracellular and cell surface proteome of the human pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae". Proteomics. 2006 (6): 2465–2476. S2CID 22745961.
- Riegel, P.; Ruimy, R.; Christen, R.; Monteil, H. (1996). "Species identities and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacteria isolated from various clinical sources". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 15 (8): 657–662. S2CID 9243014.
- Carfora, V.; et al. (2018). "Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans sequence types 325 and 339 isolated from two dogs with ulcerative lesions in Italy. [Internet]". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 30 (3): 447–450. PMID 29528813.
- Nishio, Y.; et al. (2007). "Evolutionary process of amino acid biosynthesis in Corynebacterium at the whole genome level. [Internet]". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (9): 1683–1691. PMID 15163767.
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