Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era

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Carlist standard

During 40 years of post-

PhD works - stands at around 50, the rest are articles in specialized reviews (pieces in popular newspapers or periodicals are not acknowledged here). Except some 15 titles, almost all have been published in Spain. The interest was scarce in the late 1970s and early 1980s, it grew in the late 1980s and since the early 1990s it remains stable, with some 30 titles published every 5 years.[1]

Overviews and synthetic works

A student unfamiliar with the subject should probably start with a large chapter dedicated to post-Civil War Carlism in general historical synthesis by Canal (2000):[2] comprehensive and non-partisan, it provides a good overview. Another option is a concise 20-page review of Caspistegui Gorasurreta and Vázquez de Prada (1995).[3] Definitely less valuable is a booklet of Dongil (2011),[4] dedicated almost exclusively to the period in question and equally general, but flawed by a loose essayist style. Alternatively, there is an article intended to provide a helicopter-view summary, but overfocused on internal fragmentation of the movement, written by Brioso (1996),[5] a sketchy overview in a section of the book of Alférez (1995)[6] and final chapter of Blinkhorn's (1975)[7] study, written during commencing transition and burdened with illusions of the author. There are 3 works to be followed as exhaustive, general in-depth attempts to capture the Carlist history during Francoism, all resulting from PhD research. The works of Caspistegui (1997)[8] and Martorell (2009)[9] are splendidly documented, though the former focuses on the 1960s and 1970s rather than the 1940s and 1950s, while the latter pursues a partisan, Progressist claim. Exactly the opposite, Traditionalist claim is pursued in the thesis of Rodón (2015),[10] the work founded on scarce own research. Final pages of Sagarra and Andrés (2014)[11] provide an illustrated and geography-focused overview. Works recommended only to students familiar with the subject and armed with appropriate criticism are writings on late Carlism by Clemente (1977[12] and 2003[13]), chapters in the general overview of Pérez-Nievas (1999)[14] and last essays in the volume of Miralles Climent (2004).[15] A general synthesis on right-wing politics during Francoism by Gil Pecharromán (2019) contains many paragraphs on Carlism.[16] The very recent work of an experienced Navarrese statesman Allí Aranguren (2021) is specifically calibrated as discussion on relations between Carlism and Francoism, with focus on the 1939-1955 period.[17]

Regional studies

Carlism has been traditionally most active in 3 areas:

Vascongadas, Navarre and Catalonia. Unfortunately, there is no attempt to capture the post-1939 movement history in the Basque Country in general; either specific sub-periods or specific issues are covered in scarce passages of the available books by López (2000),[18] Estornes (1976)[19] and Garate (1980)[20] or the articles of Toquero (1987),[21] Luengo (1990),[22] Sánchez (1994),[23] Calvo (1999),[24] Molina (2008),[25] and Vázquez de Prada (2012).[26] For Navarre, apart from a very sketchy overview of Miranda (1988),[27] there is excellent book of Villanueva (1998),[28] which, however, together with her minor contributions (1997, 2003)[29] deals only with the so-called „primer franquismo”. Mid-Francoism is covered by Vázquez de Prada (1995, 2006, 2011).[30] There is one major work (Carmona 1978)[31] and few lesser ones (Larraza 2005,[32] Baraibar 2006,[33] Larraza, Baraibar 2013[34]) which deal with political struggle to control the Pamplona ayuntamiento. A handful of articles traces cultural changes in Navarrese Carlism, almost all written by Caspistegui (1992, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004).[35] The very last period is tackled in a partisan book by Errea (2007),[36] which nevertheless provides detailed info on El Pensamiento Navarro and the Pamplonese realm. The best covered area is Catalonia thanks to an exhaustive study of Vallverdú (2014),[37] with a minor piece provided also by Thomàs (1992),[38] Cubero (1993),[39] Canals (1995)[40] and Campás (2007).[41] One book partially deals with the Francoist period in Valladolid (Herrera 2013)[42] another one in Valencia (Pérez 2010)[43] and one in Castellon (Miralles Climent, 2009).[44] Late Francoist period in Seville has been targeted by Somé Laserna (2011).[45] The Galician province of Orense earned a monograph by Rego Nieto (1985).[46]

Biographies and similar

There are a number of works which focus on individuals, though some, as general biographical studies, only partially deal with Carlism and politics. Perhaps the first one to be listed is definitely hagiographical biography of

José M. Oriol, Zavala (2008)[70] on Antonio Arrue, articles on the latter by San Martín (1976),[71] Martorell (2011)[72] and Sudupe (2012),[73] and another one by Wilhelmsen (2007) on Lizarza Inda.[74] Rather peculiar contributions are the album of Piñeiro (2005)[75] with paintings of Boveda and the work of Carmona (1995),[76] discussing how Alfonso Comín turned from a Carlist to a Communist. Rodezno, Arauz de Robles and Elías de Tejada are discussed in one article (2009).[77]

Sub-periods covered

The so-called early Francoism has recently been treated in major work of Miralles Climent (2018).

Massó (2005)[87] and Ipiña (2010),[88] insider stories from the project of launching Carlos Hugo in 1957-1966. Late-Francoism is covered in two recent PhD works. The one written by García Riol (2015)[89] is largely repetitive though also highly focused, non-partisan, based on newly available documents and pursuing a handful of interesting concepts. The one written by Miralles Climent (2015)[90] is a first-hand account from a Partido Carlista militant, perhaps the most instructive work written so far when it comes to understanding the rise of "socialismo autogestionario"; it contains also some 300 pages of documentary appendices. Minor works on late Francoism are articles offered by Cubero (1990),[91] Sánchez (2004),[92] Raguer (2004),[93] del Burgo (2011),[94] Campas (2013)[95] and Ferrer (2015).[96] A PhD dissertation was dedicated to the 1969-1980 period by Senent (2021),[97] with a later scaled-down article (2024).[98] Specific episodes are addressed in works of the Zubiaurs (2012),[99] Rodón (2015)[100] and the book by Domingo-Arnau (1998).[101] A number of works, though generally studying Francoism and extreme-Right groupings in the early 1970s, offer some insight into the Carlist realm as well, especially the books of de la Cierva (1978,[102] 1981[103] and 1987[104]), Rodríguez (1994[105] and 1997[106]) and the articles by Gallego (2008)[107] and Casals (2009).[108] Carlism and late Francoism was the subject of a series of lectures, organized in late 2018 in Pamplona.[109] Works by Senent (2020,[110] 2022[111]) and del Corno (2009)[112]
target the post-Francoist era, but contain large passages dedicated to final years of Francoism.

Key threads

In terms of key threads followed there are clearly two which attract most attention: Carlist position towards the Francoist regime and internal conflicts within Carlism, sometimes both merged as having been closely interrelated. Most of the works quoted earlier deal with these topics one way or another. All scholars – also those writing from Traditionalist and Progressist perspective - advance the thesis of intrinsic hostility between Carlism and Francoism, but there is no major scholarly work which systematically and comprehensively captures the problem of mutual relations between the two. The works approaching the topic are a collection of 3 essays by Martorell and Miralles (2009),[113] a brief study of Calero Delso (2003),[114] an analysis of the 1942 crisis by Thomas (2016),[115] of the 1956 deadlock by Zaratiegui and Garcia (2017)[116] and a synthetic overview by Alli Aranguren (2021).[117] In case of internal conflict it is quite the opposite: there are many works dedicated almost entirely to the problem, but they offer competitive visions emphasizing either change or continuity. The first one is championed by already noted book of Caspistegui; apart from minor works listed earlier, it is presented also in some sketchy overviews. Blinkhorn (1991),[118] Vázquez de Prada, Caspistegui (1991[119] and 1995[120]) and MacClancy (1998),[121] tend to view the change sympathetically, while Bartyzel (2011)[122] builds a case-study, striving to present a unique European phenomen of a large and historically grounded political movement turned into its own ruinous negation. The key work adhering to the continuity reading is already noted PhD thesis of Martorell and the booklet of Pérez-Nievas. Countless and highly repetitive books of Clemente, dealing with the history of Carlism in general, advance the same theory, also from the Progressist perspective (1995,[123] 1999,[124] 2006,[125] 2011,[126] 2013[127]). There is historiographical work which adheres to the continuity theory from the Traditionalist perspective, though the book of Gambra (1976)[128] seems to fall rather into philosophy. A particular and very focused case-study is an article of Vázquez de Prada on Carlism and the Francoist law on religious liberty (2017).[129]

Studies on theory and theorists

There are a number of works which are useful to a student of Carlist history during Francoism, but intended rather as studies on philosophy and political science. The Progressist perspective, overrepresented in historiography, is hardly present here; the only work noted is a treaty by the claimant himself (de Borbón 1977).

Elías de Tejada was dedicated a book by Ayuso (1994)[131] and a one edited by Sánchez (1995);[132] smaller pieces dedicated to the extremeño keep appearing in Annales de la Fundación Elías de Tejada (Cantero 1995, Ayuso 1999, Cecotti 2005, Ayuso 2008)[133] and other periodicals or books (Lamsdorff 1975, Lorca 1978, Vallet 1981, Díaz 1988, Fernandéz de la Mora 1989, Cienfuegos 1996, Turco 1998, Cuenca 2000, Giovine 2002, Bartyzel 2014).[134] Rafael Gambra earned a book by Ayuso (1998)[135] and a commemorative issue of Annales de la Fundacion Elías de Tejada (2004),[136] plus articles in other reviews (Ayuso 1998, Canals 2004, Forment 2009, Alvear 2009, Alvear 2014).[137] Similar intra-Traditionalist approach is a general study with many chapters dedicated to the Francoist era, written by Bartyzel (2015).[138] Unique non-partisan works are a general analysis with some sections on post-Civil-War Carlism by Novella (2007),[139] González (2005)[140] and his later brief encyclopedical entry (2008).[141] A work somewhat broader in scope as focusing on Traditionalism rather than on Carlism is a PhD thesis of Rodríguez Núñez (2014).[142]

Specific approaches

In historiography on Carlism during Francoism there is a tendency to depart from political analysis and focus on culture and anthropology. It is championed especially by MacClancy with his somewhat tilted but extremely interesting book (2000)[143] and an article (2009),[144] though also by Caspistegui with a number of his contributions (1997, 1999, 2007, 2012, 2013),[145] apart from studies on Navarre listed earlier. The phenomenon of Montejurra,[146] apart from both mentioned authors, is discussed also by Clemente (1978)[147] and - with regard to 1969 - by Martorell (2006),[148] while Mártires de la Tradición event is discussed in the article by Senent (2020).[149] The press is focused on by Cubero (1995a, 1995b),[150] Clemente (1999)[151] and Alquézar (2013),[152] while cinema is treated by Moral (2002).[153] Finally, other perspectives are offered by Blinkhorn (1990),[154] Calvo (1992)[155] and Miralles (2005).[156] Structural framework is at the foreground in very few works which study specific dedicated Carlist organizations; the one which attracted most attention is GAC, discussed in books by Onrubia (2001)[157] and Clemente (2016)[158] and articles by MacClancy (1989)[159] and Porro (1999).[160] MOT earned a minor piece by Cubero (2014)[161] and a major volume - composed mostly of documents, with rather brief analytics - by Miralles (2007),[162] which discusses also AET; the latter is separately treated by Vazquez de Prada (1998)[163] and Juncosa (2002),[164] while FARC was addressed by Onrubia (1999, 2003).[165] An ex-combatant organisation is approached by Nonell (2001).[166] The ETA war against Carlism, partially covering the late Francoist period, is discussed by Ibáñez (2017).[167] Unfortunately, there is no socio-economic approach to history of Carlism during Francoism, though incursions into the area may be found in the article of García Riol (2016)[168] and the paper of Miralles Climent (2000).[169]

Meta-historiography

Two works are documentary compilations and might serve as printed sources; the key one massive series by Santa Cruz[170] and another is a book edited by Clemente (1994).[171] There have been already a few meta-historiographical works published.[172] Perhaps the one to start with is a bibliography prepared by Rubio and Talavera (2012),[173] which does not cover works published beyond Spain and those after 2012; moreover, the authors do not quote ISBN numbers and overlooked some of the titles listed here. Another group of works are reviews of published works (not listed here) and attempts to discuss recent trends in Carlist historiography, partially covering also the Francoist era. A fairly old one is a 16-year-old chapter in already quoted work of Canal and similarly outdated articles of Larramendi (1996),[174] Martorell (2000)[175] and Gonzalez (2000);[176] later essays, almost entirely irrelevant for students of Francoism, are those of Boyd (2003)[177] Molina (2008),[178] Canal (2011),[179] Somé (2012)[180] and Olábarri (2014).[181] Appallingly relevant remains a note by Bullón de Mendoza (2013).[182] The same question – related to partiality and bias – is tackled head on and specifically with regard to Carlism by Martínez (2002).[183] Some proposals for future research were formulated - and partially met - 30 years ago by Blinkhorn (1986)[184] and more recently, by Caspistegui (2008).[185]

Footnotes

  1. ^ late 1970s: 10 titles, early 1980s: 2, late 1980s: 13, early 1990s: 33, late 1990s: 34, early 2000s: 37, late 2000s: 25, early 2010s: 37
  2. ISBN 8420639478
    , pp. 342-401
  3. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Del Dios, Patria, Rey al socialismo autogestionario. Fragmentación ideológica y ocaso del carlismo entre el franquismo y la transición, [in:] J. Tusell Gómez, A. Soto Carmona (eds.), Historia de la transición y consolidación democrática en España: (1975-1986), Madrid 1995, ISBN 843623314X, pp. 309-329
  4. ISBN 9788499819297
  5. ISBN 84-87863-46-9
    , pp. 155-171
  6. ISBN 8487863396
  7. ISBN 9780521086349
    , pp. 296-307
  8. ISBN 9788431315641
    , based on PhD thesis El carlismo: transformación y permanencia del franquismo a la democracia (1962-1977), [PhD thesis Universidad de Navarra] 1996
  9. ISBN 9788477682653
    . Perhaps one should note that a prologue to the latter, written by Juan-Cruz Alli Aranguren (Prologo, pp. 11-31), constitutes an ambitious stand-alone analysis of Carlism during the Francoist era
  10. ^ Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
  11. ^ Pablo Sagarra Renedo, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, Atlas ilustrado del Carlismo, Madrid 2014, ISBN, 9788467727173, esp. chapter VII, Del franquismo a la actualidad, pp. 217-248
  12. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo 1935–1972, Barcelona 1977, ISBN, 9788425307591
  13. ISBN 9788489644878
  14. ISBN 9788460589327
    , pp. 143-202
  15. ISBN 9788475600864
  16. ISBN 9788430623020
  17. ^ Juan-Cruz Allí Aranguren, El carlismo de Franco. De Rodezno a Carlos VIII [PhD thesis UNED], s.l. 2021
  18. ISBN 8476813260
  19. ISBN 9788470251863
  20. ISBN 9788470251986
  21. ^ José Maria Toquero, El Carlismo vasco-navarro y don Juan de Borbón. La influencia del Conde de Rodezno, [in:] II Congreso Mundial Vasco, Vitoria 1987, pp. 233-256
  22. ^ Felix Luengo Teixidor, La formación del poder local franquista en Guipúzcoa (1937-1945), [in:] Boletín Instituto Gerónimo de Uztáriz 4 (1990), pp. 83-94
  23. ^ Javier Sánchez Erauskin, Raices de la violencia: papel ideológico de las capitales vascas en el primer franquismo, [in:] Vasconia 26 (1998), pp. 285-294
  24. ^ Cándida Calvo Vicente, Franquismo y política de la memoria en Guipúzcoa. La búrsqueda del consenso carlista (1936-1951), [in:] Alicia Alted Vigil (ed.), Entre el pasado y el presente, Madrid 1999, pp. 163-182
  25. ISBN 9788423530694
    , pp. 167-204
  26. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, La reorganización del carlismo vasco en los sesenta: entre la pasividad y el "separatismo", [in:] Vasconia. Cuadernos de Historia-Geografía 38 (2012), p. 1111-1140
  27. ISBN 8436224957
    , pp. 469-480
  28. ISBN 9788487863714
  29. ^ Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), pp. 97–117, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 58 (1997), pp. 629–650
  30. ISBN 8477681791
    , pp. 163–176, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957-1960), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 72 (2011), pp. 393–406
  31. ^ Javier Felix Carmona Salinas, El Ayuntamiento de Pamplona, entre la democracia orgánica y el sufragio universal [MA Thesis Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 1978
  32. ^ María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo, [in:] La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia, Barcelona 2005, pp. 68-79
  33. ^ Alvaro Baraibar Etxeberria, Una visión falangista de la foralidad navarra, [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz 2006, pp. 9-37
  34. ^ Maria del Mar Larazza Micheltorena, Alvaro Baraibar Etxeberria, La Navarra sotto il Franchismo: la lotta per il controllo provinciale tra i governatori civili e la Diputacion Foral (1945-1955), [in:] Nazioni e Regioni, Bari 2013, pp. 101–120
  35. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, Francisco Javier Caspistegui, Rosario Adriana y Ruíz, El franquismo en Navarra y la crisis del carlismo: una aproximación a través de las fuentes orales, [in:] I Encuentro de Investigadores del Franquismo, Barcelona 1992, pp. 75-76, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Carmen Erro, El naufragio de Arcadia. Esbozo del cambio social en Navarra durante el franquismo. Mito y realidad en la historia de Navarra, [in:] IV Congreso de Historia de Navarra, vol. 3, Pamplona, 1999, pp. 107-131, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, La utopia de la identidad unitaria: Navarra y el carlismo, [in:] Investigaciones históricas 17 (1997), pp. 285-314, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El proceso de secularización de las fiestas carlistas, [in:] Zainak. Cuadernos de Antropología-Etnografía, 26 (2004), pp. 781-802, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Navarra y lo carlista. Símbolos y mitos, [in:] A. M. Duque, J. Martínez de Aguirre (eds.), Signos de indentidad histórica para Navarra, Pamplona 1996, pp. 355-370; also later works of the author, dealing with history of sports and leisure in the area, might be useful
  36. ISBN 9788477681922
    . The book, though re-edited version of PhD thesis accepted at Universidad de Navarra in 2002, should be approached with caution. Apart from clearly hagiographical („uno de esos hombres, con el corazón en su pueblo y la mente en lo universal”, p. 439) and partisan stand („nuestra gente”, p. 418), it contains glaring factual errors (e.g. claims that Juan Carlos was accepted as Franco’s successor in 1970, p. 347) and comments posed as quotations (p. 224), unclear whether editorial deficiencies or problems of competence and integrity
  37. ISBN 9788498837261
  38. ^ Joan Maria Thomàs, Carlisme Barceloní als anys quarenta: „Sivattistes”, „Unificats”, „Octavistes”, [in:] L’Avenc 212 (1992), pp. 12-17
  39. ^ Joaquín Cubero Sánchez, La prensa carlista de Cataluña durante la dictadura franquista, [in:] Josep Maria Solé i Sabaté (ed.), Literatura, cultura i carlisme, Solsona 1993
  40. ISBN 8486926890
    , pp. 95-101
  41. ISBN 9788495735225
  42. ISBN 9788495735287
  43. ^ Luis Pérez Domingo, 50 años de carlismo en valencia. Círculo cultural Aparisi y Guijarro, 1959-2009, Valencia 2010
  44. ISBN 9788475028361
  45. ISBN 9788469490761
    , pp. 355-368
  46. ^ Manuel Rego Nieto, El carlismo orensano, Orense 1985, ISBN 9788450515046
  47. ISBN 9788401530180
  48. ISBN 9788408040132
  49. ISBN 8480100788
  50. ISBN 9788495009999
  51. ISBN 9788489644601
  52. ISBN 9788408012474
  53. ISBN 9788427027930
  54. ^ Ana Marín Fidaldo, Manuel M. Burgueño, In memoriam. Manuel J. Fal Conde (1894-1975), Sevilla 1980
  55. ^ Ricardo Martínez de Salazar y Bascuñana, Manuel J. Fal Conde. La política como servicio de Dios y España, Cadiz 1998
  56. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Ultima entrevista a Fal Conde, [in:] Tiempo de Hístoria 4 (1978), pp. 13-23
  57. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, José María Valiente Soriano: Una semblanza política [in:] Memoria y Civilización 2012 (15), pp. 249–265
  58. ISBN 8492001658
  59. ISBN 8497725565
  60. ISBN 9788493884253
  61. ^ Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, El archiduque Carlos de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón, [in:] Historia y Vida 180 (1983), pp. 26-35
  62. ^ Iñigo Bolinaga Irasuegui, El carloctavismo, [in:] Historia 16/370 (2007), pp. 78-87
  63. ISBN 9788494101700
    , pp. 167-178
  64. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, La vuelta del octavismo a la Comunión Tradicionalista, [in:] Aportes 77 (2011), pp. 85-96
  65. ISBN 9788496062207
  66. ^ José Fermín Garralda Arizcun, Sin caer en el olvido. Jaime del Burgo Torres (1912-2005). Historiador polifacético en su tercer aniversario, [in:] Arbil 118 (2008)
  67. ISBN 8493109797
  68. ISBN 8487863949
  69. ^ Alfonso Ballestero, José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo, Madrid 2014, ISBN, 9788483569160
  70. ISBN 9788495438423
    , pp. XI-XXV
  71. ^ Juan San Martin, Antonio Arrue, [in:] Egan 1/6 (1976), pp. 15–17
  72. ^ Manuel Martorell Pérez, Antonio Arrue, Euskaltzaindiaren suspertzean lagundu zuen karlista, [in:] Euskera 56 (2011), pp. 847–872
  73. ^ Pako Sudupe, Antonio Arrue: Euskaltzaindiaren eta Francoren erregimenaren laguntzaile, [in:] Euskera 57 (2012), pp. 823–838
  74. ^ Alexandra Wilhelmsen, Francisco Javier de Lizarza Inda y la memoria histórica del Carlismo, [in:] Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea, 22/65 (2007), pp. 4-22
  75. ISBN 9788460965862
  76. ^ Francisco Carmona Fernandez, Cambios en la identidad católica: la juventud de Alfonso Carlos Comín, Madrid 1995
  77. ^ José Martín Brocos Fernández, Una pequeña historia del Carlismo del siglo XX a través de tres semblanzas: Tomás Domínguez Arévalo, José María Arauz de Robles y Francisco Elías de Tejada [in:] Arbil, 120 (2009)
  78. ISBN 9788416558711
  79. ISBN 8487863523
    , 9788487863523
  80. ISBN 9788423533657
  81. ^ Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, FET y de las JONS como fuente de disenso en el Franquismo a la luz del concepto "Resistenz", [in:] Ayer 126 (2022), pp. 79-105
  82. ISBN 9788416558407
  83. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, Juanistas y carlistas: el intendio de unión monarquica de 1957, [in:] Aportes 57 (2005), pp. 77–93
  84. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), pp. 179–208
  85. ^ Joaquín Cubero Sánchez, Los cambios organizativos en el carlismo, 1960-1972 (manurscipt), Gijón 1989
  86. ^ Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976. "Javier Lavardín" is a pen-name; according to some scholars the person behind it is José Antonio Parilla, according to the others Ramón Massó
  87. ^ Ramon Massó Tarruella, Otro rey para España: cronica del lanzamiento y fracaso de Carlos Hugo, Barcelona 2005 (no ISBN available], also his scaled down version, Ramón Massó, Otro rey era posible. Como rugió el poyecto Carlos Hugo, [in:] Miscellania Carlina, Solsona 2006, pp. 117-133
  88. ISBN 9788495735393
  89. ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015; the work develops earlier MA study of the author, Daniel Jesús García Riol, El Carlismo en la década de 1960: de la ilusión sucesoria a la oposición antifranquista [MA thesis UNED], Madrid 2010
  90. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015
  91. ISBN 8436224957
    , pp. 399-407
  92. ^ Ferran Sánchez-Agustí, Cristians, carlistes i comunistes, [in:] Fenomen religiós i carlisme. VII Seminari d’Historia del Carlisme, Solsona 2004, pp. 137-151
  93. ^ Hillari Raguer i Suñer, Els postcarlistes, [in:] Fenomen religiós i carlisme. VII Seminari d’Historia del Carlisme, Solsona 2004, pp. 77-85
  94. ^ Jaime Ignacio del Burgo Tajadura, El agónico final del carlismo, [in:] Cuadernos de pensamiento político 31 (2011), pp. 175-194
  95. ISBN 9788494101700
    , pp. 179-189
  96. ISBN 9788460658740
    , pp. 151-155
  97. ^ Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, El carlismo entre el tardofranquismo y la democracia: la redefinición ideológica [PhD thesis UNED], s.l. 2021
  98. ^ Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, Adhesiones y disensiones en el carlismo (1968-1980), [in:] Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea 46/1 (2024), pp. 143-161
  99. ^ José-Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, Elecciones a Procuradores familiares en Navarra en 1971, [in:] Aportes 27/79 (2012), pp. 147-167
  100. ^ Ramón Rodón Guinjoan, Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista, [in:] Aportes 88 (2015), pp. 169-201
  101. ^ José María de Domingo-Arnau, Operación Maestrazgo, Ulldecona 1998
  102. ISBN 8432056464
  103. ^ Ricardo de la Cierva, Historia general de España: Franquismo y transición 1981
  104. ^ Ricardo de la Cierva, La derecha sin remedio (1801-1987): de la prisión de Jovellanos al martirio de Fraga 1987
  105. ISBN 9788400074425
  106. ISBN 9788420628875
  107. Ferrán Gallego
    , Nostalgia y modernización. La extrema derecha española entre la crisis final del franquismo y la consolidación de la democracia (1973-1986), [in:] Ayer 71 (2008), pp. 13-24
  108. Xavier Casals i Meseguer
    , La renovación de la ultraderecha española: una historia generacional (1966-2008), [in:] Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales 22 (2009), pp. 233-258
  109. ^ the series consisted of 5 lectures, either highly repetitive or focused on minor episodes: Manuel Martorell, Carlismo frente a franquismo, José Ángel Zubiaur, Cortes Trashumantes. Los orígenes de la Transición, Rosa Marina Errea, Javier María Pascual: con él llegó el escándalo, Juan Francisco Cerrillo Mansilla, SOS Biafra. Los inicios de la solidaridad internacional, Carlos Muntión, Monasterio de Valvanera: Expulsión de Carlos Hugo y radicalización del carlismo, see e.g. here
  110. ^ Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, La izquierda revolucionaria y el Partido Carlista, [in:] Historia del Presente 36 (2020), pp. 181-200
  111. ^ Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, La Comunión Tradicionalista (CT): de su formación a la unidad de los tradicionalistas (1975-1986), [in:] Investigaciones históricas: Época moderna y contemporánea 42 (2022), pp. 1233-1260
  112. ^ Nicola Del Corno, Federalismo e socialismo autogestionario. La “clarificación” carlista durante la Transizione, [in:] Spagna contemporanea 35 (2009), pp. 51-76.
  113. ISBN 9788495735386
  114. ^ Juan Pablo Calero Delso, Partido carlista o partido unico, [in:] Comunicación presentada en el V Encuentro de Historiadores sobre el Franquismo, CD release edited by Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 2003
  115. ISBN 9788499926346
  116. ^ Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Alberto García Velasco, José Luis Arrese, ¿falangista o tradicionalista?, [in:] Studia historica. Historia contemporánea 35 (2017), pp. 497-519
  117. ^ Juan Cruz Alli Aranguren, El carlismo en el franquismo. Del colaboracionismo a la clarificación ideológica, [in:] Espacio, tiempo y forma 33 (2021), p. 233-254
  118. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Tradicionalisme, Populisme i Socialisme: la causa carlina, 1931-1981, [in:] L’Avenc 154 (1991), pp. 56-65
  119. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, Francisco Javier Caspistegui, Tradicionalismo y política. Orígenes y evolución hasta el régimen de Franco, [in:] La política conservadora en la España contemporanes, 1868-1982, Madrid 1991
  120. ISBN 8436233158
    , pp. 309-329
  121. ^ Jeremy MacClancy, Aspectos de la evolución carlista durante el franquismo, [in:] Mito y realidad en la historia de Navarra, Pamplona 1998, pp. 205-216
  122. ISBN 9788393274116
    ; see also the earlier version, Jacek Bartyzel, “Don Carlos Marx”. Studium przypadku rewolucyjnej transgresji tradycjonalizmu w socjalizm w hiszpańskim karlizmie, [in:] Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia V/4 (2010), pp. 65-95
  123. ISBN 9788424507077
  124. ISBN 9788483741528
  125. ISBN 9788476814987
  126. ISBN 9788499671710
  127. ISBN 9788495414243
  128. ISBN 978-8425905865
  129. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El tradicionalismo carlista ante la libertad religiosa, [in:] Investigaciones históricas: Época moderna y contemporáne 37 (2017), pp. 480-509
  130. ISBN 8425309026
  131. ISBN 9788460495727
  132. ISBN 8486926890
    ; Bernardino Montejano, Las Españas Americanas según Elías de Tejada, pp. 109-119, Emilio Suñe Llinas, Filosofía política y ciencia política: en homenaje a Francisco Elías de Tejada, pp. 25-48, Pablo Badillo O’Farrell, Elías de Tejada como historiador de las ideas políticas, pp. 1-4, José Francisco Lorca Navarrete, La tradición andaluza según Elías de Tejada, pp. 103-108, Juan Vallet de Goytisolo, Elías de Tejada, filósofo de la sociedad, pp. 11-24, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Los fueros en el pensamiento jurídico y político de Elías de Tejada, pp. 61-73, Juan Antonio Sardina Páramo, Mis recuerdos personales de Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spinola, pp. 49-55, Consuelo Martínez-Siduna y Sepúlveda, La antinomia Europa-España según Elías de Tejada, pp. 75-93, Evaristo Palomar Maldonado, La Monarquía Tradicional en el pensamiento de Elías de Tejada, pp. 177-196
  133. ^ Estanislao Cantero Núñez, Francisco Elías de Tejada y la tradición española, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 1 (1995), pp. 123–163, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Un aporte para el estudio de la filosofía jurídico-política en la España de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 5 (1999), pp. 67-86, Samuele Cecotti, Francisco Elías de Tejada. Europa, Tradizione, Libertà, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 11 (2005), pp. 205-211, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola, 30 años después, [in:] Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada, 14 (2008), pp. 15–21
  134. ISBN 9788447206346
    , pp. 119-126, Francesco M. Di Giovine, Il Pensiero Tradizionalista nell’opera di Francisco Elías de Tejada, [in:] Quaderni degli Incontri Tradizionalista di Civitella del Tronto 2002, pp. 5-35, Jacek Bartyzel, Libertades concretas i libertad cristiana en el pensamiento de los maestros del tradicionalismo: Francisco Elías de Tejada, Rafael Gambra y Álvaro d’Ors, [paper delivered at Maestros del tradicionalismo hispánico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX conference], Madrid 2014, Jacek Bartyzel, Tradycjonalizm a dyktatura. Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola wobec frankizmu, [in:] Marek Maciejewski, Tomasz Scheffler (eds.), Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 36/2 (2014), pp. 7-33
  135. ISBN 9788473440424
  136. ^ Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 10 (2004): Carmelo López-Arias Montenegro, Rafael Gambra y el sentido del tiempo, pp. 166–169, Luis Hernando de Larramendi, Los Gambra y los Larramendi: una mistad carlista, pp. 171–174, Miguel Ayuso Torres, Rafael Gambra en el pensamiento tradicional español, pp. 162–164, Víctor Ibáñez, Rafael Gambra y las Juventudes Tradicionalistas, pp. 164–166 Miguel Ayuso Torres, In memoriam. Álvaro D'Ors y el tradicionalismo (A propósito de una polémica final), pp. 183–197, José de Armas, Fidelidad a los principios y lealtad a las personas Rafael Gambra en mi personal "Camino de Damasco", pp. 169–171, Manuel de Santa Cruz [Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta], Rafael Gambra. un hombre cabal, pp. 174–179
  137. ISBN 9788437625973
    , pp. 422–424, Julio Alvear Téllez, Rafael Gambra: una denuncia profética, la libertad religiosa, la tradición de los clérigos y la agonía de la ciudad humana, [in:] Verbo 473-474 (2009), pp. 225–242, Julio César Alvear Téllez, La comprensión del Estado laico y de la secularización del poder político según Lellinek, Gauchet, Schmitt y Gambra, [in:] Revista de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso 43 (2014), pp. 765–799
  138. ISBN 9788360748732
    ; see also on Traditionalism and totalitarianisms, Jacek Bartyzel, Tradycjonalizm (hiszpański) wobec faszyzmu, hitleryzmu i totalitaryzmu, [in:] Pro Fide Rege et Lege 1/71 (2013), pp. 13-32
  139. ISBN 9788497425483
  140. ISBN 9788430942237
  141. ISBN 9788420687698
    , pp. 1163-1173
  142. ^ Alvaro Rodríguez Núñez, Franquismo y tradicionalismo. La legitimación teórica del franquismo en la teoría política tradicionalista [PhD thesis Universidade de Santiago de Compostela], Santiago de Compostela 2014
  143. ISBN 978-0874173444
  144. ISBN 9788423531653
    , pp. 299–322
  145. ISBN 9788431328535
    , pp. 93-148, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Montejurra, la construcción de un símbolo, [in:] Historia contemporánea 47 (2013), pp. 527-557
  146. ^ historiography of the so-called "Montejurra events" of 1976 is not covered here, as it does not relate to the Francoist period
  147. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Montejurra: el monte para la eternidad. Historia de una oposición al franquismo, [in:] Tiempo de Historia 4/43 (1978), pp. 12-27
  148. ISBN 8489192871
    , pp. 60-69
  149. ^ Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, La festividad de los Mártires de la Tradición durante el franquismo, [in:] Revista Historia Autonoma 16 (2020), pp. 139-157
  150. ISBN 8478097929
    , pp. 275-314
  151. ISBN 8424508157
  152. ^ Cristina Alquézar Villaroya, Esfuerzo Común: una revista carlista de oposición al régimen franquista (1960-1974), [in:] Jeronimo Zurita 88 (2013), pp. 297-316
  153. Carlos Forcadell Álvarez
    , Carmen Frías Corredor, Ignacio Peiró Martín, Pedro Víctor Rújula López (eds.), Usos públicos de la Historia: Comunicaciones al VI Congreso de la Asociación de Historia Contemporánea, Zaragoza 2002, pp. 721-730, Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, El Carlismo en la cinematografía española: la frustración en la victoria, [in:] Spagna contemporanea 22 (2002), pp. 25-40; There are many articles which deal with Carlist threads though focus on specific works and are by default ignored here, e.g. Berta Lluis Vila, "La Punyalada": comparacio de la novella amb la pellicula [research paper IES], Olot 2010, or Ibon Egaña Etxeberria, La memoria como identidad en el cine de Julio Medem: Vacas y Los amantes del círculo polar, [in:] Siglos XX y XXI; Memoria del I. Congreso Internacional de Literatura y Cultura Españolas Contemporaneas, San Sebastián 2011, or Zigoe Etxebeste Gómez, Julio Medem, a través del espejo de la realidad, [in:] Ikusgaiak 6 (2003), pp. 117-134
  154. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Elites in search of the masses. The Traditionalist Communion and the Carlist Party, [in:] Frances Lannon, Paul Preston (eds.), Elites and power in Twentieth-Century Spain, Oxford 1990, pp. 179-201
  155. ^ Cándida Calvo Vicente, La fiesta pública durante el franquismo. Instrumento socializador del tradicionalismo en Gipúzcoa, 1936-1951, [in:] I Encuentro de Invetigadores del Franquismo, Barcelona 1992, pp. 175-178
  156. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, Aspectos de la cultura política del carlismo en el siglo XX, [in:] Espacio, tiempo y forma 17 (2005), pp. 147-174
  157. ISBN 9788475600482
  158. ISBN 9788416373031
  159. ISBN 1877802026
    , 9781877802027, pp. 177–185
  160. ^ José María Ildefonso Porro Sánz, Nota sobre los GAC (Grupos de Acción Carlista), [in:] Cuadernos de Historia del Carlismo 11 (1999)
  161. ISBN 9788494101724
    , pp. 207-222
  162. ISBN 9788495735331
  163. ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, La agrupación de Estudiantes Tradicionalistas y la renovación ideológica del carlismo en los años cincuenta, [in:] VI Congreso de Historia de Navarra. Mito y realidad en la Historia de Navarra, vol. 1, Pamplona 1998, pp. 219-232
  164. ^ Arturo Juncosa, L’organització del moviment universitari carlí durant els anys quaranta, [in:] Carlisme, foralisme i questió nacional, Solsona 2002, pp. 206-216
  165. ISBN 8475600824
  166. ^ Salvadór Nonell i Bru, Diario de amor y paz: historia de la Hermandad del Tercio de Requetés de Ntra. Sra. de Montserrat (1939-2000), Barcelona 2001
  167. ^ Víctor Javier Ibáñez, Una resistencia olvidada. Tradicionalistas mártires del terrorismo, s.l. 2017
  168. ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, Las mujeres de un carlismo en transición, [in:] Espacio, tiempo y forma 28 (2016), pp. 257-281
  169. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, La dona carlista Durant el franquisme i la transició: tres casos significatius de la Plana, [in:] VI Congrés d'Història i Filologia de la Plana, Nules 2000
  170. ^ Manuel Santa Cruz [Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta], Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vols. 1-29, various editors and years
  171. ISBN 9788424506704
  172. ISBN 8475600883
  173. ISBN 9788400090135
    , pp. 182-192
  174. ISBN 8487863469
    , pp. 173-180
  175. ^ Manuel Martorell-Perez, Nuevas aportaciones históricas a la evolución ideológica del carlismo, [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz, 16 (2000), pp. 95-108
  176. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, Historiografía reciente sobre el carlismo: ¿el retorno de la argumentación política?, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), pp. 275-288
  177. ISBN 9781412834933
    , pp. 119-124
  178. ^ Fernando Molina Aparicio, Los desequilibrios del carlismo: a propósito de varios libros recientes, [in:] Ayer 72 (2008), pp. 275-286
  179. ^ Jordi Canal, El carlisme: notes històriques i historiogràfiques, [in:] Lluc: revista de cultura i d'idees 877 (2011), pp. 16-19
  180. ISBN 9788498606362
  181. ^ Ignacio Olábarri Gortázar, Bibliografia reciente sobre la historia del carlismo, [in:] Memoria y civilización 17 (2014), pp. 151-157
  182. ISBN 9788497391351
    , pp. 9-38; it partially stems from his earlier Jordi Canal, El Carlismo [review], [in:] Aportes 45 (2001), p. 155
  183. ^ José Luis Martínez Sanz, Historiadores e historiografía sobre el Carlismo: la difícil frontera entre política y ciencia, [in:] Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea 17/49 (2002), pp. 110-129
  184. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Algunas consideraciones sobre el carlismo navarro, [in:] Principe de Viana. Congreso General de Historia de Navarra. 5. Comunicaciones, Pamplona 1986, pp. 67-72
  185. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Historia oral, inmaterial e intrahistoria en la recuperación de la memoria colectiva de la Navarra rural, [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 23/24 (2008), pp. 209-218

External links

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