Carcassonne
Carcassonne
Carcassona (Occitan) | |
---|---|
Prefecture and commune | |
Coordinates: 43°13′N 2°21′E / 43.21°N 2.35°E | |
Country | France |
Region | Occitania |
Department | Aude |
Arrondissement | Carcassonne |
Canton | Carcassonne-1, 2 and 3 |
Intercommunality | Carcassonne Agglo |
Government | |
• Mayor (2020–2026) | Gérard Larrat[1] (DVD) |
Area 1 | 65.08 km2 (25.13 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[2] | 46,218 |
• Density | 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 11069 /11000 |
Elevation | 81–250 m (266–820 ft) (avg. 111 m or 364 ft) |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Carcassonne (
Inhabited since the
Its citadel, known as the Cité de Carcassonne, is a medieval fortress dating back to the Gallo-Roman period and restored by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc between 1853 and 1879. It was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 because of the exceptional preservation and restoration of the medieval citadel.[6] Consequently, Carcassonne relies heavily on tourism but also counts manufacturing and winemaking as some of its other key economic sectors.[7]
Geography
Carcassonne is located in the south of France about 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Toulouse. Its strategic location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea has been known since the Neolithic era. The town's area is about 65 km2 (25 sq mi), which is significantly larger than the numerous small towns in the department of Aude. The rivers Aude, Fresquel, and the Canal du Midi flow through the town.
History
The first signs of settlement in this region have been dated to about 3500 BC, but the hill site of Carsac—a
The folk etymology—involving a châtelaine named Lady Carcas, a ruse ending a siege, and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona")—though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention.[citation needed] The name can be derived as an augmentative of the name Carcas.
Carcassonne became strategically identified when the Romans fortified the hilltop around 100 BC and eventually made it the colonia of Julia Carsaco, later Carcaso, later Carcasum (by the process of swapping consonants known as metathesis). The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.[8][9] In 462 the Romans officially ceded Septimania to the Visigothic king Theodoric II who had held Carcassonne since 453. He built more fortifications at Carcassonne, which was a frontier post on the northern marches.[clarification needed] Traces of them still stand.
Theodoric is thought to have begun the predecessor of the
A medieval fiefdom, the
Carcassonne became famous for its role in the
In 1240, Trencavel's son tried to reconquer his old domain but in vain. The city submitted to the rule of the kingdom of France in 1247. Carcassonne became a border fortress between France and the
In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees transferred the border province of Roussillon to France, and Carcassonne's military significance was reduced. Its fortifications were abandoned and the city became mainly an economic center of the woollen textile industry, for which a 1723 source quoted by Fernand Braudel found it "the manufacturing center of Languedoc".[13] It remained so until the Ottoman market collapsed at the end of the eighteenth century, then reverted to a country town.[14]
Historical importance
Carcassonne was the first
Main sights
The fortified city
The fortified city consists essentially of a concentric design of two outer walls with 53 towers and barbicans to prevent attack by siege engines. The castle itself possesses its own drawbridge and ditch leading to a central keep. The walls consist of towers built over quite a long period.[16] One section is Roman and is notably different from the medieval walls, with the tell-tale red brick layers and the shallow pitch terracotta tile roofs. One of these towers housed the Catholic Inquisition in the 13th century and is still known as "The Inquisition Tower".
Carcassonne was demilitarised under
In 1853, work began with the west and southwest walls, followed by the towers of the porte Narbonnaise and the principal entrance to the cité. The fortifications were consolidated here and there, but the chief attention was paid to restoring the roofing of the towers and the ramparts, where Viollet-le-Duc ordered the destruction of structures that had encroached against the walls, some of them of considerable age. Viollet-le-Duc left copious notes and drawings upon his death in 1879 when his pupil Paul Boeswillwald and, later, the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne.
The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc's lifetime. Fresh from work in the north of France, he made the error of using slate (when there was no slate to be quarried around) instead of terracotta tiles. The slate roofs were claimed to be more typical of northern France, as was the addition of the pointed tips to the roofs.
Lower town
The ville basse dates to the Late Middle Ages. Founded as a settlement of the expelled inhabitants of the town sometime after the crusades, it has been the economic heart of the city for centuries. Though once walled, most of the walls in this portion of the town are no longer intact. The Carcassonne Cathedral is in this part of the town.[17]
Other
Another bridge,
Further sights include:
- The Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus
- The Carcassonne Cathedral
- Church of St. Vincent
Climate
Carcassonne has a
Carcassonne, along with the French Mediterranean coastline, can be subject to intense thunderstorms and torrential rains in late summer and early autumn. The Carcassonne region can be flooded in such events, the last of which happened on 14–15 October 2018.
Climate data for Carcassonne (1981–2010 averages) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.2 (104.4) |
41.9 (107.4) |
36.4 (97.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
41.9 (107.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.3 (2.73) |
54.1 (2.13) |
54.3 (2.14) |
73.1 (2.88) |
56.7 (2.23) |
45.9 (1.81) |
28.5 (1.12) |
42.6 (1.68) |
42.5 (1.67) |
59.5 (2.34) |
59.5 (2.34) |
62.5 (2.46) |
648.5 (25.53) |
Average precipitation days | 9.4 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 87.5 |
Average snowy days | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 7.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82 | 79 | 74 | 74 | 72 | 69 | 64 | 68 | 73 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 75.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 97.2 | 119.6 | 172.6 | 188.1 | 214.7 | 239.7 | 275.4 | 260.4 | 212.9 | 144.6 | 102.5 | 91.6 | 2,119.3 |
Source 1: Météo France[18][19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[20] |
Population
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Source: EHESS[21] and INSEE (1968–2017)[22] |
Economy
The newer part (Ville Basse) of the city on the other side of the Aude river (which dates back to the Middle Ages, after the crusades) manufactures shoes,
Transport
In the late 1990s,
The
Education
Language
French is spoken. Historically, the language spoken in Carcassonne and throughout Languedoc-Roussillon was not French but Occitan.
Sport
In July 2021, Carcassonne was the finish city for stage 13, and the starting point of stage 14, of the 2021 Tour de France. It was at the finish in Carcassonne that Mark Cavendish tied the record for most Tour de France stage wins (34) held by Eddy Merckx. Carcassonne was the finish city for stage 15, and the starting point of stage 16, of the 2018 Tour de France. Previously it was the starting point for stage 11 of the 2016 Tour de France, the starting point for a stage in the 2004 Tour de France, and a stage finish in the 2006 Tour de France.
As in the rest of the southwest of France,
Arts
In May 2018, as the project "Concentric, eccentric"[26] by French-Swiss artist Felice Varini, large yellow concentric circles were mounted on the monument as part of the 7th edition of "IN SITU, Heritage and contemporary art", a summer event in the Occitanie / Pyrenees-Mediterranean region focusing on the relationship between modern art and architectural heritage. This monumental work was done to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Carcassonne's inscription on the World Heritage List of UNESCO.[27][28]
Exceptional in its size and its visibility and use of architectural space, the exhibit extended across the western front of the fortifications of the city. The work could be fully perceived only in front of the Porte d'Aude at the pedestrian route from the Bastide. The circles of yellow colour consist of thin, painted aluminium sheets, spread like waves of time and space, fragmenting and recomposing the geometry of the circles on the towers and curtain walls of the fortifications. The work was visible from May to September 2018 only.[27][28]
In culture
- The French poet Gustave Nadaud made Carcassonne famous as a city. He wrote a poem about a man who dreamed of seeing but could not see before he died. His poem inspired many others and was translated into English several times.[29] Georges Brassens has sung a musical version of the poem. Lord Dunsany wrote a short story "Carcassonne" (in A Dreamer's Tales) as did William Faulkner.
- On 6 March 2000 France issued a stamp commemorating the fortress of Carcassonne.[30]
Personalities
- Paul Lacombe, French composer, b. 1837
- Théophile Barrau, French sculptor, b. 1848
- Paul Sabatier, French chemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, b. 1854
- Henry d'Estienne, French painter, b. 1872
- Suzanne Sarroca, French operatic soprano, b. 1927
- Gilbert Benausse, French rugby league footballer, b. 1932
- Alain Colmerauer, French computer scientist, inventor of the programming language Prolog, b. 1941
- Michael Martchenko, French-born Canadian illustrator, b. 1942
- First World War, b. 1856
- David Ferriol, French rugby league player, b. 1979
- Olivia Ruiz, French pop singer, b. 1980
- Fabrice Estebanez, French rugby union player, b. 1981
International relations
Carcassonne is
- Eggenfelden, Germany
- Baeza, Spain
- Tallinn, Estonia
References
- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
- ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
- ^ "Carcassonne". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020.
- ^ "Carcassonne". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "Carcassonne". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne". UNESCO. Accessed 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Carcassonne may have a grisly history, but today it's a ravishing hilltop fortress". Daily Times. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ a b Explanation about "Carsac" in Appendix VI of The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar, edited by Vincent Rospond: Carsac was [the] Celtic place-name [of a settlement] which became an important trading place in the 6th century BCE. The Volcae Tectosages fortified it as an oppidum. The Latin name for this place was Carcaso, which today is called Carcassonne. Carsac became strategically identified when [the] Romans fortified the hilltop around 100 BCE and eventually made it the colonia of Julia Carsaco, later Carcasum. The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.
- ^ ISBN 9781849080545. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9780367184582.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-349-26924-2.
- ISBN 1-85367-081-2.
- ^ Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce 1982, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism, Brian Anderson.
- ISBN 978-0-521-62095-6. See p. 4.
- ^ Francois de Lannoy. THE CITE DE CARCASSONE - EDITIONS DU PATRIMOINE. p. 18.
- ^ midi-france.info. "Historic Cities: Caracassonne". midi-france.info.
- ^ "Ville Basse | Carcassonne, France | Britannica". Britannica.
- ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Carcassonne" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Climat Languedoc-Roussillon" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Carcassonne-Salvaza (11) – altitude 126m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Carcassonne, EHESS (in French).
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ "Flights to and from Liverpool". Liverpool John Lennon Airport.
- ^ Laverock, Iain (2021). "10 International airports with cheap flights to South France: 8 Carcassonne". Go South France. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "Gare de Carcassonne Train Station". Bonjour la France. 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ a b "'Eccentric Concentric Circles' in Carcassonne". uk.france.fr. 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ a b "IN SITU 2018 – CONCENTRIQUES EXCENTRIQUES". tourism-carcassonne.co.uk. 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ]
- ^ Musée de La Poste Archived 18 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Commission extra-municipale des jumelages". carcassonne.org (in French). Carcassonne. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
External links
- Official website of the city of Carcassonne (in English, French, Spanish, German, and Dutch)
- Cité de Carcassonne, from the French Ministry of Culture
- Multimedia Resources of the city of Carcassonne