Milkfish
Milkfish Temporal range:
Early Eocene –present | |
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French Polynesia | |
Milkfish (locally bangús) in a Philippine fish market
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Gonorynchiformes |
Family: | Chanidae |
Subfamily: | Chaninae |
Genus: | Chanos Lacépède , 1803
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Species: | C. chanos
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Binomial name | |
Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775)
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Synonyms | |
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The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae.[2][3][4] However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous.[4] The repeating scientific name (tautonym) is from Greek khanos (χάνος ‘mouth’).[5][6]
The species has many common names. The
Chanos chanos occurs in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. A single specimen was reported in 2012 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.[9]
Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers.[8]
Taxonomy
Chanos is the only surviving genus of the ancient family Chanidae, which has existed since the Early Cretaceous. The only surviving species is the widespread C. chanos. Several fossil species of Chanos are known from the Paleogene of the Tethys and North Seas, dating as far back as the earliest Eocene.[10]
The following fossil species of Chanos are known:[10]
- †C. brevis (Heckel, 1854) - Oligocene of the Chiavon Limestone, Italy
- †C. compressus Stinton, 1977 [otolith] - Late Ypresian of the Wittering Formation, England
- †C. forcipatus Kner & Steindachner, 1863 - Late Ypresian of Monte Bolca, Italy
- †C. torosus Daniltshenko, 1968 - Earliest Ypresian of the Danata Formation, Turkmenistan
- †C. zignoi Kner & Steindachner, 1863 - Oligocene of the Chiavon Limestone, Italy
The extinct Caeus leopoldi from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of Italy is also sometimes placed in Chanos as Chanos leopoldi, which would be the earliest record of the genus and extend its occurrence even further back. However, more recent studies have affirmed it being a distinct genus.[11]
Anatomy
The milkfish can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They can reach a weight of about 14 kg (31 lb). and an age of 15 years. They have an elongated and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked
Biology
These fishes generally feed on
Consumption
Popular presentations of milkfish in Indonesia include bandeng duri lunak (soft-boned milkfish, ikan bandeng is Indonesian for milkfish) from Central and East Java or
Milkfish is the most popular fish in Taiwanese cuisine; it is valued for its versatility as well as its tender meat and economical price. Popular presentations include as a topping for congee, pan fried, braised, and as fish balls. There is a milkfish museum in Anping District and city of Kaohsiung holds an annual milkfish festival.[13]
Milkfish is an
Aquaculture
History
Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 1800 years ago in the Philippines and spread to Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific.[14] Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions.[14]
In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability.[15] In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms.[16]
Farming methods
Fry are raised in either sea cages, large
- Shallow ponds are found mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are shallow (30–40 centimetres (12–16 in)), brackish ponds with benthic algae, usually used as feed.[14] They are usually excavated from nipa or mangrove areas and produce about 800 kg/ha/yr. Deep ponds (2–3 m) have more stable environments and their use began in 1970. They so far have shown less susceptibility to disease than shallow ponds.[14]
- In 1979, pen culture was introduced in Laguna de Bay, which had high primary production.[14] This provided an excellent food source. Once this ran out, fertilizer was applied.[14] They are susceptible to disease.
- Cage culture occurs in coastal bays.[14] These consist of large cages suspended in open water. They rely largely on natural sources of food.[14]
Most food is natural (known as lab-lab) or a combination of
Processing and marketing
Traditional post-harvest processing include smoking, drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin.[14] Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950.[14] In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$616 million.[14]
A trend toward value-added products is occurring.[14] In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for tuna long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries.[20]
Golden bangus
On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, which was later on called the "golden bangus".[21] However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of a lower level of oxygen in the pond to which it was transferred.[22]
See also
- Sate Bandeng
- Milkfish congee
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke, eds. (4 January 2016). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Chanidae" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
- ^ "Chanidae". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. “from Greek chanos mouth”
- OCLC 1052833.
from χάνος, the open mouth
- ^ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (3 October 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Chanos chanos" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
- ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Chanos chanos). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Chanos_chanos.pdf
- ^ ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-04-03)
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Taverne, Louis; Capasso, Luigi (2017). "Osteology and relationships of Caeus ( " Chanos " ) leopoldi ( Teleostei , Gonorynchiformes , Chanidae ) from the marine Albian ( Early Cretaceous ) of Pietraroja ( Campania , southern Italy )" (PDF). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona. 41: 03–20.
- ^ Atbp (2017-01-20). "Kilawin na Bangus (Milkfish Ceviche)". ATBP. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
- ^ Hiufu Wong, Maggie. "40 of the best Taiwanese foods and drinks". www.cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775)". Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
- ^ "Milkfish (Bangus) Breeding and Fry Hatchery Technology". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ Milkfish (Bangus) Breeding and Fry Hatchery Technology
- ^ "Aquaculture". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ .
- .
- ^ FitzGerald, William J. (2004). Milkfish aquaculture in the Pacific: potential for the tuna longline fishery bait market (PDF). Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
- ^ "Fisheries bureau releases golden milkfish".
- ^ "Plan to breed 'golden' bangus dies with lone specimen". 28 July 2012.
- Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, A revision of the ostariophysan fish family Chanidae, with special reference to the Mesozoic forms (Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1996)
- Bagarinao, T., 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos. Environ. Biol. Fish. 39(1):23-41.
External links
- Media related to Chanos chanos at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Chanos chanos at Wikispecies
- Boneless Bangus
- FishBase entry for milkfish
- SEAFDEC milkfish hatchery info
- DA, Philippines, About Bangus
- Photos of Milkfish on Sealife Collection