Religion in Africa

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Religion in Africa (2020 estimate)[1]

  
Traditional faiths
(7.9%)
  None / Other (1.3%)

Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several traditional African religions.[2] In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also sometimes characterized with syncretism with the beliefs and practices of traditional religions.[3][4][5]

Traditional African religions

Main article: Traditional African religions
Vodun altar in Abomey
, Benin
An early 20th-century Yoruba divination board

Africa encompasses a wide variety of traditional beliefs.

ancestor worship.[8]

According to Dr J Omosade Awolalu, The "olden" in this context means indigenous, that which is foundational, handed down from generation to generation, meant as to be upheld and practised today and forevermore. A heritage from the past, yet not treated as a thing of the past but that which connects the past with the present and the present with eternity.[5]

Often spoken of in the terms of a singularity, deliberate; yet conscious of the fact that Africa is a large continent with multitudes of nations who have complex cultures, innumerable languages and myriad dialects.[clarification needed][5]

West African

The essence of this school of thought is based mainly on oral transmission; that which is written in people's hearts, minds, oral history, customs, temples and religious functions.

Brazilian Vodum
.

Some distinctions between West African and East or Hornn religion often includes considering the supernatural and natural or tangible as being one and the same, and using this stance to incorporate divination. Clergymen from this region who would historically catechize to the masses was often referred to as waganga.[13] Another distinction of East African and Horners is the greater prevalence of prophets within the oral traditionas and other forms of generational transmissions of traditional African religion.[14]

The most prominent indigenous deity among Cushitic

Waaqism.[15] According to the author Lugira, the Traditional African religions are the only religions "that can claim to have originated in Africa. Other religions found in Africa have their origins in other parts of the world."[16]

Abrahamic religions

The majority of Africans are adherents of

The World Book Encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 45% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 40%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%.[22]

Christianity

Main article: Christianity in Africa
The Hanging Church of Cairo, Egypt.

Christianity is the most widely practiced religions along with Islam and is the largest religion in

King Ezana the Great made Ethiopia one of the first Christian nations.[23]
)

In the first few centuries of Christianity, Africa produced many figures who had a major influence outside the continent, including

Gelasius I), as well as the Biblical characters Simon of Cyrene and the Ethiopian eunuch baptised by Philip the Evangelist. Christianity existed in Ethiopia before the rule of King Ezana the Great of the Kingdom of Axum, but the religion grasped a strong foothold when it was declared a state religion in 330 AD, becoming one of the first Christian nations.[24]

The earliest and best known reference to the introduction of Christianity to Africa is mentioned in the

Christian Bible's Acts of the Apostles, and pertains to the evangelist Phillip's conversion of an Ethiopian
traveller in the 1st century AD. Although the Bible refers to them as Ethiopians, scholars have argued that Ethiopia was a common term encompassing the area South-Southeast of Egypt.

Other traditions have the convert as a Jew who was a steward in the Queen's court.[clarification needed] All accounts do agree on the fact that the traveller was a member of the royal court who successfully succeeded in converting the Queen, which in turn caused a church to be built. Tyrannius Rufinus, a noted church historian, also recorded a personal account as do other church historians such as Socrates and Sozemius.[25]

Some experts predict the shift of Christianity's center from the European industrialized nations to Africa and Asia in modern times. Yale University historian Lamin Sanneh stated, that "African Christianity was not just an exotic, curious phenomenon in an obscure part of the world, but that African Christianity might be the shape of things to come."[26] The statistics from the World Christian Encyclopedia (David Barrett) illustrate the emerging trend of dramatic Christian growth on the continent and supposes, that in 2025 there will be 633 million Christians in Africa.[27]

A 2015 study estimates 2,161,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in Africa, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[28]

Islam

Main article: Islam in Africa
Further information: History of Islam § Islam in Africa
Great Mosque of Kairouan, erected in 670 by the Arab general Uqba Ibn Nafi, is the oldest mosque in North Africa.[29] Kairouan, Tunisia
.
Abuja National Mosque in Nigeria.

pagan
Arabs.

The spread of Islam in North Africa came with the

Islamic traders and sailors. The religion had also began influencing Harla Kingdom
in the Horn of Africa early on.

Islam is the dominant religion in

Askia Mohammed
.

Africa by Muslim percentage

The vast majority of

Muslims in Africa are followers of Sunni Islam.[31][32] There are also small minorities of other sects.[33][34]

Judaism

Main article:
Judaism in Africa

Adherents of Judaism can be found scattered in a number of countries across Africa; including

Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Southern Africa
.

Baháʼí Faith

Main article: Baháʼí Faith in Africa
Baháʼí House of Worship, Kampala, Uganda.

The Baháʼí Faith in Africa has a diverse history. It especially had wide-scale growth in the 1950s which extended further in the 1960s.[35] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) lists many large and smaller populations of Baháʼís in Africa[36] with Kenya (#3: 512,900), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (#5: 282,900), South Africa (#8: 238,500) and Zambia (#10: 190,400) among the top ten numerical populations of Baháʼís in the world in 2010, and Mauritius (#4: 1.8% of population) joining Zambia (#3: 1.8%) and Kenya (#10: 1.0%) in the top ten in terms of percentage of the national population.

All three individual heads of the religion,

`Abdu'l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi, were in Africa at various times. More recently the roughly 2000[37] Baháʼís of Egypt have been embroiled in the Egyptian identification card controversy from 2006[38] through 2009.[39] Since then there have been homes burned down and families driven out of towns.[40] On the other hand, Sub-Saharan Baháʼís were able to mobilize for nine regional conferences called for by the Universal House of Justice 20 October 2008 to celebrate recent achievements in grassroots community-building and to plan their next steps in organizing in their home areas.[41]

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism in Africa
A Hindu Temple in Durban, South Africa.
Ganga Talao in Mauritius

Hinduism has existed in Africa mainly since the late 19th century. There are an estimated 2-2.5 million adherents of Hinduism in Africa. It is the largest religion in Mauritius,[42] and several other countries have Hindu temples. Hindus came to South Africa as indentured laborers in the 19th century. The young M.K. Gandhi lived and worked among the Indian community in South Africa for twenty years before returning to India to participate in India's freedom movement.[43]

Buddhism and folk religions

Nan Hua Temple in Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa.
Main article: Buddhism in Africa

Buddhism is a tiny religion in Africa with around 250,000 practicing adherents,

Chinese Folk Religion as a common traditional religion of mostly new Chinese migrants (significant minority in Mauritius, Réunion, and South Africa). About half of African Buddhists are now living in South Africa, while Mauritius has the highest Buddhist percentage in the continent, between 1.5%[46] to 2%[47]
of the total population.

Other religions

Other faiths are practiced in Africa, including Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism and Rastafari among others.[48]

Irreligion

Main article: Irreligion in Africa

A Gallup poll found[when?] that the irreligious comprise 20% in South Africa, 16% in Botswana, 13% in Mozambique, 13% in Togo, 12% in Ivory Coast, 10% in Ethiopia and Angola, 9% in Sudan, Zimbabwe and Algeria, 8% in Namibia and 7% in Madagascar.[49]

Syncretism

Syncretism is the combining of different (often contradictory) beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. In the commonwealth of Africa syncretism with indigenous beliefs is practiced throughout the region. It is believed by some to explain religious tolerance between different groups.[50] Kwesi Yankah and John Mbiti argue that many African peoples today have a 'mixed' religious heritage to try to reconcile traditional religions with Abrahamic faiths.[51][52]

culture and what is religion.[citation needed] Others state that the term syncretism is a vague one,[55]
since it can be applied to refer to substitution or modification of the central elements of Christianity or Islam with beliefs or practices from somewhere else.

The consequences under this definition, according to

Afro-Asiatic) have many common practices which are also found in Abrahamic faiths, and thus these traditions do not fall under the category of some definitions of syncretism.[56]

Religious distribution by country

North Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Algeria[57] 42,200,000 99 41,780,000 0.28 119,128 0.02 8,509
 Egypt[58] 97,521,500 94.7[59] 92,352,860 5.3 5,168,639 N.A N.A
 Libya[60] 6,470,956 99 6,410,956 1 60,000 0.1 6470
 Morocco[61] 34,779,400 99.1 34,466,385 0.9 313,014 N.A N.A
 Sudan[62] 40,810,080 97 39,585,777 3 1,224,302 N.A N.A
 Tunisia 11,446,300 99 11,423,407 0.5 50,000 0.6 43,150
North Africa 233,268,236 96.9 226,019,385 3.0 6,945,083 0.1 58,129

Horn of Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Djibouti[63] 1,049,001 97 1,017,530 3 31,470 N.A N.A
 Eritrea[64] 5,200,000 36 1,872,000 63 3,276,000 1 52,000
 Ethiopia[65] 105,000,000 34 35,700,000 63 66,150,000 3 3,150,000
 Somalia 12,693,796[66] 99.8[67] 178,869[68] N.A. N.A.
Horn of Africa 125,381,925 42.9 53,761,455 55.3 69,467,470 2.6 3,202,000

East Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Burundi[69] 5,341,186 5 1,068,118 70 6,942,770 25 2,670,296
 Comoros[70] 850,688 98.3 836,226 0.7 5,954 1 8,506
 Kenya[71] 50,000,000 11 5,500,000 85 42,500,000 4 2,000,000
 Madagascar[72] 26,262,810 10[73] 2,626,281 40 10,505,124 45[74] 13,131,405
 Malawi[75] 17,931,637 20 3,586,327 79.9 14,327,377 0.1 17,931
 Mauritius[76] 1,264,887 17.3 218,825 32.7 413,618 50 632,443
 Mayotte[77] 256,518 98.8 253,439 1.2 3,078 N.A N.A
 Mozambique[78] 28,861,863 20[79] 11,544,745 60 14,430,931 10 2,886,186
 Réunion[80] 865,826 4.2 36,364 84.8 734,220 11 95,240
 Rwanda[81] 12,001,136 4.8 576,054 93.4 11,209,061 1.8 216,020
 Seychelles[82] 94,205 1.1 1,036 93.1 87,704 5.8 5,463
 South Sudan[83] 12,323,419 20[84] 2,464,683 60.5 7,455,668 19.5 2,403,066
 Tanzania[85] 55,000,000 35 19,250,000 61 33,550,000 4 2,200,000
 Uganda[86] 38,823,100 14 5,435,234 81 31,446,711 5 1,941,155
 Zambia[87] 16,887,720 1 168,877 87 14,692,316 12 2,026,526
East Africa 266,764,995 20.1 53,566,209 70.6 188,304,532 9.3 30,234,237

West Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Benin[88] 11,362,269 27.7 3,147,348 48.5 5,510,700 22.6 2,567,872
 Burkina Faso[89] 20,244,080 61.5 12,450,109 29.8 6,032,735 8.7 1,761,234
 Cape Verde[90] 544,081 2 10,881 85 462,468 13 70,730
 Ivory Coast[91] 24,571,044 42.9 10,540,977 33.9 8,329,583 23.2 5,700,482
 The Gambia[92] 2,163,765 95.7 2,070,723 4.2 90,878 0.2 4,327
 Ghana[93] 29,614,337 18 5,330,580 71 21,026,179 11 3,257,577
 Guinea[94] 11,883,516 86.2 10,243,590 9.7 1,152,701 4.1 487,224
 Guinea-Bissau[95] 1,584,763 45.1 714,728 22.1 350,232 32.8 519,802
 Liberia[96] 4,382,387 27 876,477 70[97] 1,752,954 1.5 1,752,954
 Mali[98] 19,107,706 95 18,152,320 2.4 458,584 2.6 496,800
 Mauritania[99] 3,984,233 99.9 3,979,733 0.01 4,500 N.A N.A
 Niger[100] 21,466,863 98.3 21,101,926 1 214,668 0.7 150,268
 Nigeria[101] 216,730,000 50.77 110,300,300 48.12 104,300,080 N.A N.A
 Senegal[102] 15,726,037 96.1 15,112,721 3.6 566,137 0.3 47,178
 Sierra Leone[103] 7,719,729 78.6 6,067,706 20.8 1,605,703 0.5 38,598
 Western Sahara[104] 567,421 99.99 567,321 0.01 100 N.A. N.A
 Togo[105] 7,352,000 20 1,470,400 29 2,132,080 51 3,749,520
West Africa 399,004,231 55.7 222,137,840 38.6 153,990,282 25.7 22,876,109

Central Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Angola[106] 29,250,009 1.0[59] 292,500 95 27,787,508 4.0 1,170,000
 Cameroon[107] 23,794,164 25[108] 5,158,082 65 15,466,206 10 2,787,508
 Central African Republic[109] 4,737,423 15 710,613 50 2,368,711 35 1,658,098
 Chad[110] 15,353,184 58 8,904,846 41 6,294,805 1 153,531
 Democratic Republic of the Congo[111] 84,004,989 10[112] 8,404,989 78 65,523,891 12 5,880,349
 Republic of the Congo[83] 5,399,895 1.6 86,398 79 4,265,917 19.4 1,047,579
 Equatorial Guinea[113] 1,222,442 10[114] 122,2442 86 1,051,300 4.0 48,897
 Gabon[115] 2,067,561 10 206,756 73 1,509,319 17 351,485
 São Tomé and Príncipe[116] 197,700 3 5,931 96 189,792 1 1,977
Central Africa 166,027,347 14.4 23,916,359 75.0 124,456,729 7.9 13,099,424

Southern Africa

Coun­try Population Islam Muslim Population Chris­ti­an­i­ty Christian Population Other Other Population
 Botswana[117] 2,302,878 0.6 13,817 79.1 1,821,576 20.3 467,484
 Lesotho[118] 2,263,010 0.1 2,263 80 1,810,408 19.9 450,338
 Namibia[119] 2,413,643 0.4 9,654 85 2,051,596 15 362,046
 South Africa[120] 57,725,600 1.9 1,096,786 79.7 46,007,303 18.5 10,679,236
 Eswatini[121] 1,300,000 1 13,000 90 1,170,000 9 117,000
 Zimbabwe[110] 14,848,905 3 445,467 84 12,473,080 13 1,930,357
Southern Africa 80,854,031 2.0 1,580,987 80.8 65,333,963 17.2 14,006,461

See also

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Further reading

External links
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