Waw (letter)

Waw (wāw "hook") is the sixth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician wāw 𐤅, Aramaic waw 𐡅, Hebrew vav ו, Syriac waw ܘ and

It represents the consonant [

In Modern Hebrew, the word וָו vav is used to mean both "hook" and the letter's name (the name is also written וי״ו), while in Syriac and Arabic, waw to mean "hook" has fallen out of use.

Arabic wāw

The

Wāw is used to represent four distinct phonetic features:[2]^{: I §§1-8}

• A consonant, pronounced as a
  voiced labial-velar approximant
  /w/, which is the case whenever it is at the beginning of a word, and sometimes elsewhere.
• A
  damma
  , to aid in the pronunciation by hinting to the following long vowel.
• A long /oː/ in many dialects, as a result of the monophthongization that the diphthong /aw/ underwent in most of words.
• Part of the sequence /aw/. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with a
  fatḥa
  sign, hinting to the first vowel /a/ in the diphthong.

As a vowel, wāw can serve as the carrier of a hamza: ؤ.

Wāw is the sole letter of the common Arabic word wa, the primary

With an additional triple dot diacritic above waw, the letter then named ve is used to represent distinctively the consonant /w/ in Arabic-based Uyghur,^[3] Kazakh and Kyrgyz.^[4]

/o/ in Kurdish,^[5][6] Beja,^[7] and Kashmiri;^[8] /v/ in Arabic-based Kazakh;^[9] /ø/ in Uyghur.^[3]
Thirty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani Arabic script, represents ü /y/.

A variant of Kurdish û وو, ۇ /uː/; historically for Serbo-Croatian /o/.

Also used in Kyrgyz for Үү /y/.

/

/ʉː/ in Southern Kurdish.^[5]

In Jawi script for /v/.^[10] Also used in Balochi for /ɯ/ and /oː/.^[11]

Other letters

See Arabic script in Unicode

Hebrew waw/vav

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ו	ו	ו

Hebrew spelling: וָו‎ or וָאו‎ or וָיו‎.

The letter appears with or without a hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example

• Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans: ו
• Tahoma, Alef, Heebo: ו

Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew

Vav has three orthographic variants, each with a different phonemic value and phonetic realisation:

In modern Hebrew, the frequency of the usage of vav, out of all the letters, is one of the highest, about 10.00%.

Vav as consonant

Consonantal vav (ו‎) generally represents a

In modern Israeli Hebrew, some

Modern Hebrew has no standardized way to distinguish orthographically between [v] and [w]. The pronunciation is determined by prior knowledge or must be derived through context.

Some non standard spellings of the sound [w] are sometimes found in modern Hebrew texts, such as word-initial double-vav: וואללה‎ – /ˈwala/ (word-medial double-vav is both standard and common for both /v/ and /w/, see table above) or, rarely, vav with a geresh: ו׳יליאם‎ – /ˈwiljam/.

Vav with a dot on top

Vav can be used as a

The distinction is normally ignored, and the HEBREW POINT HOLAM (U+05B9) is used in all cases.

The vowel can be denoted without the vav, as just the dot placed above and to the left of the letter it points, and it is then called

Vav in gematria represents the number six, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 6000 (i.e. ותשנד in numbers would be the date 6754.)

Words written as vav

Vav at the beginning of the word has several possible meanings:

• Hataf's Niqqud before a letter with a Hataf (for example, וַ‎ before אֲנִי‎, וָ‎ before חֳדָשִׁים‎, וֶ‎ before אֱמֶת‎), וָ sometimes before a stress
  and וְ‎ in any other case. This is the most common usage.
• vav consecutive
  (Vav Hahipuch, literally "the Vav of Reversal" — hipuch means "inversion"), mainly biblical, is commonly mistaken for the previous type of vav; it indicates consequence of actions and reverses the tense of the verb following it:
  • when placed in front of a verb in the imperfect tense, it changes the verb to the perfect tense. For example, yomar means 'he will say' and vayomar means 'he said';
  • when placed in front of a verb in the perfect, it changes the verb to the imperfect tense. For example, ahavtah means 'you loved', and ve'ahavtah means 'you will love'.

(Note: Older Hebrew did not have "tense" in a temporal sense, "perfect," and "imperfect" instead denoting aspect of completed or continuing action. Modern Hebrew verbal tenses have developed closer to their Indo-European counterparts, mostly having a temporal quality rather than denoting aspect. As a rule, Modern Hebrew does not use the "Vav Consecutive" form.)

• vav explicative

Yiddish

In Yiddish,^[13] the letter (known as vov) is used for several orthographic purposes in native words:

• Alone, a single vov ו represents the vowel [u] in Northern Yiddish (Litvish) or [i] in Southern Yiddish (Poylish and Galitzish).^{[citation needed]}
• The digraph וו, "tsvey vovn" ('two vovs'), represents the consonant [v].
• The digraph וי, consisting of a vov followed by a yud, represents the diphthong [oj] or [ɛɪ].^{[citation needed]}

The single vov may be written with a dot on the left when necessary to avoid ambiguity and distinguish it from other functions of the letter. For example, the word vu 'where' is spelled וווּ, as tsvey vovn followed by a single vov; the single vov indicating [u] is marked with a dot in order to distinguish which of the three vovs represents the vowel. Some texts instead separate the digraph from the single vov with a silent aleph.

Loanwords from Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin.

Syriac waw

Waw
Madnḫaya Waw
Esṭrangela Waw
Serṭo Waw

In the Syriac alphabet, the sixth letter is ܘ. Waw (ܘܐܘ) is pronounced [w]. When it is used as a mater lectionis, a waw with a dot above the letter is pronounced [o], and a waw with a dot under the letter is pronounced [u]. Waw has an alphabetic-numeral value of 6.

Character encodings

Character information

Preview	ו		و		ܘ		ࠅ		וּ		וֹ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER VAV		ARABIC LETTER WAW		SYRIAC LETTER WAW		SAMARITAN LETTER BAA		HEBREW LETTER VAV WITH DAGESH		HEBREW LETTER VAV WITH HOLAM
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1493	U+05D5	1608	U+0648	1816	U+0718	2053	U+0805	64309	U+FB35	64331	U+FB4B
UTF-8	215 149	D7 95	217 136	D9 88	220 152	DC 98	224 160 133	E0 A0 85	239 172 181	EF AC B5	239 173 139	EF AD 8B
Numeric character reference	ו	ו	و	و	ܘ	ܘ	ࠅ	ࠅ	וּ	וּ	וֹ	וֹ

Character information

Preview	𐎆		𐡅		𐤅
Unicode name	UGARITIC LETTER WO		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER WAW		PHOENICIAN LETTER WAU
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	66438	U+10386	67653	U+10845	67845	U+10905
UTF-8	240 144 142 134	F0 90 8E 86	240 144 161 133	F0 90 A1 85	240 144 164 133	F0 90 A4 85
UTF-16	55296 57222	D800 DF86	55298 56389	D802 DC45	55298 56581	D802 DD05
Numeric character reference	𐎆	𐎆	𐡅	𐡅	𐤅	𐤅

References

1. ^ Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, T3
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} W. Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language, Translated from the German Tongue and Edited with Numerous Additions and Corrections, 3rd edn by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933 [repr. Beirut: Librairie de Liban, 1996]).
3. ^
   ISBN 978-0-203-06610-2
   – via Google Books.
4. ^ "Kyrgyz alphabet, language and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
5. ^ ^{a b} Hussein Ali Fattah. "Ordlista på sydkurdiska Wişename we Kurdî xwarîn" (PDF). p. V. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
6. ^ Unicode Team of KRG-IT. "Kurdish Keyboard". unicode.ekrg.org. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
7. ^ Wedekind, Klaus; Wedekind, Charlotte; Musa, Abuzeinab (2004–2005). Beja Pedagogical Grammar (PDF). Aswan and Asmara. p. 7. Retrieved 6 February 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
8. ^ Koul, O. N., Raina, S. N., & Bhat, R. (2000). Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners. Central Institute of Indian Languages.
9. ISBN 3-11-017896-6 – via Google Books
   .
10. ^ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
11. ^ "Balochi Standarded Alphabet". BalochiAcademy.ir. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
12. ^ "List of fonts that support U+05BA at". Fileformat.info. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
13. ^ Weinreich, Uriel (1992). College Yiddish. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. pp. 27–8.

External links

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