Galician nationalism
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Galician nationalism is a form of nationalism found mostly in
Ideology
Historians, geographers and ethnologists recognize the existence of a Galician ethnic group, forming a singular unit in a specific territory.[1][failed verification] However, this is a wide conceptualization that in political terms allows many possible variants. Inside Galician nationalism two main ideological currents can be found:
- Autonomist: claims for an extended autonomy of Galicia, further devolution and (in occasions) the transformation of Spain into a federal state where Galicia would eventually achieve self-determination.
- Pro-independence: campaigns for immediate and total independence from Spain and northern territories from Portugal (Gallaecia).
Both autonomists and "independentists" have points in common, such as the defence and promotion of
It is often considered that the ideological framework of contemporary Galician nationalism was set in Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao's key work Sempre em Galiza (lit. "Always in Galicia"), published in 1944.
Political nationalism in society
Galician nationalist candidates received 19% of the vote in the elections of 2005 and 16% in 2009.
From 2005 to 2009 Galicia was ruled by a coalition government between the
A possible explanation for this political behaviour in pro-Spanish parties is that Galician identity is so embedded in Galicians that any political party willing to participate in elections must at least show some degree of interest in the promotion of Galicianism, but how it is done may vary greatly.
The Galician Nationalist Bloc is itself a coalition of parties, which endorse independence, but not all individual members and parallel organizations within it support that idea.
The present
Nationalist political parties and nationalist organizations
- Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) - (coalition of parties ranging from centrist to socialism and communism; pro-independence).
- Galician People's Union (UPG) - (Communist; pro-independence).
- Galician Movement for Socialism (Socialist; pro-independence).
- Abrente–Galician Democratic Left (Social democratic; federalist).
- Galiza Nova - Young Galiza, the main youth organization of the BNG (Socialist; Feminist; pro-independence).
- Galician Youth Union - Youth organization of the Galician People's Union (Communist; pro-independence).
- Isca! - Youth organization of the Galician Movement for Socialism (Socialist; Feminism; pro-independence).
- Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood (Socialism; pro-independence).
- Galician People's Front (FPG) - (Leninism; pro-independence).
- ; pro-independence.
- Xeira - Youth organization of the Galician People's Front (Leninism; pro-independence).
- Cerna - (direct democracy; Anti-capitalism; pro-independence).
- Commitment to Galicia - (Social democratic; federalist).
- Máis Galiza "More Galicia" (Social democratic; federalist).
- Acción Galega, "Galician Action" (Social liberalism; federalist).
- Galician Nationalist Party–Galicianist Party (PNG-PG) - (Centre to Centre-left; federalist).
- Galician Nationalist Youth - Youth organization of CxG
- Galician Left Alternative (AGE) - (Coalition of leftist parties created for the 2012 election, including ANOVA, Esquerda Unida-Izquierda Unida and EQUO, the former pro-independence and the latter federalist).
- Land Party - (Transversal; Green politics).
- Converxencia XXI (CXXI) - "Convergence XXI" (Liberal centre; European federalist, although not self-proclaimed nationalists).
- Terra Galega (TeGa) - "Galician Land" (Centre to Centre-right; federalist).
- Galician Coalition (CG) - (Centre to Centre-right; federalist).
- Partido Galeguista Demócrata (PGD) - "Galicianist Democratic Party" (Centre-right to Centre-left; federalist).
- Galician Workers' Front - (Socialism; pro-independence).
- Nós–Unidade Popular (Nós-UP) - "Us-People United" (Socialist; Reintegrationist).
- Primeira Linha - "Front Line" (Communist; pro-independence), associated with Nós-UP.
- BRIGA - "Fight" or "Struggle", Youth organization of Nós-UP (Communist; pro-independence; feminist)
- AGIR - "REACT", Student organization of Nós-Unidade Popular (Communist; pro-independence).
- Causa Galiza - "Cause Galiza" (Socialism; pro-independence).
- Galician Convergence - (Centre to Centre-right; federalist),
- Assembly of the Independentist Youth (AMI) - (Libertarian socialist, pro-independence, feminist).
- Espazo Ecosocialista Galego - Galician Ecosocialist Space (Ecosocialist, federalism).
- Confederación Intersindical Galega - Galician Union Confederacy, main union in Galicia, specially close to the BNG (Anti-capitalism; pro-independence).
- Central Unitaria de Traballadores - "Workers' Unitary Central", union close to the Galician People's Front (Anti-capitalism; pro-independence).
- Sindicato Labrego Galego-Comisións Labregas - Agrarian union. Independent, but close to Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood.
- FRUGA - Agrarian union close to the BNG.
- Galician Student League - Student union. Independent, but close to the Galician Movement for Socialism (Anti-capitalism; feminism; pro-independence).
- Comités - Student union. Close to Galiza Nova.
- Resistência Galega - Armed organization. Its actual existence is disputed.[7]
See also
- Galicianism
- Galicia (Spain)
- Galician language
- Galician people
- Galicia irredenta
- Galicia–North Portugal Euroregion
- Galicia independence
- Nationalities in Spain
- Pan-Celticism
References
- Beramendi, J. and Núñez Seixas, X.M. (1996): O nacionalismo galego, A Nosa Terra, Vigo.
- Beswicj, J.E. (2007): Regional Nationalism in Spain: Language use and ethnic identity in Galicia, Multilingual Matters
- García-Álvarez, J. (1998): "Substate nation-building and geographical representations of 'The Other' in Galicia, Spain (1860-1936)", in Finisterra, no. 33, issue 65, p. 117-128.
- Fernández Baz, M.A., (2003): A formación do nacionalismo galego contemporáneo (1963-1984), Laiovento.
- Núñez Seixas, X.M.(1993): Historiographical approaches to nationalism in Spain, Saarbrücken, Breitenbach.
- Núñez Seixas, X.M.(1999): "Autonomist regionalism within the spanish state of the Autonomous Communities: an interpretation", in Nationalism & ethnic politics, vol. 5, no. 3-4, p. 121-141. Frank Cass, Ilford.
- Rios Bergantinhos, N. (2002): A esquerda independentista galega (1977-1995), Abrente Editora, Compostela.
- Rodríguez Polo, X.R. (2009): O triunfo do galeguismo. Opinión pública, partidos políticos e comportamento electoral na transición autonómica, Xerais, Vigo.
Notes
- ^ Map from Eurominority depicting European national minorities Archived 2008-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Facsimile discussing PP's galeguidade ("Galicianness"), by Frans Schrijver
- ^ "Galician President Pérez Touriño commenting Galicianism, from newspaper A Nosa Terra". Archived from the original on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ Galician President Pérez Touriño (PSdG) discussing Galicianism, from online newspaper Xornal.com
- ^ Members of BNG's internal organization Movemento Pola Base displaying a banner where "Independence and Socialism" can be read
- ^ Discussion on the reform of the Statute. Official site hosted by the Parliament of Galicia Archived September 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "¿Existe Resistencia Galega o es un bulo de Gobierno?".
External links
- Causa Galiza, organization which seeks to co-ordinate all pro-independence political parties and organizations in a single front (in Galician)
- Galiza Livre[permanent dead link], pro-independence news portal (in Galician)
- History of Galician nationalism (web Galicia espallada) (in Galician)
- Galician nationalism (in Spanish)
- Eurominority (main site, in English and French)