Geographical distribution of Russian speakers
This article details the geographical distribution of Russian-speakers. After the
After the
The new
Eventually, in 1990, Russian became legally the official all-Union language of the Soviet Union, with constituent republics having the right to declare their own regional languages.[2][3]
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, about 25 million Russians (about a sixth of the former Soviet Russians) found themselves outside Russia and were about 10% of the population of the post-Soviet states other than Russia. Millions of them later became refugees from various interethnic conflicts.[4]
Statistics
Native speakers
Country | Speakers | Percentage | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | 118,581,514 | 85.7% | 2010 | [5] |
Ukraine | 14,273,670 | 29.6% | 2001 | [6] |
Belarus | 6,672,964 | 70.2% | 2009 | [6][note 1] |
Kazakhstan | 3,793,800 | 21.2% | 2017 | [7][note 2] |
Uzbekistan | 720,300 | 2.1% | 2021 | [8] |
Latvia | 698,757 | 33.8% | 2011 | [6] |
Kyrgyzstan | 482,200 | 8.9% | 2009 | [9] |
Estonia | 383,118 | 29.6% | 2011 | [6] |
Turkmenistan | 305,802 | 5.4% | 2016 | [10] |
Moldova | 264,162 | 9.7% | 2014 | [11] |
Lithuania | 190,733 | 6.8% | 2021 | [6][12] |
Azerbaijan | 122,449 | 1.4% | 2009 | [6] |
Georgia | 45,920 | 1.2% | 2014 | [6] |
Tajikistan | 40,598 | 0.5% | 2012 | [6] |
Armenia | 23,484 | 0.8% | 2011 | [6] |
Australia | 54,874 | 0.2% | 2022 | [13] |
Austria | 8,446 | 0.1% | 2001 | [6] |
Canada | 112,150 | 0.3% | 2011 | [6] |
Croatia | 1,592 | 0.04% | 2011 | [6] |
Cyprus | 20,984 | 2.5% | 2011 | [6] |
Czech Republic | 31,622 | 0.3% | 2011 | [6] |
Finland | 87,552 | 1.6% | 2021 | [14] |
Germany | 2,257,000 | 2.8% | 2010 | [15][note 3] |
Guinea-Bissau | 2,104 | 0.14% | 2009 | [6] |
Israel | 1,155,960 | 15% | 2011 | [16][note 4] |
Mauritius | 40 | 0.003% | 2011 | [6] |
New Zealand | 7,896 | 0.2% | 2006 | [6] |
Norway | 16,833 | 0.3% | 2012 | [6] |
Poland | 21,916 | 0.1% | 2011 | [6] |
Romania | 23,487 | 0.11% | 2011 | [17] |
Serbia | 3,179 | 0.04% | 2011 | [6] |
Slovakia | 1,866 | 0.03% | 2001 | [6] |
Sweden | 29,000 | 0.3% | 2012 | [18] |
United States | 900,205 | 0.3% | 2016 | [19] |
Subnational territories
Territory | Country | L1 speakers | Percentage | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harju County | Estonia | 208,517 | 37.7% | 2011 | [20] |
Ida-Viru County | Estonia | 121,680 | 81.6% | 2011 | [20] |
Riga Region | Latvia | 326,478 | 55.8% | 2011 | [21] |
Pieriga Region | Latvia | 87,769 | 25.9% | 2011 | [21] |
Vidzeme Region | Latvia | 16,682 | 8.4% | 2011 | [21] |
Kurzeme Region | Latvia | 47,213 | 19.3% | 2011 | [21] |
Zemgale Region | Latvia | 54,761 | 23.3% | 2011 | [21] |
Latgale Region | Latvia | 165,854 | 60.3% | 2011 | [21] |
Klaipėda County | Lithuania | 34,074 | 10.57% | 2021 | [12] |
Utena County | Lithuania | 18,551 | 14.54% | 2021 | [12] |
Vilnius County | Lithuania | 109,045 | 13.45% | 2021 | [12] |
Native and non-native speakers
Former Soviet Union
Country | Speakers | Percentage | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | 1,591,246 | 52.7% | 2011 | [22] |
Azerbaijan | 678,102 | 7.6% | 2009 | [23] |
Estonia | 928,655 | 71.7% | 2011 | [24][note 5] |
Kazakhstan | 10,309,500 | 84.8% | 2009 | [25][note 6] |
Kyrgyzstan | 1,854,700 | 49.6% | 2009 | [9][note 7] |
Lithuania | 1,894,158 | 67.4% | 2021 | [12][note 8] |
Russian Federation | 137,494,893 | 96.2% | 2010 | [6][note 9] |
Tajikistan | 1,963,857 | 25.9% | 2010 | [26] |
Ukraine | 88% | 2006 | [27] |
Other countries
Country | Percentage | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | 0.24% native | 2012 | [28] |
Bulgaria | 23% can have a conversation | 2012 | [29] |
Cyprus | 2.8% | ||
Hungary | 1.6% | 2011 | [30] |
Poland | 18% | 2012 | [31] |
Asia
Armenia
In Armenia, Russian has no official status but is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers.[33] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34] Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook.[35]
In 2010, in a significant pullback to derussification, Armenia voted to re-introduce Russian-medium schools.[36]
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, Russian has no official status but is a lingua franca of the country.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 250,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 2 million active speakers.[33] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34]
Research in 2005–2006 concluded that government officials did not consider Russian to be a threat to the strengthening role of the Azerbaijani language in independent Azerbaijan. Rather, Russian continued to have value given the proximity of Russia and strong economic and political ties. However, it was seen as self-evident that to be successful, citizens needed to be proficient in Azerbaijani.[37] The Russian language is co-official in the breakaway Armenian-populated Republic of Artsakh.
China
In the 1920s, the Chinese Communist Party and the
Israel
Russian is also spoken in
Kazakhstan
In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to Article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan, its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 10 million active speakers.[33] 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work.[34] According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian.[35] Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population.[40] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian and understand the spoken language.[41]
Kyrgyzstan
In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is an official language per Article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 600,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.5 million active speakers.[33] 38% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 22% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34]
The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, including 419,000 ethnic Russians, and 63,200 from other ethnic groups, for a total of 8.99% of the population.[9] Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, 49.6% of the population in that age group.[9]
Russian remains the dominant language of business and upper levels of government. Parliament sessions are only rarely conducted in Kyrgyz and mostly take place in Russian. In 2011, President
Tajikistan
In Tajikistan, Russian is the language of interethnic communication under the Constitution of Tajikistan.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 90,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 1 million active speakers.[33] 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business.[35]
After independence, Tajik was declared the sole state language, and until 2009, Russian was designated the "language for interethnic communication". The 2009 law stated that all official papers and education in the country should be conducted only in the Tajik language. However, the law also stated that all minority ethnic groups in the country have the right to choose the language in which they want their children to be educated.[43]
Turkmenistan
Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca of Turkmenistan in 1996.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 150,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 100,000 active speakers.[33] Russian is spoken by 12% of the population, according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook.[35]
Russian television channels have mostly been shut down in Turkmenistan, and many Russian-language schools were closed down.[44]
Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan, Russian has no official status but is a lingua franca and a de-facto language throughout the country.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 1,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 5 million active speakers.[33] Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population, according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook.[35] Throughout the country, there are still signs with Uzbek and Russian.
After the independence of
Since the
In the capital, Tashkent, statues of the leaders of the Russian Revolution were taken down and replaced with local heroes like Timur, and urban street names in the Russian style were Uzbekified. In 1995, Uzbekistan ordered the Uzbek alphabet changed from a Russian-based Cyrillic script to a modified Latin alphabet, and in 1997, Uzbek became the sole language of state administration.[45]
Rest of Asia
In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[46] and is compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[47]
Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan.[48]
Oceania
Australia
Australian cities
Europe
Belarus
In Belarus, Russian is co-official alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 3,243,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 8 million active speakers;[33] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34]
Initially, when Belarus became independent in 1991 and the Belarusian language became the only state language, some derussification started.[citation needed] However, after Alexander Lukashenko became president, a referendum held in 1995, which was considered fraudulent by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, included a question about the status of Russian. It was made a state language, along with Belarusian.[citation needed]
In most spheres, the Russian language is by far the dominant one. In fact, almost all government information and websites are in Russian only.[citation needed]
Bulgaria
Bulgaria has the largest proportion of Russian-speakers among European countries that were not part of the Soviet Union.[29] According to a 2012 Eurobarometer survey, 19% of the population understands Russian well enough to follow the news, television, or radio.[29] Native Russian speakers are 0.24%.[28]
Estonia
In Estonia, Russian is officially considered a foreign language.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 470,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 500,000 active speakers,[33] 35% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 25% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34] Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook.[35]
Ethnic Russians are 25.5% of the country's current population[49] and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian.[50] In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population could speak Russian.[50] The command of Russian, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians and is primarily being replaced by the command of English. For example, 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claimed to speak some Russian in 2000, but among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian had fallen to 19%, about one third the percentage of those who claim to command English in the same age group.[50]
In 2007, Amnesty International harshly criticized what it termed Estonia's "harassment" of Russian-speakers.[51] In 2010, the language inspectorate stepped up inspections at workplaces to ensure that state employees spoke Estonian at an acceptable level. That included inspections of teachers at Russian-medium schools.[52] Amnesty International continues to criticize Estonian policies: "Non-Estonian speakers, mainly from the Russian-speaking minority, were denied employment due to official language requirements for various professions in the private sector and almost all professions in the public sector. Most did not have access to affordable language training that would enable them to qualify for employment."[53]
The percentage of Russian speakers in Estonia is still declining, but not as fast as in the most of ex-Soviet countries. After overcoming the consequences of
Finland
Russian is spoken by about 1.4% of the population of Finland, according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook.[35] Making Russian language one of the most-spoken immigrant language in Finland.[54]
Until 2022 the popularity of Russian language was growing because of an increase in trade with and tourism from the Russia and other Russian-speaking countries and regions.
Georgia
In Georgia, Russian has no official status but is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[32] According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers.[33] 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work.[34] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook.[58] Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.[59]
Georgianization has been pursued with most official and private signs only in the
The Russian language is co-official in the breakaway republics of
Germany
Germany has the highest Russian-speaking population outside the former Soviet Union, with approximately 3 million people.[62] They are split into three groups, from largest to smallest: Russian-speaking ethnic Germans (Aussiedler), ethnic Russians, and Jews.[citation needed]
Latvia
The 1922 Constitution of Latvia, restored in 1990, enacted Latvian as the sole official language.[63]
Despite large Russian-speaking minorities in Latvia (26.9% ethnic Russians, 2011),
A
Lithuania
In the 1992 Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian was declared as the sole state language.[68]
In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any other legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population (63% as of 2011), especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language.[69] Only 3% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work, though.[34] English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as the first foreign language.[70] In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008).[68]
Unlike Latvia or Estonia, Lithuania has never implemented the practice of regarding some former Soviet citizens as non-citizens.
Moldova
In Moldova, Russian has a status similar to the other recognized minority languages;[71] it was also considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law.[32]
According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 450,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 1.9 million active speakers.[33] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34] According to the 2014 census, Russian is the native language of 9.68% of Moldovans, and the language of first use for 14.49% of the population.[citation needed]
Russian has a co-official status alongside Romanian in the autonomies of Gagauzia and Transnistria.[citation needed]
Romania
According to the 2011 Romanian census, there are 23,487 Russian-speaking Lipovans practicizing the Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church. They are concentrated in Dobruja, mainly in the Tulcea County but also in the Constanța County. Outside Dobruja, the Lipovans of Romania live mostly in the Suceava County and in the cities of Iași, Brăila and Bucharest.[17]
Russia
According to the
Russian is the official language of Russia but shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the numerous ethnic autonomies within Russia, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Yakutia, and 94% of school students in Russia receive their education primarily in Russian.[73]
In
In the
Russification is reported to be continuing in Mari El.[76]
Ukraine
In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a minority language under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 29 million active speakers;[33] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.[34]
In 1990, Russian became legally the official all-Union language of the Soviet Union, with constituent republics having rights to declare their own official languages.
In 2012 poll by
In some cases, the abrupt changing of the language of instruction in institutions of secondary and higher education led to charges of
A poll conducted in March 2022 by
According to the survey carried out by
Rest of Europe
In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in other parts of Europe[citation needed] and have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities.[citation needed]
According to the 2011 census of Ireland, there were 21,639 people using Russian at home. However, only 13% were Russian nationals. 20% held Irish citizenship, while 27% and 14% were Latvian and Lithuanian citizens respectively.[87]
There were 20,984 Russian-speakers in Cyprus according to the 2011 census of 2011 and accounted for 2.5% of the population.[88]
Russian is spoken by 1.6% of the people of Hungary according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook.[35]
Americas
The language was first introduced in
Russian was the most popular language in Cuba in the second half of the 20th century. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. It is now making a come-back in the country.[91]
See also
Notes
- ^ Data note: "Data refer to mother tongue, defined as the language usually spoken in the individual's home in his or her early childhood." (From the Footnotes section in the cited source)
- ^ Based on a 2016 population of 17,855,000 (UN Statistics Division Archived 2014-01-25 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Population data by Eurostat, using the source year. "The number of persons having their usual residence in a country on 1 January of the respective year". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ Based on a 2011 population of 7,706,400 (Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel[permanent dead link])
- ^ Includes 383,118 native and 545,537 non-native speakers.
- ^ People aged 15 and above who can read and write Russian well.
- ^ Data refers to the resident population aged 15 years and over.
- ^ Includes 190,733 native and 1,703,425 non-native speakers.
- ^ Data note: "Including all of persons who stated each language spoken, whether as their only language or as one of several languages. Where a person reported more than one language spoken, they have been counted in each applicable group."
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External links
- Uralic family home page
- Language Controversy in Kyrgyzstan - Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 23 November 2005
- Ukrainian language - the third official? - Ukrayinska Pravda, 28 November 2005