Inland Northern American English

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Inland Northern American English
RegionMid-Atlantic (Central & Western New York, Northeastern Pennsylvania), Midwestern United States
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottolognort3317
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
ANAE
.
Speech example
An example of a female speaker from the
Milwaukee area
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Speech example
An example of a male speaker from the Buffalo area
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Inland Northern (American) English,

St. Louis, Missouri; today, the corridor shows a mixture of both Inland North and Midland American accents.[5] Linguists often characterize the northwestern Great Lakes region's dialect separately as North-Central American English.[6]

The early 20th-century accent of the Inland North was the basis for the term "

fronting of the LOT/PALM vowel) of this shift, documented since the 1970s as comprising five distinct stages.[7] However, evidence since the mid-2010s suggests a retreat away from the Northern Cities Shift in many Inland Northern cities and toward a less marked American accent.[10][11][12]
Various common names for the Inland Northern accent exist, often based on city, for example: Chicago accent, Detroit accent, Cleveland accent, etc.

Geographic distribution

Detroit, and Chicago. Adapted from Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
, p. 204.

The dialect region called the "Inland North" consists of western and central

Twin Cities, educated middle-aged men in particular have been documented as aligning to the accent, though this is not necessarily the case among other demographics of that urban area.[4]

Linguists identify the "St. Louis Corridor", extending from Chicago down into St. Louis, as a dialectally remarkable area, because young and old speakers alike have a Midland accent, except for a single middle generation born between the 1920s and 1940s, who have an Inland Northern accent diffused into the area from Chicago.[13]

Western Pennsylvania English due to contact with Pittsburghers, particularly with Erie as their choice of city for summer vacations.[14] Many African Americans in Detroit and other Northern cities are multidialectal and also or exclusively use African-American Vernacular English
rather than Inland Northern English, but some do use the Inland Northern dialect.

Social factors

The dialect's progression across the Midwest has stopped at a general boundary line traveling through central Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and then western Wisconsin, on the other side of which speakers have continued to maintain their

liberal politics than speakers of the other two dialects, especially as Americans continue to self-segregate in residence based on ideological concerns. Former President Barack Obama, for example, has a mild Inland Northern accent despite not living in the dialect region until young adulthood.[15]

Phonology and phonetics

vowel chart, typical of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, though not to the extreme. Adapted from Hillenbrand (2003).[16]
The diphthongs of Southern Michigan on a vowel chart, adapted from Hillenbrand (2003).[16]
Vocalic phonemes of INAE
Front Central Back
tense lax lax tense
Close i ɪ ʊ u
Close-mid eɪ ə oʊ
Open-mid æ ɛ ʌ
Open ɑ ɔ
Diphthongs aɪ   ɔɪ   aʊ
All vowels of the Inland Northern dialect
Pure vowels (Monophthongs)
English diaphoneme
 		Inland Northern realization Example words
/æ/ ɛə~eə~ɪə bath, trap, man
/ɑː/ a~ä blah, father, spa
/ɒ/† lot, bother, wasp
/ɔː/ ɒ~ɑ dog, loss, off
all, bought, saw
/ɛ/ ɛ~ɜ~ɐ dress, met, bread
/ə/ ə about, syrup, arena
/ɪ/ ɪ~ɘ~ə̟ hit, skim, tip
/iː/ ɪi~i beam, chic, fleet
/ʌ/ ʌ~ɔ bus, flood, what
/ʊ/ ʊ book, put, should
/uː/ u~ɵu food, glue, new
Diphthongs
/aɪ/ ae~aɪ~æɪ ride, shine, try
ɐɪ~əɪ~ʌɪ bright, dice, fire
/aʊ/ äʊ~ɐʊ now, ouch, scout
/eɪ/ eɪ~e lame, rein, stain
/ɔɪ/ ɔɪ boy, choice, moist
/oʊ/ ʌo~oʊ~o goat, oh, show
R-colored vowels
/ɑːr/ aɻ~ɐɻ barn, car, park
/ɪər/ iɻ~iɚ fear, peer, tier
/ɛər/ eəɻ~eɻ bare, bear, there
/ɜːr/ əɻ~ɚ burn, doctor, first,
herd, learn, murder
/ər/
/ɔːr/ ɔɻ~oɻ hoarse, horse, war
/ʊər/ uɻ~oɻ poor, tour, lure
/jʊər/ jɚ cure, Europe, pure
† Footnotes
When followed by /r/, the historic /ɒ/ is pronounced entirely differently by Inland North speakers as [ɔ~o], for example, in the words orange, forest, and torrent. The only exceptions to this are the words tomorrow, sorry, sorrow, borrow and, for some speakers, morrow, which use the sound [a~ä]. This is all true of
General American
speakers too.
Based on Labov et al.; averaged F1/F2 means for speakers from the Inland North. /æ/ is higher and fronter than /ɛ/, while /ʌ/ is more retracted than /ɑ/.

A Midwestern accent (which may refer to

Midwest
.

Northern Cities Vowel Shift

Northern Cities Shift as a vowel chart, based on image in Labov, Ash, and Boberg (1997)'s "A national map of the regional dialects of American English".

The Northern Cities Vowel Shift, or simply Northern Cities Shift,

Upper Midwest and Western New England accent regions
.

Tensing of TRAP and fronting of LOT/PALM

The first two sound changes in the shift, with some debate about which one led to the other or came first,

mainstream American speaker would say pat or sad; e.g. coupon [ˈkʰupan]ⓘ
.

Lowering of THOUGHT

The fronting of the LOT/PALM vowel leaves a blank space that is filled by lowering the "aw" vowel in THOUGHT [

cot-caught merger; this is particularly evident in northeastern Pennsylvania.[21][22] Younger speakers reversing the fronting of /ɑ/, for example in Lansing, Michigan, also approach a merger.[10]

Backing or lowering of DRESS

The movement of /æ/ to [ɛə], in order to avoid overlap with the now-fronted /ɑ/ vowel, presumably initiates the consequent shifting of /ɛ/ (the "short e" in DRESS, [ɛ] in General American) away from its original position. Thus, /ɛ/ demonstrates backing, lowering, or a combination of both toward [ɐ], the near-open central vowel, or almost [æ].[10]

Backing of STRUT

The next change is the movement of /ʌ/ (the STRUT vowel) from a central or back position toward a very far back position [ɔ].[citation needed] People with the shift pronounce bus so that it sounds more like boss to people without the shift.

Backing or lowering of KIT

The final change is the backing and lowering of /ɪ/, the "short i" vowel in KIT, toward [ɘ],[23] or even toward the schwa [ə]. Alternatively, KIT may be lowered to [e], without backing.[citation needed] This results in a considerable phonetic overlap between KIT /ɪ/ and COMMA /ə/.

Vowels before /r/

Before /r/, only /ɑ/ undergoes the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, so that the vowel in start /stɑrt/ varies much like the one in lot /lɑt/ described above. The remaining /ɔ/, /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ vowels retain values similar to General American (GA) in this position, so that north /nɔrθ/, merry /ˈmɛri/ and near /nɪr/ are pronounced [noɹθ, ˈmɛɹi, niɹ], with unshifted THOUGHT, DRESS and KIT (as close as in GA). Inland Northern American English features the

hurry–furry merger, and the nurse–letter merger, all of which are also typical of GA varieties.[24]

History of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift

short a sound, /æ/ as in TRAP, as more of a diphthong and with a higher starting point in the mouth, causing the same word to sound more like "tray-ap" or "tray-up"; Labov et al. assume that this began by the middle of the 19th century.[25] After roughly a century following this first vowel change—general /æ/ raising—the region's speakers, around the 1960s, then began to use the newly opened vowel space, previously occupied by /æ/, for /ɑ/ (as in LOT and PALM); therefore, words like bot, gosh, or lock came to be pronounced with the tongue extended farther forward, thus making these words sound more like how bat, gash, and lack sound in dialects without the shift. These two vowel changes were first recognized and reported in 1967.[7] While these were certainly the first two vowel shifts of this accent, and Labov et al. assume that /æ/ raising occurred first, they also admit that the specifics of time and place are unclear.[26] In fact, real-time evidence of a small number of Chicagoans born between 1890 and 1920 suggests that /ɑ/ fronting occurred first, starting by 1900 at the latest, and was followed by /æ/ raising sometime in the 1920s.[18]

During the 1960s, several more vowels followed suit in rapid succession, each filling in the space left by the last, including the lowering of /ɔ/ as in THOUGHT, the backing and lowering of /ɛ/ as in DRESS, the backing of /ʌ/ as in STRUT (first reported in 1986),[27] and the backing and lowering of /ɪ/ as in KIT, often but not always in that exact order. Altogether, this constitutes the Northern Cities Shift, identified by linguists as such in 1972.[15]

Possible motivations for the Shift

Migrants from all over the Northeastern U.S. traveled west to the rapidly industrializing Great Lakes area in the decades after the Erie Canal opened in 1825, and Labov suggests that the Inland North's general /æ/ raising originated from the diverse and incompatible /æ/ raising patterns of these various migrants mixing into a new, simpler pattern.[28] He posits that this hypothetical dialect-mixing event, which initiated the larger Northern Cities Shift (NCS), occurred by about 1860 in upstate New York,[29] and the later stages of the NCS are merely those that logically followed (a "pull chain"). More recent evidence suggests that German-accented English helped to greatly influence the Shift, because German speakers tend to pronounce the English TRAP vowel as [ɛ] and the LOT/PALM vowel as [ä~a], both of which resemble NCS vowels, and there were more speakers of German in the Erie Canal region of upstate New York in 1850 than there were of any single variety of English.[30] There is also evidence for an alternative theory, according to which the Great Lakes area—settled primarily by western New Englanders—simply inherited Western New England English and developed that dialect's vowel shifts further. 20th-century Western New England English variably showed NCS-like TRAP and LOT/PALM pronunciations, which may have already existed among 19th-century New England settlers, though this has been contested.[30] Another theory, not mutually exclusive with the others, is that the Great Migration of African Americans intensified White Northerners' participation in the NCS in order to differentiate their accents from Black ones.[31]

Reversals of the Shift

Recent evidence suggests that the Shift has largely begun to reverse in many cities of the Inland North,

General American norm) have now reversed among younger speakers in these areas. Several possible reasons have been proposed for the reversal, including growing stigma connected with the accent and the working-class identity it represents.[34]

Other phonetics

Vocabulary

See also:
Regional vocabularies of American English § The North

Not all of these terms, here compared with their counterparts in other regions, are necessarily unique only to the Inland North, though they appear most strongly in this region:[42]

  • boulevard as a synonym for island (in the sense of a grassy area in the middle of some streets)
  • crayfish for a freshwater crustacean
  • drinking fountain as a synonym for water fountain
  • expressway as a synonym for highway
  • faucet for an indoor water tap (not Southern spigot)
  • goose pimples as a synonym for goose bumps
  • pit for the seed of a peach (not Southern stone or seed)
  • pop for a sweet, bubbly soft drink (not Eastern and Californian soda, nor Southern coke)
    • The "soda/pop line" has been found to run through Western New York State (Buffalo residents say pop, Syracuse residents say soda now but used to say pop until sometime in the 1970s, and Rochester residents say either. Eastern Wisconsinites around Milwaukee and some Chicagoans are also an exception, using the word soda.)
  • sucker for a lollipop (hard candy on a stick)
  • teeter totter as a synonym for seesaw
  • tennis shoes for generic athletic shoes (not Northeastern
    sneakers
    , except in New York State and Pennsylvania)

Individual cities and sub-regions also have their own terms; for example:

  • bubbler, in a large portion of Wisconsin around Milwaukee, for water fountain (in addition to the synonym drinking fountain, also possible throughout the Inland North)
  • cash station, in the
    ATM; also called a tyme machine (spoken like time machine) in the greater Milwaukee area,[43] from the first predominant ATM brand in the area, TYME
  • Devil's Night, particularly in Michigan, for the night before Halloween (not Northeastern Mischief Night)[44]
  • doorwalls, in Detroit, for sliding glass doors
  • gapers' block or gapers' delay, in Chicago, Milwaukee and Detroit; or gawk block, in Detroit, for traffic congestion caused by rubbernecking
  • gym shoes, in Chicago and Detroit, for generic athletic shoes
  • party store
    , in Michigan, for a liquor store
  • rummage sale, in Wisconsin, as a synonym for garage sale or yard sale
  • treelawn, in Cleveland and Michigan; devilstrip or devil's strip in Akron, Ohio;[45] and right-of-way in Wisconsin and parkway in Chicago for the grass between the sidewalk and the street
  • yous(e) or youz, in northeastern Pennsylvania around its urban center of Scranton, for you guys; in this sub-region, there is notable self-awareness of the Inland Northern dialect (locally called by various names, including "Coalspeak").[46] Youse is also found in Chicago and its hinterland, utilized as a second-person plural pronoun (similar to "y'all").

Notable lifelong native speakers

See also

References

  1. ^ Gordon (2004), p. xvi.
  2. ISBN 978-1-60406-617-3
    .
  3. ^ Gordon (2004), p. 297.
  4. ^ a b Chapman, Kaila (October 25, 2017). The Northern Cities Shift: Minnesota's Ever-Changing Vowel Space (Thesis). Macalester College. p. 41. The satisfaction of the three NCS measures was found only in the 35-55 year old male speakers. The three male speakers fully participating in the NCS had high levels of education and strong ties to the city
  5. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 276, Chapter 19.
  6. ^ McClelland, Edward Robert (December 28, 2023). "Let's Travel Through Some Midwest Accents, Eh?". Chicago. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  7. ^ a b c Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 190.
  8. ^ "Talking the Tawk". The New Yorker. November 7, 2005. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  9. ^ "Do You Speak American? - Language Change - Vowel Shifting". PBS. 2005. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10.
  10. ^ a b c d e Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016). "Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 22 (2). Article 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-23.
  11. ^ a b c Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015). "Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 21 (2).
  12. ^
    S2CID 251892218
    .
  13. ^ Friedman, Lauren (2015). "A Convergence of Dialects in the St. Louis Corridor". Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation. 21 (2). University of Pennsylvania: 43.
  14. ^ Evanini, Keelan (2008). "A shift of allegiance: The case of Erie and the North / Midland boundary". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 14 (2).
  15. ^ a b Sedivy, Julie (March 28, 2012). "Votes and Vowels: A Changing Accent Shows How Language Parallels Politics". Discover. Archived from the original on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  16. ^
    doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
    .
  17. ^ Gordon (2004), pp. 294–296.
  18. ^ a b McCarthy, Corrine (2010). "The Northern Cities Shift in Real Time: Evidence from Chicago". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 15 (2). Article 12.
  19. OCLC 4393202
    .
  20. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 189, Chapter 14.
  21. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 61.
  22. ^ Herold, Ruth (1990). Mechanisms of Merger: The Implementation and Distribution of the Low Back Merger in Eastern Pennsylvania (Ph.D. diss. thesis). Univ. of Pennsylvania.
  23. ^ Gordon (2004), p. 296.
  24. ^ Gordon (2004), pp. 294–295.
  25. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 192, 195.
  26. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 191.
  27. ^ Labov, William (October 20, 2008). Yankee Cultural Imperialism and the Northern Cities Shift (PowerPoint presentation for paper given at Yale University). University of Pennsylvania. Slide 94.
  28. S2CID 6255506
    .
  29. ^ Castro Calle (2017), pp. 34, 48.
  30. ^ a b Castro Calle (2017), p. 49.
  31. ^ Van Herk, Gerard (2008). "Fear of a Black Phonology: The Northern Cities Shift as Linguistic White Flight". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 14 (2). Article 19.
  32. S2CID 187646349
    .
  33. ^ Kapner, J. (October 12, 2019). "Snowy Days and Nasal A's: the Retreat of the Northern Cities Shift in Rochester, New York". New Ways of Analyzing Variation (Poster presentation). 48. Eugene, OR.
  34. S2CID 228971560
    .
  35. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 203–204.
  36. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 161.
  37. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 187.
  38. ISBN 978-1-118-82755-0
    .
  39. S2CID 237766388
    .
  40. ^ van den Doel, Rias (2006). How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English (PDF). Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics). pp. 268–269.
  41. ^ Salmons, Joseph; Purnell, Thomas (2008). "Contact and the Development of American English" (PDF). In Hickey, Ray (ed.). Handbook of Language Contact. Blackwell.[permanent dead link]
  42. ^ a b Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003). "The Harvard Dialect Survey". Harvard University Linguistics Department. Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30.
  43. ^ Ebert, Karl (October 13, 2022). "It's a TYME machine again! Landmark Credit Union is bringing back Wisconsin's unique ATM moniker". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
  44. ISBN 978-0-618-04362-0
    .
  45. ISBN 978-0-618-04362-0
    .
  46. ^ Feather, Kasey (May 19, 2014). "NEPAisms overlooked in new dictionary entries". The Times-Tribune. Times-Shamrock Communications. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  47. ^ Rabin, Nathan (October 14, 2022). "Twenty Three Years After the Release of American Movie I Find Myself Relating to Mark Borchardt on a Painful Level". Nathan Rabin's Happy Place. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  48. ^ Chozick, Amy (December 28, 2015). "How Hillary Clinton Went Undercover to Examine Race in Education". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  49. ^ Sun-Times Wire (December 12, 2013). "Ron Coomer headed to Cubs radio booth — report". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  50. ^ Kamps, Louisa (Spring 2019). "Room for Debate". On Wisconsin. Madison: Wisconsin Foundation and Alumni Association. Archived from the original on 2025-03-17. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
  51. ^ "Joan Cusack on 'Mars Needs Moms,' Raising Kids and Her Famous Brother". ParentDish. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2022-10-11. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
  52. ^ "DALEY EX MACHINA". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. May 31, 1987. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  53. ^ Stein, Anne (February 2003). "The über-mayor: what's behind Daley's longevity". Christian Science Monitor.
  54. ^ Kashian, Jackie (October 2010). "TDF Ep 6 - Jimmy Dore and Matt Knudsen". Uncut. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  55. ^ "Disturbed? not if you're David Draiman". Today. The Associated Press. June 15, 2006. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  56. ^ Wawzenek, Bryan (May 3, 2014). "10 Actors Who Always Show Up on the Best TV Shows". Diffuser. Archived from the original on 2015-06-28.
  57. ^ Moser, Whet (March 29, 2012). "Where the Chicago Accent Comes From and How Politics is Changing It". Chicago Mag. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  58. ^ Dennis Farina, 'Law & Order' actor, dies at 69. NBC News. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-07-26.
  59. ^ Desowitz, Bill (October 16, 2009). "'Fantastic Mr. Fox' Goes to London". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  60. ^ Moorhead, M.V. (October 31, 2019). "Robert Forster: Recalling a memorable encounter". Wrangler News. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  61. ^ "Dennis Franz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014.
  62. ^ Crowder, Courtney (December 9, 2014). "'Normal kid' from Park Ridge lifts 'Goldbergs'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
  63. ^ McClelland, Edward (November 15, 2016). "The St. Louis Accent: An Explainer". Bloomberg.com. Citylab. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  64. ^ Silberman, Lindsay. "See Rob Gronkowski's Patriots Interview & Photos". DuJour. Archived from the original on 2025-02-09. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  65. ^ Sherwood, Tom (May 28, 1984). "A Classic Mismatch in Virginia Senate Campaign". The Washington Post. Richmond, Va. Retrieved 2025-04-25.
  66. ISBN 9780820486680
    .
  67. ^ Nahmias, Laura (November 19, 2021). "Kathy Hochul's Got Seven Months As Governor of New York". New York. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-05-20.
  68. ^ Meisler, Andy (August 8, 1993). "UP AND COMING: Bonnie Hunt; Not Just a Perky Tour Guide". The New York Times. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  69. ^ Turner, Jamie (July 30, 2008). "With Coach K, will USA hoops bring its A game and return to golden Olympic glory?". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  70. Cleveland.com. Advance Local. Archived
    from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  71. ^ Rocca, Francis X. (May 8, 2025). "Leo XIV: An American Pope". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 2025-05-09.
  72. ISBN 9780160844164
    . Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  73. ^ Meisner, Jason; Long, Ray (March 26, 2023). "'ComEd Four' trial offering a fascinating and unprecedented look into the inner workings of Michael Madigan's political power". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  74. ^ Garcia, Chris (February 17, 2008). "Interview: David Mamet". Austin American-Statesman. Gannett Co. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  75. ^ Pesta, Ben (November 19, 1983). "The network said: Don't play it again, Rick" (PDF). TV Guide. p. 18. Retrieved 2025-01-11.
  76. ^ De Vries, Hilary (December 9, 1990). "The Guy From Chicago Arrives : Joe Mantegna Is Having a Hollywood Dream Season". Los Angeles Times. Boston. Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  77. ^ Newell, Jim (June 8, 2009). "Hillary All Over Again?". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  78. ^ Brooks, Jake (2004). "Mr. Skin Invades Sundance". The New York Observer. Observer Media.
  79. ^ Jamison, Peter (March 4, 2017). "Phil Mendelson beat the odds to run D.C. Will his luck hold in the Trump era?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  80. ^ "Fourteen candidates?!". Chicago Reader. February 22, 2019. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  81. ISBN 9781608195459
    .
  82. ^ "Bush fears Moore because he speaks to the heart of America". The Independent. Summer 2004.
  83. ^ McClelland, Edward (April 28, 2021). "The 'Blaccent' That Defines Chicago". Chicago. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
  84. ^ McClelland, Edward Robert (September 6, 2023). "The Five Most Conservative Wards in Chicago". Chicago. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  85. ^ Marans, Daniel (April 30, 2019). "Progressive Primary Challenger Raises Big Money Off Of DCCC Exclusion". HuffPost. Buzzfeed. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  86. ^ Cichon, Steve (May 9, 2023). "[BN] Chronicles: The Buffalo eeyack-ccent (er, accent)". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
  87. ^ Stiernberg, Bonnie (June 21, 2017). "Fargo's Midwestern Accents, Ranked from Worst to Best". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  88. ^ Dominus, Susan (May 2009). "Suze Orman Is Having a Moment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06.
  89. Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original
    on 2016-04-18. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  90. ^ Meisner, Jason; Long, Ray (March 20, 2023). "State representative testifies at 'ComEd Four' trial that Speaker Michael Madigan ruled caucus 'through fear and intimidation'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  91. ^ Landers, Peter (October 11, 2012). "Paul Ryan Sounds Radical to Linguists". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  92. ^ Harrington, Richard (August 16, 1986). "Bob Seger: Rocking On, With the Voice of Experience". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
  93. ^ Kurlyandchik, Mark (January 25, 2011). "Do You Speak Michiganese?". Hour Detroit. Hour Media. Retrieved 2025-05-20.
  94. ^ Mihalopoulos, Dan (August 16, 2024). "What a visit to a 'neighborhood joint' reveals about the tastes and generosity of a slice of Chicago". WBEZ Chicago. Chicago Public Media. Retrieved 2025-04-16.
  95. ^ "Michael Symon: 2007 winner of 'The Next Iron Chef'". Chicago Tribune. September 2014. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05.
  96. ^ Maupin, Elizabeth (1997). "'Signs': Still Brimming With Intelligent Life". Orlando Sentinel.
  97. ^ Cohn, Jonathan (November 5, 2022). "Gretchen Whitmer Is Both Loved And Hated In Michigan — And Still 'Fighting Like Hell'". Huffpost. BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2024-02-23.

Sources
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inland_Northern_American_English&oldid=1296934419"