Kerala

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This article is about the Indian state. For other uses, see Kerala (disambiguation).

Kerala
State
State of Kerala
Kerala backwaters
Athirappilly Falls
Munnar
Jatayu Earth's Center
Padmanabhaswamy Temple
Kerala Government Secretariat
Chinese fishing nets
Marine Drive, Kochi
Formation
1 November 1956
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyKerala Legislative Assembly (140 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha9 seats
 • Lok Sabha20 seats
High CourtKerala High Court
Area
 • Total38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi)
 • Rank
Official script
Malayalam script
GDP
[8]
 • Total (2022–2023)Increase₹11.32 lakh crore (US$140 billion)
 • Rank11th
 • Per capitaNeutral increase₹327,890 (US$4,100) (11th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
Vehicle registrationKL
HDI (2019)Neutral increase 0.782 Very High[9] (1st)
Literacy (2018)Neutral increase 96.2%[10] (1st)
Sex ratio (2011)1084♀/1000 ♂[11] (17th)
Websitekerala.gov.in
Symbols of Kerala
Emblem of Kerala
BirdGreat hornbill[12]
ButterflyPapilio buddha[13]
FishGreen chromide
FlowerGolden shower tree[12]
FruitJackfruit[14]
MammalIndian elephant[12]
TreeCoconut Tree[12]
State highway mark
State highway of Kerala
SH KL1 – SH KL79
List of Indian state symbols
PersonMalayāḷi, Kēraḷīyaṉ
PeopleMalayāḷikaḷ, Kēraḷīyaṟ
LanguageMalayāḷam

Kerala (English:

13th-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.[19]

The

Kasaragod District) in South Canara, and the erstwhile state of Thiru-Kochi (excluding four southern taluks of Kanyakumari district, and Shenkottai taluks).[17]

Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest

2011 Census of India.[23] The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019.[24] The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly Malayalam and sometimes English. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity
.

The

tropical
greenery as its major attractions.

Etymology

The word Kerala is first recorded as Keralaputo ('son of

Cheralam in Classical Tamil: Chera and Kera are variants of the same word.[29] The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Old Tamil word for 'lake'.[30] Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam 'declivity of a hill or a mountain slope'[31]
or chera alam 'land of the Cheras'.

One folk etymology derives Kerala from the Malayalam word kera 'coconut tree' and alam 'land'; thus, 'land of coconuts',[32] which is a nickname for the state used by locals due to the abundance of coconut trees.[33]

The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala as Cherapadha is the late Vedic text

Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Kerala as Celobotra.[37]

Malabar

Kerala was alternatively called

Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[44]

History

Portrait of Parashurama by Raja Ravi Varma relating to Keralolpathi.
Main article: History of Kerala

Traditional sources

According to the Sangam classic

Parasurama legendary account, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.[49]

Another much earlier

Puranic character associated with Kerala is Mahabali, an Asura and a prototypical just king, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali down to netherworld to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.[50] The Matsya Purana, among the oldest of the 18 Puranas,[51][52] uses the Malaya Mountains of Kerala (and Tamil Nadu) as the setting for the story of Matsya, the first incarnation of Vishnu, and Manu, the first man and the king of the region.[53][54]

Ophir

Poovar is often identified with Biblical Ophir

Sir William Smith, published in 1863,[57] notes the Hebrew word for parrot Thukki, derived from the Classical Tamil for peacock Thogkai and Cingalese Tokei,[58] joins other Classical Tamil words for ivory, cotton-cloth and apes preserved in the Hebrew Bible. This theory of Ophir's location in Tamilakam is further supported by other historians.[59][60][61][62] The most likely location on the coast of Kerala conjectured to be Ophir is Poovar in Thiruvananthapuram District (though some Indian scholars also suggest Beypore as possible location).[63][64] The Books of Kings and Chronicles tell of a joint expedition to Ophir by King Solomon and the Tyrian king Hiram I from Ezion-Geber, a port on the Red Sea, that brought back large amounts of gold, precious stones and 'algum wood' and of a later failed expedition by king Jehoshaphat of Judah.[i] The famous 'gold of Ophir' is referenced in several other books of the Hebrew Bible.[ii]

  1. 1 Kings
    22:48
  2. ^ Book of Job 22:24; 28:16; Psalms 45:9; Isaiah 13:12

Cheraman Perumals

Main article: Legend of Cheraman Perumals
Zamorins of Kozhikode
, relating to the legend of Cheraman Perumal.

The legend of Cheraman Perumals is the medieval tradition associated with the Cheraman Perumals (literally the

Zamorins of Kozhikode, who were left out in cold during allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").[68][69]

According to the

Arab merchants visited his palace, he asked them about this incident. Their answers led the King to Mecca, where he met the Islamic prophet Muhammad and converted to Islam.[72][73][74] It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as Qissat Shakarwati Farmad.[75] The 16th century Arabic work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen authored by Zainuddin Makhdoom II of Ponnani, as well as the medieval Malayalam work Keralolpathi, also mention about the departure of last Cheraman Perumal of Kerala into Mecca.[76][77]

However, S. N. Sadasivan contends in A Social History of India that Kalimanja, the king of the Maldives, was the one who converted to Islam. The story of Tajuddeen in the Cochin Gazetteer may have originated because Mali, as it was known to sailors at the time, was mistaken for Malabar (Kerala).[78]

Pre-history

Main article:
Pre-history of Kerala
Edakkal Caves
in Kerala.

A substantial portion of Kerala including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an area near

Indus Valley civilisation during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[86]

Ancient period

Ancient Silk Road map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)
Ezhimala, the early historic headquarters of Mushika dynasty, which was succeeded by the kingdom of Kannur later.

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to

Phoenicians were the first to enter Malabar Coast to trade Spices.[89] The Arabs on the coasts of Yemen, Oman, and the Persian Gulf, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other eastern countries.[89] They must have brought the Cinnamon of Kerala to the Middle East.[89] The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolised by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.[89]

The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the others being

Ezhimala during Sangam period.[16] The port at Tyndis which was on the northern side of Muziris, as mentioned in Greco-Roman writings, was somewhere around Kozhikode.[16] Its exact location is a matter of dispute.[16] The suggested locations are Ponnani, Tanur, Beypore-Chaliyam-Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu, and Koyilandy.[16]

According to the

Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[111][112]

Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.

Cheraman Jumu'ah Masjid (traditionally dated to "629 CE" by the Mappilas)—regarded as "the first mosque of India"[122]—and Paradesi Synagogue (1568 CE)—the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations[123]—were built in Kerala.[124]

Early medieval period

Hebrew script).[125]

A

Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century.[130] The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE.[131][132][133] For local administration, the empire was divided into provinces under the rule of Naduvazhis, with each province comprising a number of Desams under the control of chieftains, called as Desavazhis.[129] Mamankam festival, which was the largest native festival, was held at Tirunavaya near Kuttippuram, on the bank of river Bharathappuzha.[43][16] Athavanad, the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were also considered as the supreme religious chief of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is also located near Tirunavaya.[43][16]

Muslims of Kerala is in the Quilon Syrian copper plates.[125]

A panorama of port Kozhikode, shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior (Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, 1572)

The inhibitions, caused by a series of Chera-Chola wars in the 11th century, resulted in the decline of foreign trade in Kerala ports. In addition, Portuguese invasions in the 15th century caused two major religions,

Venad
kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India.

The rise of Kozhikode

After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was divided into thirty small warring principalities; the most powerful of them were the kingdom of

Middle Ages.[142][141] In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya from Valluvanad, which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to Kochi. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode.[142][141] The ruler of Kolathunadu (Kannur) had also came under the influence of Zamorin by the end of the 15th century.[16][142][141]

Uru, a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at Beypore, Kozhikode

At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (

Abdur Razzak (1442–43), Niccolò de' Conti (1445), Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74), Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), and Duarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.[145][146]

Vijayanagara Conquests

The king Deva Raya II (1424–1446) of the Vijayanagara Empire conquered the entirety of present-day state of Kerala in the 15th century.[141] He defeated the Zamorin of Kozhikode, as well as the ruler of Kollam around 1443.[141] Fernão Nunes says that the Zamorin had to pay tribute to the king of Vijayanagara Empire.[141] Later Kozhikode and Venad seem to have rebelled against their Vijayanagara overlords, but Deva Raya II quelled the rebellion.[141] As the Vijayanagara power diminished over the next fifty years, the Zamorin of Kozhikode again rose to prominence in Kerala.[141] He built a fort at Ponnani in 1498.[141]

Early modern period

A 1652 Map of India (Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side)
The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent.
Bolgatty Palace, built in 1744 by Dutch Malabar, also acted as the British Residency in Kochi

The maritime

Quilon during 1502 as per the invitation of the then Queen of Quilon to start spices trade from there.[152] The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory
and a fort. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them.

The Mattancherry Palace at Kochi was built and gifted by the Portuguese as a present to the Kingdom of Cochin around 1545
Bekal Fort at Kasaragod built in 1650 CE, the largest fort in Kerala

The ruler of the

Zamorin of Calicut.[153]

British Residency in Asramam, Kollam

The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When

Malabar coast.[159][157] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature, was born at Tirur (Vettathunadu) during Portuguese period.[43][16]

In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the

Quilon. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal kingdom, near Kannur, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the Lakshadweep islands.[161] The Bekal Fort near Kasaragod, which is also largest fort in the state, was built in 1650 by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi.[162]

Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace
)

In 1602, the Zamorin sent messages to Aceh promising the Dutch a fort at Kozhikode if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur, and handed over to the Portuguese.[163] A Dutch fleet under Admiral Steven van der Hagen arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with Kozhikode on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the Dutch East India Company made with an Indian ruler.[16] By this time the kingdom and the port of Kozhikode was much reduced in importance.[163] The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the Dutch East India Company was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and Ponnani, including spacious storehouses.[163]

The Portuguese were ousted by the

Mughal emperor, as British envoy.[16] In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar, making it the first municipality in the Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.[166]

The Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin, and British influences

The

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[174]

A 1744 map of Malabar Coast (Malabar coast is on the left side)
Kanakakkunnu Palace at Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram became a major city on Malabar Coast after the ruler Marthanda Varma annexed all minor kingdoms up to Cochin to form Travancore in the 18th century CE.

The island of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company in 1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession.[175][43] In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[176] The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[176] In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[176] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[176]

Kerala in British India (1909). Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Kochi, and Kannur, were the major cities of the state at that time as indicated in the map

In 1757, to resist the invasion of the

British India in the years 1792 and 1799, respectively.[180][181][182] Later in 1800, both of the Malabar District and South Canara were separated from Bombay presidency to merge them with the neighbouring Madras Presidency.[16] The company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795.[183]

By the end of the 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under

British Indian Empire, making them the first modern municipalities in the state of Kerala. The Malabar Special Police was formed by the colonial government in 1884 headquartered at Malappuram.[189]

There were major revolts in Kerala during the independence movement in the 20th century; most notable among them is the 1921

Malabar Rebellion and the social struggles in Travancore. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rebelled against the British Raj.[190] The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion.[191] Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of the 20th century, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation by Travancore Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes.[192]

As a state of the Republic of India

After India was

income inequality in the state.[199]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Kerala
Wayanad.
Vembanad, a portion of Kerala backwaters, is the longest lake in India.
Ponnani Lighthouse
beach

The state is wedged between the

Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain.[203][204] A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history; it also created a natural harbour for spice transport.[205]
The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats'
Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[218]

Topography of Kerala

Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region,

2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,[227] and in 2018 received the worst flooding in nearly a century.[228]

Climate

With around 120–140 rainy days per year,

orographic precipitation: the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During the summer, the state is prone to gale-force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[239]: 26, 46, 52  The mean daily temperature ranges from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.[240] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0 to 27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.[239]
: 65 

Climate data for Kerala
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30
(86) 		31
(88) 		32
(90) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		34
(93)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		22
(72)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 8.7
(0.34) 		14.7
(0.58) 		30.4
(1.20) 		109.5
(4.31) 		239.8
(9.44) 		649.8
(25.58) 		726.1
(28.59) 		419.5
(16.52) 		244.2
(9.61) 		292.3
(11.51) 		150.9
(5.94) 		37.5
(1.48) 		2,923.4
(115.1)
Source: [238][240]

Flora and fauna

Main article:
Flora and fauna of Kerala
A migratory Ichthyaetus in Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Silent Valley National Park
The Cardamom Hills are notable for biodiversity

Most of the

clearfelling.[246] Eastern Kerala's windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats.[247][248] The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in Nilambur.[249]

Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: it includes 118 species of

Red Line Torpedo Barb and choottachi; orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus are found.[251][242]: 163–65  Recently, a newly described tardigrade (water bears) species collected from Vadakara coast of Kerala named after Kerala State; Stygarctus keralensis.[252]

Divisions, districts and cities

Administrative Subdivisions
Main articles:
Local governance in Kerala
State administrative divisions
Administrative structure Numbers
Districts 14
Revenue Divisions 27
Taluks 75
Revenue Villages 1453
Local-Self Governments[253] Numbers
District Panchayats
 14
Block Panchayats 152
Grama Panchayats 941
Municipal Corporations 6
Municipalities 87

The state's

77 taluks, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records. Kerala's taluks are further sub-divided into 1,674 revenue villages.[254][255]
Since the
Block panchayats, 941 Grama Panchayats, 87 Municipalities, six Municipal Corporations and one Township.[256]
Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Puducherry,[257] though 647 kilometres (402 mi) away from it,[258] is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches. The Kannur District surrounds Mahé on three sides with the Kozhikode District on the fourth.[259]

In 1664, the municipality of

Kochi UA is the largest urban agglomeration.[263] According to a survey by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2007, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Kochi, Kollam, Thrissur are among the "best cities in India to live"; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.[264]

Government and administration

Main articles:
Kerala Legislature
See also: Politics of Kerala and Political parties in Kerala
The Kerala High Court complex in Kochi.
The Kerala Secretariat in Thiruvananthapuram – seat of executive administration of Kerala, and formerly of the legislative assembly
The Kerala Legislative Assembly Building in Thiruvananthapuram

The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Kerala has a unicameral legislature. The Kerala Legislative Assembly also known as Niyamasabha, consists of 140 members who are elected for five-year terms.[265] The state elects 20 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, and 9 members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house.[266]

The

Principal Secretary

Each district has a district administrator appointed by government called

local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.[268] The judiciary consists of the Kerala High Court and a system of lower courts.[269] The High Court, located in Kochi,[270] has a Chief Justice along with 35 permanent and twelve additional pro tempore justices as of 2021.[271] The high court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.[272][273]

In Kerala, local government bodies such as Panchayats, Municipalities, and Corporations have existed since 1959. However, a significant decentralization initiative began in 1993, aligning with constitutional amendments by the central government.[274] The Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act were enacted in 1994, establishing a 3-tier system for local governance.[275] This system includes Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat.[276] The Acts define clear powers for these institutions.[274] For urban areas, the Kerala Municipality Act follows a single-tier system, equivalent to Gram Panchayat.These bodies receive substantial administrative, legal, and financial powers to ensure effective decentralization.[277] Currently, the state government allocates around 40% of the state plan outlay to local governments.[278] Kerala was declared the first digital state of India in 2016 and, according to the India Corruption Survey 2019 by Transparency International, is considered the least corrupt state in India.[279][280] The Public Affairs Index-2020 designated Kerala as the best-governed state in India.[281]

Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the

Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). As of 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the LDF is the ruling coalition; Pinarayi Vijayan of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) is the Chief Minister, while V. D. Satheesan of the Indian National Congress is the Leader of the Opposition. According to the Constitution of India, Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy; universal suffrage is granted to residents.[282]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Kerala
GDP per capita in the state.[283][284]

After independence, the state was managed as a

welfare economy.[285] From the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and an increase in employment. In the fiscal year 2018–19, the nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was ₹7.82 lakh crore (US$98 billion).[286] GSDP growth; 11.4% in 2018–2019[286] and 10.5% in 2017–2018[286] had been high compared to an average of 2.3% annually in the 1980s and between 5.1%[287]: 8  and 6.0%[288] in the 1990s.[287]: 8  The state recorded 8.9% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005, higher than the national rate of 4.8%.[289][290] The "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and in comparison low economic development has resulted from a strong service sector.[239]: 48 [291]: 1  In 2019–20, the tertiary sector contributed around 63% of the state's GSVA, compared to 28% by secondary sector, and 8% by primary sector.[26] In the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based one.[26]

transshipment terminal in India
A Shopping mall at Kozhikode
Mappila Bay harbour at Kannur

The state's service sector which accounts for around 63% of its revenue is mainly based upon hospitality industry, tourism, Ayurveda and medical services, pilgrimage, information technology, transportation, financial sector, and education.[292] Major initiatives under the industrial sector include Cochin Shipyard, shipbuilding, oil refinery, software industry, coastal mineral industries,[217] food processing, marine products processing, and Rubber based products. The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon cash crops.[293] Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as coconut, tea, coffee, pepper, natural rubber, cardamom, and cashew in India.[293] The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s.[293] The migrant labourers in Kerala are a significant workforce in its industrial and agricultural sectors. Being home to only 1.18% of the total land area of India and 2.75% of its population, Kerala contributes more than 4% to the gross domestic product of India.

Kerala's economy depends significantly on emigrants working in foreign countries, mainly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and the remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.[294] The state witnessed significant emigration during the Gulf Boom of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 2008, the Persian Gulf countries together had a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who sent home annually a sum of US$6.81 billion, which is the highest among Indian states and more than 15.1% of remittances to India in 2008.[295] In 2012, Kerala still received the highest remittances of all states: US$11.3 billion, which was nearly 16% of the US$71 billion remittances to the country.[296] In 2015, NRI deposits in Kerala have soared to over ₹1 lakh crore (US$13 billion), amounting to one-sixth of all the money deposited in NRI accounts, which comes to about ₹7 lakh crore (US$88 billion).[297] Malappuram district has the highest proportion of emigrant households in state.[26] A study commissioned by the Kerala State Planning Board, suggested that the state look for other reliable sources of income, instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.[298]

A decline of about 300,000 in the number of emigrants from the state was recorded during the period between 2013 and 2018.

spices
—including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg.

As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches: each branch served 10,000 people, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.

labour participation rate of only 13.5%,[308]: 5, 13  as was the practice of Nokku kooli, "wages for looking on".[309] (On 30 April 2018, the Kerala state government issued an order to abolish Nokku Kooli, to take effect on 1 May.[310]) By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6%, respectively.[311]

Coconuts are an important regional cash crop.

The state's budget of 2020–2021 was ₹1.15 lakh crore (US$14 billion).[312] The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to ₹674 billion (US$8.4 billion) in 2020–21; up from ₹557 billion (US$7.0 billion) in 2019–20. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala reached ₹146 billion (US$1.8 billion) in 2020–2021.[312] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services.[313] A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over ₹20 billion (US$250 million).[314] Kerala's 10% rise in GDP is 3% more than the national GDP. In 2013, capital expenditure rose 30% compared to the national average of 5%, owners of two-wheelers rose by 35% compared to the national rate of 15%, and the teacher-pupil ratio rose 50% from 2:100 to 4:100.[315]

The Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board is a government owned financial institution in the state to mobilise funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state.[316][317] In November 2015, the

Shopping Mall in India.[321]

Despite of many achievements, Kerala facing many challenges like high levels of unemployment that disproportionately impact educated women, a high degree of global exposure and a very fragile environment.[322]


Industries

Traditional industries manufacturing items;

home gardens, animal husbandry and business process outsourcing
.

Agriculture

Jackfruits are the state fruit, and are a cultural icon of Kerala. The "Jack" in Jackfruit itself is from the Malayalam word "chakka", through Portuguese "jaca".
A field
A paddy field at Palakkad, also known as The Granary of Kerala
Black pepper is an important cash crop in Kerala, which leads the country in production.

The major change in agriculture in Kerala occurred in the 1970s when production of rice fell due to increased availability of rice all over India and decreased availability of labour.[328] Consequently, investment in rice production decreased and a major portion of the land shifted to the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.[329][330] Profitability of crops fell due to a shortage of farm labour, the high price of land, and the uneconomic size of operational holdings.[331] Only 27.3% of the families in Kerala depend upon agriculture for their livelihood, which is also the least curresponding rate in India.[332]

Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper[333] and accounts for 85% of the natural rubber in the country.[334][335] Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices—including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg are the main agricultural products.[88]: 74 [336][337][338][339][340] Around 80% of India's export quality cashew kernels are prepared in Kollam.[341] The key cash crop is Coconut and Kerala ranks first in the area of coconut cultivation in India.[342] In 1960–61, about 70% of the Coconuts produced in India were from Kerala, which have reduced to 42% in 2011–12.[342] Around 90% of the total Cardamom produced in India is from Kerala.[26] India is the second-largest producer of Cardamom in world.[26] About 20% of the total Coffee produced in India are from Kerala.[293] The key agricultural staple is rice, with varieties grown in extensive paddy fields.[343] Home gardens made up a significant portion of the agricultural sector.[344] Related animal husbandry is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless.[345][346] The state government promotes these activities via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the Sunandini.[347][348] Though the contribution of the agricultural sector to the state economy was on the decline in 2012–13, through the strength of the allied livestock sector, it has picked up from 7.0% (2011–12) to 7.2%. In the 2013–14 fiscal period, the contribution has been estimated at a high of 7.8%. The total growth of the farm sector has recorded a 4.4% increase in 2012–13, over a 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal year. The agricultural sector has a share of 9.3% in the sectoral distribution of Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Price, while the secondary and tertiary sectors have contributed 23.9% and 66.7%, respectively.[349]

There is a preference for organic products and home farming compared to

synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.[350][351] Forest gardens are common and known by the name home gardens. According to the English horticulturist Robert Hart, Kerala is "from the agroforestry point of view, perhaps the world's most advanced country, with an extraordinary intensivity of cultivation of some forest gardens."[352]

Fisheries

Cheena vala
 (Chinese fishing net)

With 590 kilometres (370 miles) of coastal belt,[353] 400,000 hectares of inland water resources[354] and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,[355] Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.[356] According to 2003–04 reports, about 11 lakh(1.1 million) people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 6,08,000 tons in 2003–04.[357] This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.[358] During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank develops along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water, peaking the output of the fishing industry. This phenomenon is locally called chakara.[359][360] The waters provide a large variety of fish: pelagic species; 59%, demersal species; 23%, crustaceans, molluscs and others for 18%.[358] Around 1050,000(1.050 million) fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of a 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590-kilometre (370-mile) coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.

Transportation

Roads

Main article: Roads in Kerala
NH 544 Six lane Thrissur – Vadakkencherry
Thamarassery Churam (Mountain pass)

Kerala has 331,904 kilometres (206,236 mi) of roads, which accounts for 5.6% of India's total.

Malabar) and southern (Travancore) parts of Kerala are connected to the rest of India via road and rail. The state's largest checkpoint, Walayar, is on NH 544, in the border town between Kerala and Tamil Nadu, through which a large amount of public and commercial transportation reaches the northern and central districts of Kerala.[366]

A panoramic view of Vyttila Mobility Hub integrated transit terminal in the city of Kochi

The

GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala. It also oversees a few major district roads.[368][369] Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Traffic density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly the result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving.[370] National Highways in Kerala are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. In other states, national highways are grade separated, 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8-lane access-controlled expressways.[371][372] The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has threatened the Kerala state government that it will give higher priority to other states in highway development since political commitment to better highways in Kerala has been lacking.[373] As of 2013, Kerala had the highest road accident rate in the country, with most fatal accidents taking place along the state's national highways.[374]

KSRTC Bus Station at Kozhikode

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

Main article: Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) is a state-owned road transport corporation. It is one of the country's oldest state-run public bus transport services. Its origins can be traced back to Travancore State Road Transport Department, when the Travancore government headed by Sri. Chithra Thirunnal decided to set up a public road transportation system in 1937.

The corporation is divided into three zones (North, Central and South), with the headquarters in Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala's capital city). Daily scheduled service has increased from 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi) to 1,422,546 kilometres (883,929 mi),[375] using 6,241 buses on 6,389 routes. At present the corporation has 5373 buses running on 4795 schedules.[376][377]

The Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.[363] It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at Thevara.[378]

Railways

Main article:
List of Railway Stations in Kerala

Thiruvananthapuram Central (TVC) is the busiest railway station in the state.[381]
Kerala's major railway stations are:

The first railway line in the state was laid from

broad gauge railway lines in India.[385] It was established in the British era for the transportation of Nilambur teaks and Angadipuram Laterite to United Kingdom through the port at Kozhikode.[385] The presence of Palakkad Gap on Western Ghats makes the Shoranur Junction railway station important as it connects the southwestern coast of India (Mangalore) with the southeastern coast (Chennai).[94]

Kochi Metro

Main article: Kochi Metro
Kochi Metro train at Palarivattom Metro station

communication-based train control (CBTC) system for signalling and telecommunication.[391] In October 2017, Kochi Metro was named the "Best Urban Mobility Project" in India by the Urban Development Ministry, as part of the Urban Mobility India (UMI) International Conference hosted by the ministry every year.[392]

Airports

Main article:
List of airports in Kerala state
Cochin International Airport, the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy

Kerala has four international airports:

non-resident Indians from 30 countries.[398]
Other than civilian airports, Kochi has a naval airport named INS Garuda. Thiruvananthapuram airport shares civilian facilities with the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force. These facilities are used mostly by central government VIPs visiting Kerala.

Water transport

Main article: Ports in Kerala
Cranes at the Cochin Shipyard

Kerala has

water hyacinth
, lack of modern inland craft terminals, and lack of a cargo handling system.

The 616 kilometres (383 mi) long West-Coast Canal is the longest waterway in state connecting

District collector of Malabar, H. V. Conolly, initially to facilitate movement of goods to Kallayi Port from hinter lands of Malabar through Kuttiady and Korapuzha river systems.[401] It was the main waterway for the cargo movement between Kozhikode and Kochi through Ponnani, for more than a century.[401] Other important waterways in Kerala include the Alappuzha-Changanassery Canal, Alappuzha-Kottayam-Athirampuzha Canal, and Kottayam-Vaikom Canal.[399]

Kochi water metro

Kochi Water Metro
Main article: Kochi Water Metro

Kochi Water Metro (KWM) is an integrated ferry transport system serving the Greater Kochi region in Kerala, India. It is the first water metro system in India and the first integrated water transport system of this size in Asia, which connects Kochi's 10 island communities with the mainland through a fleet of 78 battery-operated electric hybrid boats plying along 38 terminals and 16 routes spanning 76 kilometres.[402] It is integrated with the Kochi Metro and serves as a feeder service to the suburbs along the rivers where transport accessibility is limited.[403]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Kerala
See also: Ethnic groups in Kerala and List of people from Kerala
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 6,396,262—    
1911 7,147,673+11.7%
1921 7,802,127+9.2%
1931 9,507,050+21.9%
1941 11,031,541+16.0%
1951 13,549,118+22.8%
1961 16,903,715+24.8%
1971 21,347,375+26.3%
1981 25,453,680+19.2%
1991 29,098,518+14.3%
2001 31,841,374+9.4%
2011 33,406,061+4.9%
Source: Census of India[404]
The Population pyramid of Kerala

Kerala is home to 2.8% of India's population; with a density of 859 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km2.

2011 Census of India.[23] Around 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly Malayali.[405] The state's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.1% of the population, are concentrated in the east.[408]
: 10–12 

 
Largest cities or towns in Kerala
2011 Census of India[406]
As per the population within their respective Municipal Corporation/Municipality limits
Rank
District
Pop.
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Kozhikode 		1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram district 968,990 Kochi
Kochi
Kollam
Kollam
2 Kozhikode Kozhikode district 609,224
3 Kochi Ernakulam district 602,046
4 Kollam Kollam district 388,288
5 Thrissur Thrissur district 315,957
6 Kannur Kannur district 232,486
7 Alappuzha Alappuzha district 180,856
8 Kottayam Kottayam district 138,283
9 Palakkad Palakkad district 131,019
10 Manjeri Malappuram district 97,102

Gender

There is a tradition of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala, where the mother is the head of the household.[409] As a result, women in Kerala have had a much higher standing and influence in the society. This was common among certain influential castes and is a factor in the value placed on daughters. Christian missionaries also influenced Malayali women in that they started schools for girls from poor families.[410] Opportunities for women such as education and gainful employment often translate into a lower birth rate,[411] which in turn, make education and employment more likely to be accessible and more beneficial for women. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations. According to the Human Development Report of 1996, Kerala's Gender Development Index was 597; higher than any other state of India. Factors, such as high rates of female literacy, education, work participation and life expectancy, along with favourable sex ratio, contributed to it.[412]

Kerala's sex ratio of 1.084 (females to males) is higher than that of the rest of India; it is the only state where women outnumber men.[291]: 2  While having the opportunities that education affords them, such as political participation, keeping up to date with current events, reading religious texts etc., these tools have still not translated into full, equal rights for the women of Kerala. There is a general attitude that women must be restricted for their own benefit. In the state, despite the social progress, gender still influences social mobility.[413][414][415]

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Kerala
Participants at a pride parade in Thrissur in October 2018

Kerala has been at the forefront of LGBT issues in

sex reassignment surgery through government hospitals.[417][418][419] Queerala is one of the major LGBT organisations in Kerala. It campaigns for increased awareness of LGBT people and sensitisation concerning healthcare services, workplace policies and educational curriculum.[420] Since 2010, Kerala Queer Pride has been held annually across various cities in Kerala.[421]

In June 2019, the Kerala government passed a new order that members of the transgender community should not be referred to as the "third gender" or "other gender" in government communications. Instead, the term "transgender" should be used. Previously, the gender preferences provided in government forms and documents included male, female, and other/third gender.[422][423]

In the 2021 Mathrubhumi Youth Manifesto Survey conducted on people aged between 15 and 35, majority (74.3%) of the respondents supported legislation for same-sex marriage while 25.7% opposed it.[424]

Human Development Index

See also:
Kerala Model
Human Development Index map for Indian states in 2006, as calculated by Government of India and United Nations Development Programme.[425]

Under a democratic communist local government, Kerala has achieved a record of social development much more advanced than the Indian average.

cleanest and healthiest state in India.[432]

According to the 2011 census, Kerala has the highest

literacy rate (94%) among Indian states. In 2018, the literacy rate was calculated to be 96%. In the Kottayam district, the literacy rate was 97%.[433][11][434] The life expectancy in Kerala is 74 years, among the highest in India as of 2011.[435] Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 59% (1973–1974) to 12% (1999–2010); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 47% between the 1970s and 2000s against the 29% fall in overall poverty rate in India.[436] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6%, respectively.[311] The 2013 Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty estimated that the percentages of the population living below the poverty line in rural and urban Kerala are 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively.[437] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.[438][439] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.[239][290]
: 48 

Kerala has undergone a "

developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.[291]: 1  In 2005, 11.2% of people were over the age of 60.[290] In 2023, the BBC reported on the problems and benefits which have arisen from migration away from Kerala, focussing on the village of Kumbanad.[440]

In 2004, the birthrate was low at 18 per 1,000.

earned income, child marriage,[448] complaints of sexual harassment and limited freedom are reported.[412] The child marriage is lower in Kerala. The Malappuram district has the highest number of child marriage and the number of such cases are increasing in Malappuram. The child marriages are particularly higher among the Muslim community.[449][450] In 2019, Kerala recorded the highest child sex abuse complaints in India.[451]

In 2015, Kerala had the highest conviction rate of any state, over 77%.

India State Hunger Index next only to Punjab. In 2015 Kerala became the first "complete digital state" by implementing e-governance initiatives.[455]

Healthcare

Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum
Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal

Kerala is a pioneer in implementing the

water wells is an issue worsened by the lack of sewers.[460]: 5–7  As of 2017, the state has the highest number of diabetes patients and also the highest prevalence rate of the disease in India.[461]

The

Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier at Kottakkal (about 10 km from Malappuram) in 1902, is the largest Ayurvedic medicinal network and health centre in the state.[467][468][469] It is also one of the largest Ayurvedic medicinal brands in the world.[467][468][469]

In 2014, Kerala became the first state in India to offer free cancer treatment to the poor, via a program called Sukrutham.[470] People in Kerala experience elevated incidence of cancers, liver and kidney diseases.[471] In April 2016, the Economic Times reported that 250,000 residents undergo treatment for cancer. It also reported that approximately 150 to 200 liver transplants are conducted in the region's hospitals annually. Approximately 42,000 cancer cases are reported in the region annually. This is believed to be an underestimate as private hospitals may not be reporting their figures. Long waiting lists for kidney donations has stimulated illegal trade in human kidneys, and prompted the establishment of the Kidney Federation of India which aims to support financially disadvantaged patients.[472] As of 2017–18, there are 6,691 modern medicine institutions under the department of health services, of which the total bed strength is 37,843; 15,780 in rural areas and 22,063 in urban.[473]

Language

Languages of Kerala (2011)[474]

  Malayalam (97.02%)
  Tamil (1.49%)
  Others (1.49%)

Malayalam is the official language of Kerala,[475] and one of the six Classical languages of India.[476] There is a significant Tamil population throughout Kerala mainly in Idukki district and Palakkad district which accounts for 17.48% and 4.8% of its total population.[477] Tulu and Kannada are spoken mainly in the northern parts of Kasaragod district, each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district, respectively.[477][478]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Kerala
St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor.
Paradesi Synagogue
.

Religion in Kerala (2011)[479]

  Hinduism (54.73%)
  Islam (26.56%)
  Christianity (18.38%)
  Other or none (0.32%)
Percentage of the most popular religion in each Taluk of Kerala

Kerala is very religiously diverse with

Hindus represent the biggest religious group in all districts except Malappuram, where they are outnumbered by Muslims.[484] Kerala has the largest population of Christians in India.[485] As of 2016, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others account for 41.9%, 42.6%, 15.4% and 0.2% of the total child births in the state, respectively.[486]

The mythological legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements.

Jyotirmath. Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri was another religious figure who composed Narayaniyam, a collection of verses in praise of the Hindu God Krishna
.

Islam arrived in Kerala, a part of the larger

Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.[499]

According to some scholars, the Mappilas are the oldest settled Muslim community in South Asia.

Samastha Kerala Jamiat-ul-Ulema) while a large minority follow movements that developed within Sunni Islam. The latter section consists of majority Salafists (Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen). There is a large Keralan diaspora in the Middle East.[506][507]

Ancient Christian tradition says that Christianity reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of

Anglo-Indians in Kerala of mixed European and Indian parentage or ancestry. Kerala has the highest population of Christians among all the states of India.[521]

Commonwealth.[525] Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district.[526][527]

Buddhism was popular in the time of Ashoka

Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris, most of the Ambalavasi castes and the Ezhavas followed makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[533][534] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.[199] However, gender inequality among low caste men and women is reportedly higher compared to that in other castes.[535]
: 1 

Education

Main article: Education in Kerala
University of Kerala at Thiruvananthapuram
Cochin University of Science and Technology at Kochi
Indian Institute of Management at Kozhikode
Indian Naval Academy at Kannur
Indian Institute of Technology at Palakkad

The

SNDP, Muslim Educational Society, Muslim Mahajana Sabha, Yoga Kshema Sabha (of Nambudiris) and congregations of Christian churches—led to the further development of mass education in Kerala.[543]

According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), 98.6% had a middle school within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[88]: 62  In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%.[544] In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.[545] As of 2007, enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.[546] According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.[434] In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme.[547]

The educational system prevailing in the state's schools specifies an initial 10-year course of study, which is divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school—known as 4+3+3, which signifies the number of years for each stage.

Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self-financing schools, while government and government-aided schools offer instruction in English or Malayalam.[548] Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala,[550] according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹41 (51¢ US) for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[551]

Government Brennen College, Thalassery, founded by philanthropist Edward Brennen in 1862, and Government Victoria College, Palakkad
, founded in 1866, are among the oldest educational institutions in India.

The

IT@School Project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017.[554][555] Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools.[556][557] Kerala topped in the School Education Quality Index published by NITI Aayog in 2019.[558]

The

Ezhimala, is Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy.[559][560]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Kerala
mohiniattam performance
The Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University at Tirur
Onam Sadya
Kerala elephant

The culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it is an integral part of

scheduled and unscheduled languages are also spoken.[474] Kerala has the greatest consumption of alcohol in India.[569]

Festivals

Main articles:
Temple Festivals of Kerala and Onam

Many of the temples in Kerala hold festivals on specific days of the year.

Pulikali,[585] Pookkalam,[586] Thumbi Thullal[587] and Onavillu.[588]

Music and dance

Main articles: Arts of Kerala and Music of Kerala

Kerala is home to a number of

Mappila Pattukal (Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal (Church songs) are a few of them.[598]

Cinema

Main article: Malayalam cinema

academy award for sound design, for the breakthrough film Slumdog Millionaire. As of 2018, Malayalam cinema has got 14 awards for the best actor, 6 for the best actress, 11 for the best film, and 13 for the best film director in the National Film Awards, India.[605]

Literature

Main article:
Malayalam Literature

The

Classical Language in India" in 2013,[611] it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets Cherusseri Namboothiri,[612][613] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan,[613] and Poonthanam Nambudiri,[613][614] in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.[613][615] Unnayi Variyar,[616] a probable poet of the 17th/18th century CE, and Kunchan Nambiar, a poet of the 18th century CE, have also influenced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form.[613] The Bharathappuzha river, also known as River Ponnani, and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.[617]

Vaikom Muhammed Basheer, have gained international recognition.[636][637][638][639]

Cuisine

Main article:
Cuisine of Kerala

Kerala cuisine includes a wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry, and meat. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala for millennia and they are characteristic of its cuisine.

Thalassery Cuisine
is varied and is a blend of many influences.

Elephants

Elephants have been an integral part of the culture of the state. Almost all of the local festivals in Kerala include at least one richly caparisoned elephant. Kerala is home to the largest domesticated population of elephants in India—about 700

sahya".[650] The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.[651]

Media

Main article: Media in Kerala

The media, telecommunications, broadcasting and cable services are regulated by the

DNA, The Economic Times and The Financial Express
.

Malayala Manorama office in Kottiyam, Kollam

Telephone Density of 124.15.[663] Unlike in many other states, the urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.[664]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Kerala
snake boat race is performed during Onam on the Pamba River
Greenfield International Stadium in Thiruvananthapuram.

By the 21st century, almost all of the native sports and games from Kerala have either disappeared or become just an art form performed during local festivals; including

Snake boats.[665]

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi.

Santhosh Trophy seven times; in 1973, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2004, 2018, and 2022. They were also the runners-up eight times.[678]

Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state are

P. R. Shreejesh, ace goalkeeper hails from Kerala. International Walkers from the state include K. T. Irfan.[683]

For the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi), was chosen as one of the six venues where the game would be hosted in India.[684] Greenfield International Stadium at located at Kariavattom in Thiruvananthapuram city, is India's first DBOT (design, build, operate and transfer) model outdoor stadium and it has hosted international cricket matches and international football matches including 2015 SAFF Championship.[685]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Kerala

Kerala's culture and traditions, coupled with its varied

CNN Travel listed Kerala among its '19 best places to visit in 2019'.[691] Kerala was named by TIME magazine in 2022 among the 50 extraordinary destinations to explore in its list of the World's Greatest Places.[692]

Kerala's beaches, backwaters, lakes, mountain ranges, waterfalls, ancient ports, palaces, religious institutions[693] and wildlife sanctuaries are major attractions for both domestic and international tourists.[694] The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[695][696] Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination compared to other states in the country.[697] In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism an important industry and it was the first state in India to do so.[698] Marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees the tourism prospects of the state, resulted in the growth of the tourism industry.[699] Many advertisements branded Kerala with the tagline Kerala, God's Own Country.[699] Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.[699] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourists, an increase of 23.7% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing popular destinations in the world.[700] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.[701]

A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff
A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff

Ayurvedic tourism has become very popular since the 1990s, and private agencies have played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of the Tourism Department.[697] Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives which include mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major activities.[702] The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy, growing at the rate of 13.3%.[703] The revenue from tourism increased five-fold between 2001 and 2011 and crossed the ₹ 190 billion mark in 2011. According to the Economic Times[704] Kerala netted a record revenue of INR 365280.1 million from the tourism sector in 2018, clocking an increase of Rs 28743.3 million from the previous year. Over 16.7 million tourists visited Kerala in 2018 as against 15.76 million the previous year, recording an increase of 5.9%. The industry provides employment to approximately 1.2 million people.[701]

A panoramic view of Western Ghats mountain ranges from Mangalam Dam Reservoir
A panoramic view of Western Ghats mountain ranges from Mangalam Dam Reservoir

The state's only drive-in beach,

Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August), Pathiramanal a small island in Muhamma. Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace are two nearby heritage sites.[709][710]

See also

References

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Sources

  • Chandran, V. P., ed. (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (in Malayalam). Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited. ASIN 8182676444 .

Further reading

Further information: History of Kerala § Further reading

External links
Government
General information
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