Largest and heaviest animals

Clockwise from top left: an African bush elephant, the largest extant terrestrial animal; a blue whale, the largest animal of all time; and a colossal squid, the largest invertebrate

The largest animal currently alive is the

The upper estimates of weight for these two prehistoric animals would have easily rivaled or exceeded the blue whale.

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the largest living land animal. A native of various open habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, males weigh about 6.0 tonnes (13,200 lb) on average.^[11] The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres (13.7 ft) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder, to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft). This male had a computed weight of 10.4 to 12.25 tonnes.^[1]

Heaviest living animals

The heaviest living animals are all whales. Since no scale can accommodate the whole body of a large whale, most have been weighed by parts.

Rank	Animal	Average mass [tonnes]	Maximum mass [tonnes]	Average total length [m (ft)]
1	Blue whale[12]	110[13]	190[1]	24 (79)[14]
2	North Pacific right whale	60[15]	120[1]	15.5 (51)[13]
3	Southern right whale	58[13]	110[16]	15.25 (50)[13]
4	Fin whale	57[13]	120[16]	19.5 (64)[13]
5	Bowhead whale	54.5[13][17]	120[1]	15 (49)[13]
6	North Atlantic right whale	54[13][18]	110[16][19]	15 (49)[13][19]
7	Sperm whale	31.25[13][20]	57[21]	13.25 (43.5)[13][20]
8	Humpback whale	29[13][22]	48[23]	13.5 (44)[13]
9	Sei whale	22.5[13]	45[24]	14.8 (49)[13]
10	Gray whale	19.5[13]	45[25]	13.5 (44)[13]

Heaviest terrestrial animals

The heaviest land animals are all mammals. The African elephant is now listed as two species, the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant, as they are now generally considered to be two separate species.^[26]

Rank	Animal	Average mass [tonnes]	Maximum mass [tonnes]	Average total length [m (ft)]
1	African bush elephant	6[27][28]	10.4[29]	7 (23)[30]
2	Asian elephant	4.5[1][31]	8.15[1]	6.8 (22.3)[31]
3	African forest elephant	2.7[32]	6.0[32]	6.2 (20.3)[33]
4	White rhinoceros	2[34][35]	4.5[36]	4.4 (14.4)[37]
5	Indian rhinoceros	1.9[38][39]	4.0[40]	4.2 (13.8)[41]
6	Hippopotamus	1.8[42][43]	4.5[44]	5.05 (16.5)[45]
7	Black rhinoceros	1.1[46]	2.9[47]	4 (13.1)[48]
8	Javan rhinoceros	1.75[49][50]	2.3[51]	3.8 (12.5)[52]
9	Giraffe	1.0[1]	2[53]	5.15 (16.9)[54]
10	Gaur	0.95[55]	1.5[55]	3.8 (12.5)[56]

Vertebrates

Mammals (Mammalia)

Main article: List of largest mammals

The blue whale is the largest mammal of all time, with the largest known specimen being 33.6 m (110.2 ft) long and the largest weighted specimen being 190 tonnes.^[12][57][58] The extinct whale species Perucetus colossus was shorter than the blue whale, at 17.0–20.1 meters (55.8–65.9 ft) but it is estimated to have rivaled or surpassed it in weight, at 85–340 tonnes. At the highest estimates, this would make Perucetus the heaviest known animal in history.^[8]

The largest land mammal extant today is the African bush elephant. The largest extinct land mammal known was long considered to be Paraceratherium orgosensis, a rhinoceros relative thought to have stood up to 4.8 m (15.7 ft) tall, measured over 7.4 m (24.3 ft) long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes.^[59][60] In 2015, a study suggested that one example of the proboscidean Palaeoloxodon namadicus may have been the largest land mammal ever, based on extensive research of fragmentary leg bone fossils from one individual, with a maximum estimated size of 22 tonnes.^[61][59]

Stem-mammals (Synapsida)

The

synapsids (most of which became extinct 250 million years ago), at 4.5 m (15 ft) in length, 2.6 m (8.5 ft) in height and 9 t (20,000 lb) in weight.^[62] However, one study suggested a more conservative weight of 4.87 tonnes to 7.02 tonnes for the adult taxon, with an average body mass of 5.88 tonnes.^[63] The largest carnivorous synapsid was Anteosaurus at 5–6 m (16–20 ft) and 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb).^[64]

Caseasaurs (Caseasauria)

The herbivorous Alierasaurus was the largest caseid and the largest amniote to have lived at the time, with an estimated length around 6–7 m (20–23 ft).^[65] Another huge caseasaur is Cotylorhynchus hancocki, with an estimated length and weight of at least 6 m (20 ft)^[66] and more than 500 kg (1,100 lb).^[67]

Sphenacodontids (Sphenacodontidae)

The biggest carnivorous synapsid of

Early Permian was Dimetrodon, which could reach 4.6 m (15 ft) and 250 kg (550 lb).^[68] The largest members of the genus Dimetrodon were also the world's first fully terrestrial apex predators.^[69]

Tappenosaurids (Tappenosauridae)

The

Middle Permian Tappenosaurus was estimated at 5.5 m (18 ft) in length which is comparable in size with the largest dinocephalians.^[70]

Therapsids (Therapsida)

The plant-eating

dicynodont Lisowicia bojani is the largest-known of all non-mammalian synapsids, at 4.5 m (15 ft) and 9,000 kg (20,000 lb).^[62][71][72] The largest carnivorous therapsid was the aforementioned Anteosaurus from what is now South Africa during Middle Permian epoch. It reached 5–6 m (16–20 ft) long, and about 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb) in weight.^[64]

Reptiles (Reptilia)

Main article: List of largest reptiles

The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) of Southern Asia and Australia, with adult males being typically 3.9–5.5 m (13–18 ft) long. The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record was 6.32 m (20.7 ft) long, and weighed about 1,360 kg (3,000 lb).^[1] Unconfirmed reports of much larger crocodiles exist, but examinations of incomplete remains have never suggested a length greater than 7 m (23 ft).^[73] Also, a living specimen estimated at 7 m (23 ft) and 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) has been accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records.^[74] However, due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large living crocodile, the accuracy of these dimensions has yet to be verified. A specimen named Lolong caught alive in the Philippines in 2011 (died February 2013) was found to have measured 6.17 m (20.2 ft) in length.^{[75][76][77][78][79]}

The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the "Komodo monitor", is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, Nusa kode and Padar. A member of the monitor lizard family (Varanidae), it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of more than 3 metres (9.8 feet) in rare cases and weighing up to approximately 166 kilograms (366 pounds).^[80]

Largest living reptiles

The following is a list of the largest living reptile species ranked by average weight, which is dominated by the crocodilians. Unlike mammals, birds, or fish, the mass of large reptiles is frequently poorly documented and many are subject to conjecture and estimation.^[1]

Rank	Animal	Average mass [kg (lb)]	Maximum mass [kg (lb)]	Average total length [m (ft)]
1	Saltwater crocodile	450 (1,000)[81][82]	2,000 (4,400)[83][84]	4.5 (14.8)[81][85]
2	Nile crocodile	410 (900)[86]	1,090 (2,400)[1]	4.2 (13.8)[86]
3	Orinoco crocodile	380 (840)[citation needed]	1,100 (2,400)[citation needed]	4.1 (13.5)[87][88]
4	Leatherback sea turtle	364 (800)[89][90]	932 (2,050)[1]	2.0 (6.6)[1]
5	American crocodile	336 (740)[91]	1,000 (2,200)[92]	4.0 (13.1)[93][94]
6	Black caiman	300 (661)[citation needed]	1,000 (2,200)[citation needed]	3.9 (12.8)[95][96][97][98]
7	Gharial	250 (550)[99]	1,000 (2,200)[100]	4.5 (14.8)[99]
8	American alligator	240 (530)[101][102]	1,000 (2,200)[1]	3.4 (11.2)[102]
9	Mugger crocodile	225 (495)[101]	700 (1,500)[103]	3.3 (10.8)[102]
10	False gharial	210 (460)[104]	590 (1,300)[105]	4.0 (13.1)[106]
11	Aldabra giant tortoise	205 (450)[107]	360 (790)[1]	1.4 (4.6)[108]
12	Loggerhead sea turtle	200 (441)[citation needed]	545 (1,202)[citation needed]	0.95 (3.2)[108]
13	Green sea turtle	190 (418.9)[109]	395 (870.8)[86]	1.12 (3.67)[86]
14	Slender-snouted crocodile	180 (400)[110]	325 (720)[110]	3.3 (10.8)[110]
15	Galapagos tortoise	175 (390)[111]	417 (919)[112]	1.5 (4.9)[113]

Dinosaurs (Dinosauria)

Main article: Dinosaur size

See also: Largest prehistoric animals

Dinosaurs are now extinct, except for birds, which are theropods.

Sauropods (Sauropoda)

The largest dinosaurs, and the largest animals to ever live on land, were the plant-eating, long-necked

Carnegie Natural History Museum in 1907. A Patagotitan specimen found in Argentina in 2014 is estimated to have been 37–40 m (121–131 ft) long and 20 m (66 ft) tall, with a weight of 69–77 tonnes.^[120][121]

There were larger sauropods, but they are known only from a few bones. The current record-holders include Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 100 tonnes; Supersaurus which might have reached 34 m (112 ft) in length and Sauroposeidon which might have been 18 m (59 ft) tall. Some abnormal specimens such as specimen BYU 9024 of the Barosaurus genus could reach an astounding 45-48 meters long, with mass varying from the 'modest' 60-66 tons to the more immense 92-120 tons.^{[122][123][124]} Two other such sauropods include Bruhathkayosaurus and Maraapunisaurus. Both are known only from fragments that no longer exist. Bruhathkayosaurus might have been between 40–44 m (131–144 ft) in length and 175–220 tonnes in weight according to some estimates, with recent estimates being place between 110-170 tons.^[125][10] Maraapunisaurus might have been approximately 35–40 m long and 80–120 tonnes or more.^[126] Each of these two 'super-sauropods' would have easily rivalled the largest blue whale in size.^[10][12]

Theropods (Theropoda)

The largest

Field Museum of Chicago at a total length of 12.3 m (40 ft). Body mass estimates have reached over 9,500 kg,^[144] though other figures, such as Hartman's 2013 estimate of 8,400 kg,^[145]

have been lower.

Another giant theropod is Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa. Size estimates have been fluctuating far more over the years, with length estimates ranging from 12.6 to 18 m and mass estimates from 7 to 20.9 t.^[146][147] Recent findings favor a length exceeding 15 m ^[148] and a body mass of 7.5 tons.^[149]

Other contenders known from partial skeletons include Giganotosaurus carolinii (est. 12.2–13.2 m and 6-13.8 tonnes) and Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (est. 12-13.3 m and 6.2-15.1 tonnes).^{[147][150][151][152][153][122]}

The largest

extant theropod is the common ostrich

(see birds, below).

Armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora)

The largest thyreophorans were Ankylosaurus and Stegosaurus, from the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic periods (respectively) of what is now North America, both measuring up to 9 m (30 ft) in length and estimated to weigh up to 6 tonnes.^[154][155]

Ornithopods (Ornithopoda)

The largest ornithopods were the

hadrosaurids Shantungosaurus, a late Cretaceous dinosaur found in the Shandong Peninsula of China, and Magnapaulia from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both species are known from fragmentary remains but are estimated to have reached over 15 m (49 ft) in length^[156][157] and were likely the heaviest non-sauropod dinosaurs, estimated at over 23 tonnes.^[157]

Ceratopsians (Ceratopsia)

The largest ceratopsians were Triceratops and its ancestor Eotriceratops from the late Cretaceous of North America. Both estimated to have reached about 9 m (30 ft) in length^[158] and weighed 12 tonnes.^[159][160]

Birds (Aves)

The largest living bird, a member of the Struthioniformes, is the common ostrich (Struthio camelus), from the plains of Africa. A large male ostrich can reach a height of 2.8 m (9.2 ft) and weigh over 156 kg (344 lb).^[161] A mass of 200 kg (440 lb) has been cited for the common ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified.^[162] Eggs laid by the ostrich can weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and are the largest eggs in the world today.^{[citation needed]}

The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct

The following is a list of the heaviest living bird species based on maximum reported or reliable mass, but average weight is also given for comparison. These species are almost all flightless, which allows for these particular birds to have denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than 2% of all living bird species.^[citation needed]

Amphibians (Amphibia)

The largest living

Frogs (Anura)

The largest member of the largest order of

dendrobatid is the Colombian golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis), which can attain a length of 6 cm (2.4 in) and nearly 28.3 g (1.00 oz).^[185] Most frogs are classified under the suborder Neobatrachia, although nearly 200 species are part of the suborder Mesobatrachia, or ancient frogs. The largest of these are the little-known Brachytarsophrys or Karin Hills frogs, of South Asia, which can grow to a maximum snout-to-vent length of 17 cm (6.7 in) and a maximum weight of 0.54 kg (1.2 lb).^[186]

Caecilians (

Gymnophiona

)

The largest of the worm-like

caecilians is the Colombian Thompson's caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which reaches a length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft), a width of about 4.6 cm (1.8 in) and can weigh up to about 1 kg (2.2 lb).^[1]

Salamanders (

Urodela

)

Besides the previously mentioned Chinese and South China giant salamanders, the closely related

reticulated siren of the southeastern United States rivals the hellbender in size, although it is more lean in build.^[187] The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl), which can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.^[188]

Invertebrate chordates

Tunicates (Tunicata)

The largest tunicate is Synoicum pulmonaria, found at depths of 20 and 40 metres (66 and 131 ft), and are up to 14 centimetres (6 in) in diameter. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres (33 and 43 ft).^[189]

Entergonas (

Enterogona

)

The largest entergona is Synoicum pulmonaria it is usually found at depths between about 20 and 40 metres (66 and 131 ft) and can grow to over a metre (yard) in length. It is also present in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, around the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland, but is less common here than in the east, and occurs only at depths between 10 and 13 metres (33 and 43 ft).^[189]

Pleurogonas (Pleurogona)

The largest pleurogona is Pyura pachydermatina .^[190] In colour it is off-white or a garish shade of reddish-purple. The stalk is two thirds to three quarters the length of the whole animal which helps distinguish it from certain invasive tunicates not native to New Zealand such as Styela clava and Pyura stolonifera.^[191] It is one of the largest species of tunicates and can grow to over a metre (yard) in length.^[192]

Aspiraculates (Aspiraculata)

The largest aspiraculate is Oligotrema large and surrounded by six large lobes; the cloacal syphon is small. They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch (2 cm) to 2.4 inches (6 cm).

Thaliacea

The largest thaliacean, Pyrosoma atlanticum, is cylindrical and can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long and 4–6 cm wide. The constituent zooids form a rigid tube, which may be pale pink, yellowish, or bluish. One end of the tube is narrower and is closed, while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm. The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled with backward-pointing, blunt processes. The individual zooids are up to 8.5 mm (0.33 in) long and have a broad, rounded branchial sac with gill slits. Along the side of the branchial sac runs the endostyle, which produces mucus filters. Water is moved through the gill slits into the centre of the cylinder by cilia pulsating rhythmically. Plankton and other food particles are caught in mucus filters in the processes as the colony is propelled through the water. P. atlanticum is bioluminescent and can generate a brilliant blue-green light when stimulated.^[193][194]

Doliolida (Doliolida)

The largest doliolida is Doliolida ^[195] The doliolid body is small, typically 1–2 cm long, and barrel-shaped; it features two wide siphons, one at the front and the other at the back end, and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands. Like all tunicates, they are filter feeders. They are free-floating; the same forced flow of water through their bodies with which they gather plankton is used for propulsion - not unlike a tiny ramjet engine. Doliolids are capable of quick movement. They have a complicated lifecycle consisting of sexual and asexual generations. They are nearly exclusively tropical animals, although a few species are found as far north as northern California.^{[citation needed]}

Salps (

Salpida

)

The largest salp is Cyclosalpa bakeri 15cm (6ins) long. There are openings at the anterior and posterior ends of the cylinder which can be opened or closed as needed. The bodies have seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle (an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles). The stolon is a ribbon-like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding. The aggregate is the second, colonial form of the salp and is also gelatinous, transparent and flabby. It takes the shape of a radial whorl of individuals up to about 20cm (4in) in diameter. It is formed of approximately 12 zooids linked side by side in a shape that resembles a crown.^[193][196] are largest thetyses: Thetys vagina Individuals can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) long.^{[citation needed]}

Larvaceans (

Larvacea

)

The largest larvacean is

Appendicularia 1 cm (0.39 in) in body length (excluding the tail).^{[citation needed}

]

The largest lancelet is the European lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) "primitive fish". It can grow up to 6 cm (2.5 in) long.^[197]

Invertebrate non-chordates

Echinoderms (Echinodermata)

The largest species of

Crinoids (

Crinoidea

)

The largest species of

crinoids grew much larger, and stalk lengths up to 40 m (130 ft) have been found in the fossil record.^[199]

Sea urchins and allies (

Echinoidea

)

The largest sea urchin is the species Sperosoma giganteum from the deep northwest Pacific Ocean, which can reach a shell width of about 30 cm (12 in).^[200] Another deep sea species Hygrosoma hoplacantha is only slightly smaller.^[200] The largest species found along the North America coast is the Pacific red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) where the shell can reach 19 cm (7.5 in).^[201] If the spines enter into count, the biggest species may be a Diadematidae like Diadema setosum, with a test up to 10 cm (3.9 in) only, but its spines can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.^[202]

Sea cucumbers (

Holothuroidea

)

The bulkiest species of sea cucumber are Stichopus variegatus and Thelenota anax, weighing several pounds, being about 21 cm (8.3 in) in diameter, and reaching a length of 1 m (3.3 ft) when fully extended. Synapta maculata can reach an extended length of 3 m (9.8 ft), but is extremely slender (3-5cm) and weigh much less than Stichopodids.^[1]

Brittle stars (

Ophiuroidea

)

The largest known specimen of

euryalids, the biggest ophiurid brittle star may be Ophiopsammus maculata (6–7 inches).^[203]

Sea stars (

Asteroidea

)

The heaviest sea star is Thromidia gigas from the Indo-Pacific, which can surpass 6 kg (13 lb) in weight, but only has a diameter of about 65 cm (2.13 ft).^[198][200] Despite its relatively small disk and weight, the long slender arms of Midgardia xandaros from the Gulf of California makes it the sea star with the largest diameter at about 1.4 m (4.5 ft).^[200] Mithrodia clavigera may also become wider than 1 m (39 in) in some cases, with stout arms.^{[citation needed]}

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Monogenean flatworms (Monogenea)

The largest known members of this group of very small parasites are among the genus of

Listrocephalos, reaching a length of 2 cm (0.79 in).^[204]

Flukes (Trematoda)

The largest known species of

Fasciolopsis buski, which most often attacks humans and livestock. One of these flukes can be up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) long and 2 cm (0.79 in) thick.^[205]

Tapeworms (Cestoda)

The largest known species of

Polygonoporus giganticus, which can grow to over 30 m (98 ft).^[206][207]

Both the largest mollusks and the largest of all invertebrates (in terms of mass) are the largest squids. The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) is projected to be the largest invertebrate.^[210] Current estimates put its maximum size at 12 to 14 m (39 to 46 ft) long and 750 kg (1,650 lb),^[211] based on analysis of smaller specimens. In 2007, authorities in New Zealand announced the capture of the largest known colossal squid specimen. It was initially thought to be 10 m (33 ft) and 450 kg (990 lb). It was later measured at 4.2 m (14 ft) long and 495 kg (1,091 lb) in weight. The mantle was 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long when measured.^[212][213]

The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) was previously thought to be the largest squid, and while it is less massive and has a smaller mantle than the colossal squid, it may exceed the colossal squid in overall length including tentacles. One giant squid specimen that washed ashore in 1878 in Newfoundland reportedly measured 16.8 m (55 ft) in total length (from the tip of the mantle to the end of the long tentacles), head and body length 6.1 m (20 ft), 4.6 m (15 ft) in circumference at the thickest part of mantle, and weighed about 900 kg (2,000 lb). This specimen is still often cited as the largest invertebrate that has ever been examined.^{[1][214][215]} However, no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented and, according to giant squid expert Steve O'Shea, such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands.^[216]

Aplacophorans (Aplacophora)

The largest known of these worm-like, shell-less

mollusks are represented in the genus Epimenia, which can reach 30 cm (12 in) long. Most aplacophorans are less than 5 cm (2.0 in) long.^[217]

Chitons (Polyplacophora)

The largest of the chitons is the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, which can reach a length of 33 cm (13 in) and weigh over 2 kg (4.4 lb).^[218]

Bivalves (Bivalvia)

The largest of the

Platyceramus platinus, a Cretaceous giant that reached an axial length of up to 3 m (nearly 10 ft).^[219]

Gastropods (Gastropoda)

The "largest" of this most diverse and successful

mollusk class of slugs and snails

can be defined in various ways.

The living gastropod species that has the largest (longest) shell is Syrinx aruanus with a maximum shell length of 0.91 m (3.0 ft), a weight of 18 kg (40 lb) and a width of 96 cm (38 in).^[220][221] Another giant species is Melo amphora, which in a 1974 specimen from Western Australia, measured 0.71 m (2.3 ft) long, had a maximum girth of 0.97 m (3.2 ft) and weighed 16 kg (35 lb).^[1]

The largest shell-less gastropod is the giant black

sea hare (Aplysia vaccaria

) at 0.99 m (3.2 ft) in length and almost 14 kg (31 lb) in weight.

The largest of the land snails is the giant African snail (Achatina achatina) at up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 35 cm (14 in) long.

Cephalopods (

Cephalopoda

)

(See

giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), can grow to be very large. The largest confirmed weight of a giant octopus is 74 kg (163 lb),^[222] with a 7 m (23 ft) arm span (with the tentacles fully extended) and a head-to-tentacle-tip length of 3.9 m (13 ft).^[223] Specimens have been reported up to 125 kg (276 lb) but are unverified. A weight of 10 - 50kg is a much more common size.^[1]

The largest

The largest arthropod known to have existed is the eurypterid (sea scorpion) Jaekelopterus, reaching up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in body length, followed by the millipede relative Arthropleura at around 2.1 m (6.9 ft) in length.^[227] Among living arthropods, the Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is the largest in overall size, the record specimen, caught in 1921, had an extended arm span of 3.8 m (12 ft) and weighed about 19 kg (42 lb).^[1] The heaviest is the American lobster (Homarus americanus), the largest verified specimen, caught in 1977 off of Nova Scotia weighed 20 kg (44 lb) and its body length was 1.1 m (3.6 ft).^[1] The largest land arthropod and the largest land invertebrate is the coconut crab (Birgus latro), up to 40 cm (1.3 ft) long and weighing up to 4 kg (8.8 lb) on average. Its legs may span 1 m (3.3 ft).^[1]

Arachnids (Arachnida)

Both spiders and scorpions include contenders for the largest arachnids.

Spiders (

Araneae

)

The largest species of arachnid by length is probably the

Brazilian salmon pink (Lasiodora parahybana). The huntsman spider may span up to 29 cm (11 in) across the legs, while in the New World tarantulas like Theraphosa can range up to 26 cm (10 in).^[1] In Grammostola, Theraphosa and Lasiodora, the weight is projected to be up to at least 150 g (5.3 oz) and body length is up to 10 cm (3.9 in).^[229]

Scorpions (

Scorpiones

)

The largest of the

Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis, a giant extinct species of scorpion from Scotland, at an estimated length of 0.7 m (2.3 ft),^[230] and the aquatic Brontoscorpio, at up to 94 cm (3.08 ft) which is only known from a free finger.^[231]

Pseudoscorpions (

Pseudoscorpiones

)

The largest pseudoscorpion is Garypus titanius, from Ascension island, which can be 12 mm (0.47 in) long.^[232]

Crustaceans (Crustacea)

The largest crustacean is the

Branchiopods (Branchiopoda)

The largest of these primarily freshwater crustaceans is probably Branchinecta gigas, which can reach a length 10 cm (3.9 in).^[238]

Barnacles and allies (

Maxillopoda

)

The largest species is

giant acorn barnacle, Balanus nubilis, reaching 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and 12.7 cm (5.0 in) high.^[240]

Ostracods (

Ostracoda

)

The largest living representative of these small and little-known but numerous crustaceans is the species Gigantocypris australis females of which reaching a maximum length of 3 cm (1.2 in).

Amphipods, isopods, and allies (Peracarida)

The largest species is the giant isopod (Bathynomus pergiganteus), which can reach a length of 45 cm (18 inches) and a weight of 1.7 kg (3.7 lb).^[241]

Remipedes (Remipedia)

The largest of these cave-dwelling crustaceans is the species Godzillius robustus, at up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in).^[242]

Horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura)

The four modern horseshoe crabs are of roughly the same sizes, with females measuring up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) in length and 5 kg (11 lb) in weight.^[243]

Sea spiders (Pycnogonida)

The largest of the sea spiders is the deep-sea species Colossendeis colossea, attaining a leg span of nearly 60 cm (2.0 ft).^[244]

Trilobites (Trilobita)

Some of these extinct marine arthropods exceeded 60 cm (24 in) in length. A nearly complete specimen of Isotelus rex from Manitoba attained a length over 70 cm (28 in), and an Ogyginus forteyi from Portugal was almost as long. Fragments of trilobites suggest even larger record sizes. An isolated pygidium of Hungioides bohemicus implies that the full animal was 90 cm (35 in) long.^[245][246]

Myriapods (Myriapoda)

Centipedes (

Chilopoda

)

The biggest of the centipedes is Scolopendra gigantea of the neotropics, reaching a length of 33 cm (13 in).^[247]

Millipedes (

Diplopoda

)

Two species of millipede both reach a very large size: Archispirostreptus gigas of East Africa and Scaphistostreptus seychellarum, endemic to the Seychelles islands. Both of these species can slightly exceed a length of 28 cm (11 in) and measure over 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter.^[1] The largest ever known was the Arthropleura, a gigantic prehistoric specimen that reached nearly 189 cm (74 in).

Symphylans (Symphyla)

The largest known symphylan is Hanseniella magna, originating in Tasmanian caves, which can reach lengths from 25 mm (0.98 in) up to 30 mm (1.2 in).^[248]

Insects (Insecta)

Goliath beetle

Cockroaches and termites (Blattodea)

The largest

Isoptera), have recently been re-considered to belong in Blattodea. The largest of the termites is the African species Macrotermes bellicosus. The queen of this species can attain a length of 14 cm (5.5 in) and breadth of 5.5 cm (2.2 in) across the abdomen; other adults, on the other hand, are about a third of the size.^[1]

Beetles (

Coleoptera

)

The beetles are the largest order of organisms on earth, with about 400,000 species so far identified. The most massive species are the Goliathus, Megasoma and Titanus beetles already mentioned. Another fairly large species is the Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules) of the neotropic rainforest with a maximum overall length of at least 19 cm (7.5 in) including the extremely long pronotal horn. The weight in this species does not exceed 16.5 g (0.58 oz).^[1] The longest overall beetle is a species of longhorn beetle, Batocera wallacei, from New Guinea, which can attain a length of 26.6 cm (10.5 in), about 19 cm (7.5 in) of which is comprised by the long antennae.^[1]

Earwigs (

Dermaptera

)

Since 1798, the largest of the earwigs has been the Saint Helena giant earwig (Labidura herculeana), endemic to the island of its name, measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in length.^[251] As of 2014, with the declaring of the organism extinct by the IUCN,^[252] this may no longer be the case, although some believe a small number individuals are still extant.^[253]

True flies (

Diptera

)

The largest species of this order, which includes the common housefly, is the neotropical species Gauromydas heros, which can reach a length of 6 cm (2+3⁄8 in) and a wingspan of 10 cm (3.9 in).^[1] Species of crane fly, the largest of which is Holorusia brobdignagius, can attain a length of 23 cm (9.1 in) but are extremely slender and much lighter in weight than Gauromydas.

Mayflies (

Ephemeroptera

)

The largest mayflies are members of the genus Proboscidoplocia from Madagascar. These insects can reach a length of 7 cm (2.8 in).^[254]

True bugs (Hemiptera)

The largest species of this diverse order is usually listed as the

Tacua can also grow to comparably large sizes. The largest type of aphid is the giant oak aphid (Stomaphis quercus), which can reach an overall length of 2 cm (0.79 in).^[260] The biggest species of leafhopper is Ledromorpha planirostris, which can reach a length of 2.8 cm (1.1 in).^[261]

, the largest bee.

Ants and allies (Hymenoptera)

The largest of the ants, and the heaviest species of the order, are the females of the African Dorylus helvolus, reaching a length of 5.1 cm (2.0 in) and a weight of 8.5 g (0.30 oz).^[1] The ant that averages the largest for the mean size within the whole colony is a ponerine ant, Dinoponera gigantea, from South America, averaging up to 3.3 cm (1.3 in) from the mandibles to the end of abdomen.^[1] Workers of the bulldog ant (Myrmecia brevinoda) of Australia are up to 3.7 cm (1.5 in) in total length, although much of this is from their extremely large mandibles.^[1] The largest of the bee species, also in the order Hymenoptera, is Megachile pluto of Indonesia, the females of which can be 3.8 cm (1.5 in) long, with a 6.3 cm (2.5 in) wingspan. Nearly as large, the carpenter bees can range up to 2.53 cm (1.00 in).^[1] The largest wasp is probably the so-called tarantula hawk species Pepsis pulszkyi of South America, at up to 6.8 cm (2.7 in) long and 11.6 cm (4.6 in) wingspan, although many other Pepsis approach a similar size. The giant scarab-hunting wasp Megascolia procer may rival the largest tarantula hawks in weight and wingspan, though its body is not as long.^[1]

Moths and allies (Lepidoptera)

The

Xyleutes boisduvali) of Australia, which has weighed up to 20 g (0.71 oz) although the species does not surpass 25.5 cm (10.0 in) in wingspan.^[1]

Mantises (

Mantodea

)

The largest species of this order is Toxodera denticulata from Java, which has been measured up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in overall length.^[264] However, an undescribed species from the Cameroon jungle is allegedly much larger than any other mantis and may rival the larger stick insects for the longest living insect.^[265] Among widespread mantis species, the largest is the Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia). The females of this species can attain a length of up to 10.6 cm (4.2 in).

Scorpionflies (Mecoptera)

The largest scorpionfly, the

common scorpionfly (Panorpa communis), can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in).^[266]

Alderflies and allies (Megaloptera)

This relatively small insect order includes some rather large species, many of which are noticeable for their elongated, imposing mandibles. The dobsonflies reach the greatest sizes of the order and can range up to 12.5 cm (4.9 in) in length.^[267]

Net-winged insects (Neuroptera)

These flying insects reach their largest size in

sedimentary rocks, Makarkinia adamsi had wings nearly 140–160 mm (5.5–6.3 in) in length.^[271]

Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)

The largest species of Odonata is the

Megaloprepus (at up to 7 g (0.25 oz)), it is smaller in its linear dimensions.^[1]

Grasshoppers and allies (Orthoptera)

The largest of this widespread, varied complex of insects are the

Macrolyristes corporalis of Southeast Asia which can range up to 21.5 cm (8.5 in) with its long legs extended and can have a wingspan of 20 cm (7.9 in).^[274]

Stick insects (Phasmatodea)

The longest known

Heteropteryx dilatata) of Malaysia does not reach the extreme lengths of its cousins, the body reaching up to 16 cm (6.3 in) long, but it is much bulkier. The largest Heteropteryx weighed about 65 g (2.3 oz) and was 3.5 cm (1.4 in) wide across the thickest part of the body.^[1]

Lice (Phthiraptera)

These insects, which live parasitically on other animals, are as a rule quite small. The largest known species is the hog louse, Haematopinus suis, a sucking louse that lives on large livestock like pigs and cattle. It can range up to 6 mm (0.24 in) in length.^[282]

Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

The largest species of

stonefly is Pteronarcys californica of western North America, a species favored by fishermen as lures. This species can attain a length of 5 cm (2.0 in) and a wingspan of over 9.5 cm (3.7 in).^[283]

Booklice (Psocoptera)

The largest of this order of very small insects are the barklice of the genus Psocus, the top size of which is about 1 cm.^[284]

Fleas (

Siphonaptera

)

The largest species of flea is Hystrichopsylla schefferi. This parasite is known exclusively from the fur of the mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) and can reach a length of 1.2 cm (0.47 in).^[1]

Silverfishes and allies (Thysanura)

These ancient flightless insects, some of which feed on human household objects, can range up to 4.3 cm (1.7 in) in length. A 350 million year old form was known to grow quite large, at up to 6 cm (2.4 in).^{[citation needed]}

Thrips (

Thysanoptera

)

Members of the genus

thrips. The maximum size these species attain is approximately 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in length.^[285]

Caddisflies (

Trichoptera

)

The largest of the small, moth-like caddisflies is Eubasilissa maclachlani. This species can range up to 7 cm (2.8 in) across the wings.^[286]

Angel insects (Zoraptera)

The largest angel insect species,

Hubbard's angel insect (Zorotypus hubbardi), grows up to 3 mm (0.12 in) in length.^[287][288]

Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

The lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) is the largest cnidarian species, of the class Scyphozoa. The largest known specimen of this giant, found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870,^[289][290] had a bell diameter of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), a weight of 150 kg (330 lb). The tentacles of this specimens were as long as 37 m (121 ft) and were projected to have a tentacular spread of about 75 m (246 ft) making it one of the longest extant animals.^[1]

Corals and sea anemones (Anthozoa)

The largest individual species are the

Ceriantharia, at up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall.^[292] Communities of coral can be truly massive, a single colony of the genus Porites

can be over 10 m (33 ft), but the actual individual organisms are quite small.

Hydrozoans (Hydrozoa)

The colonial

siphonophore Praya dubia can attain lengths of 40–50 m (130–160 ft).^[293] The Portuguese man o' war's (Physalia physalis) tentacles can attain a length of up to 50 m (160 ft).^[294] On 6 April 2020 the Schmidt Ocean Institute announced the discovery of a giant Apolemia siphonophore in submarine canyons near Ningaloo Coast, measuring 15 m (49 ft) diameter with a ring approximately 47 m (154 ft) long, claiming it was possibly the largest siphonophore ever recorded.^[295][296]

Calcareous sponges (

Calcarea

)

The largest known of these small, inconspicuous sponges is probably the species Pericharax heteroraphis, attaining a height of 30 cm (0.98 ft). Most calcareous sponges do not exceed 10 cm (3.9 in) tall.^{[citation needed]}

Hexactinellid sponges (

Hexactinellida

)

A relatively common species, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, can reach a height of 1 m (3.3 ft) once they are of a very old age.^[299] This is the maximum size recorded for a hexactinellid sponge.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Largest prehistoric animals
• Megafauna
• Largest organisms

References