Luri language

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Not to be confused with Luri language (Nigeria).
Luri
Northern: زون لری
Southern: لری
"Luri" written in both Northern Luri and Southern Luri in the Perso-Arabic script with the Nastaliq font
PronunciationIPA: [loriː]
Native toIran; a few villages in eastern Iraq[1][2]
RegionSouthern Zagros Mountains
EthnicityLurs
Native speakers
4–5 million (2012)[3][4]
Dialects
  • Central Luri (Minjai)
  • Bakhtiari
  • Southern Luri
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
lrc – Northern Luri
bqi – Bakhtiari
luz – Southern Luri
Glottologluri1252

Luri (

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Bandar Deylam)[6] in Iran
.

History

Luri is the closest living language to Archaic and Middle Persian.[7] The language descends from Middle Persian (Parsig).[3][8] It belongs to the Persid or Southern Zagros group, and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.[9]

According to the

Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian.[11] There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), a.k.a. Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), a.k.a. Northern Luri.[10]

Geography

Northern Luri

Luri dialects (Northern Luri (or Central Luri), Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in Ilam province (around 14.59% of the population), mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province.[12] Around 21.24% of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri.[13]

Bakhtiari

The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (around 61.82%), except around Sharekord, Borujen, Ben and Saman counties, where Persian, Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate.[14] Around 7.15% of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari.[15]

Statistics

Province[16] Luri-speakers % Note
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari 520,000 61.82% Bakhtiyari dialect
Gilan 2,600 0.25%
Hamadan 370,000 21.24% Northern Luri
Ilam 78,300 14.59% Hinimini, Shuhani and Northern Luri
Isfahan 350,000 7.15% Bakhtiyari dialect

Internal classification

The language consists of Central Luri,

Guilan and Tehran provinces.[17][9]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
Close iː uː
ɪ ʊ
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open a~æ1 ɑː
  1. /a/ may also range to a higher /æ/ in the Northern dialect.
  • Vowels /ɛ, ɔ/ may also be realized as more close [e, o] within diphthongs or before glide sounds.
  • /ɛ, ɔ/ can also be heard as higher [ɛ̝, ɔ̝] in Southern Luri.
  • /a/ can also be raised as [ə] or [ɛ] before semivowels.

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Affricate
 voiceless p
t
 		t͡ʃ k q ʔ4
voiced b
d
 		d͡ʒ ɡ ɢ
Fricative
 voiceless f s ʃ x2 χ h
voiced (v) z ʒ ɣ2 ʁ3
Nasal m
n
 		ɲ1
Tap/Trill ɾ5
Approximant
 ʋ
l
 		j (w)
  1. /ɲ/ occurs in Northern Luri.
  2. Velar fricatives /x, ɣ/ as equivalent to uvular fricatives /χ, ʁ/, occur in Northern Luri.
  3. /ʁ/ occurs in Southern Luri.
  4. /ʔ/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Persian.
  5. /
    r
    ] in Southern Luri.
  • /h/ also occurs as a glide to elongate short vowels (eg. /oh/; [ɔː]).
  • [v, w] occur as allophones of a labiodental approximant /ʋ/.[18][19][20]

Vocabulary

In comparison with other

Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Northern Luri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8108-6845-8
    .
  3. ^
    S2CID 162293895
    .
  4. ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14. In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
  5. ^ a b G. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
  6. JSTOR 4309997
    .
  7. ^ C.S. Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV, E. J. Brill, pp 10,8.
  8. ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14. While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi
  9. ^
    ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  10. ^
    ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  11. ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  12. ^ "Language distribution: Ilam Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  13. ^ "Language distribution: Hamadan Province". Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  14. ^ "Language distribution: Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Language distribution: Esfahan Province". Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  16. ^ "Atlas of the languages of Iran". Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  17. ISSN 2330-4804
    . Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  18. ^ Anonby, Erik (2014). Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon. Uppsala University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Anonby, Erik (2002). A Phonology of Southern Luri.
  20. ^ Amanolahi; Thackston, Sekandar, Wheeler M. (1987). Tales from Luristan. Harvard Iranian Series, 4: Harvard University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Lur - History and Cultural Relations". everyculture.com. Retrieved 2019-04-14.

Further reading

External links

Northern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Southern Luri test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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