Popular culture
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Heavily influenced in
History
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the Anglosphere and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
In the past,
The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier. With the rise of the
The stress on the distinction from "official culture" became more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century,
From the end of
The abbreviated form "pop" for "popular", as in "pop music", dates from the late 1950s.[19] Although the terms "pop" and "popular" are in some cases used interchangeably, and their meaning partially overlap, the term "pop" is narrower. Pop is specific to something containing qualities of mass appeal, while "popular" refers to what has gained popularity, regardless of its style.[20][21]
Japanese popular culture
Though the English-speaking countries are known for popular culture other places also were involved with the advancements in popular culture. In Japan, While Kabuki Theater was accessible to all classes of Japanese people, Europe’s aristocrats initially regarded it as high art (Wertz 2). Kabuki theater is a rich blend of music, dance, mime, and spectacular staging and costuming, it has been a major theatrical form in Japan for four centuries (britannica 1). Kabuki started in the 17th century by a woman named Okuni [2)]. Though the plays are supposed to show off the skills of the actors and to entertain the audience there is also a message that is said with the plays being a religious calling due to this there are often religious ideas influenced in the plays(britannica 4). During present time there was a closing in 2010 but then it was reopened in 2013 and has continued these plays but there are many other theaters that are more popular and overlap them(Britannica 2).
Definition
According to author John Storey, there are various definitions of popular culture.
A third definition equates pop culture with "mass culture" and ideas. This is seen as a commercial culture,
Storey claims that popular culture emerged from the
Popular culture is constantly evolving and occurs uniquely in
Levels
Within the realm of popular culture, there exists an organizational culture. From its beginning, popular culture has revolved around classes in society and the push-back between them. Within popular culture, there are two levels that have emerged, high and low. High culture can be described as art and works considered of superior value, historically, aesthetically and socially. Low culture is regarded by some as that of the lower classes, historically.[26]
Folklore
Adaptations based on traditional folklore provide a source of popular culture.[27] This early layer of cultural mainstream still persists today, in a form separate from mass-produced popular culture, propagating by word of mouth rather than via mass media, e.g. in the form of
Although the folkloric element of popular culture engages heavily with the commercial element, communities amongst the public have their own tastes and they may not always embrace every cultural or subcultural item sold. Moreover, certain beliefs and opinions about the products of commercial culture may spread by word-of-mouth, and become modified in the process and in the same manner that folklore evolves.[citation needed]
Criticism
Popular culture in the West has been critiqued for its being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass-marketed by the upper-class capitalist elite; such criticisms are most notable in many Marxist theorists such as
The culture industry
The most influential critiques of popular culture came from Marxist theorists of the
Writing in the
Imperialism
According to
Feminist critique
bell hooks, an influential feminist, argues that commercial commodities and celebrities cannot be symbols of progressiveness when they collaborate with imperialist capitalism and promote ideals of beauty; hooks uses Beyoncé as an example of a commodity reinforced by capitalist corporations complicit in imperialism and patriarchy.[39][40]
Propaganda
In sum, a propaganda approach to media coverage suggests a systematic and highly political dichotomization in news coverage based on serviceability to important domestic power interests. This should be observable in dichotomized choices of story and in the volume and quality of coverage... such dichotomization in the mass media is massive and systematic: not only are choices for publicity and suppression comprehensible in terms of system advantage, but the modes of handling favored and inconvenient materials (placement, tone, context, fullness of treatment) differ in ways that serve political ends.[41]
Consumerism
According to the postmodern sociologist Jean Baudrillard, the individual is trained into the duty of seeking the relentless maximization of pleasure lest he or she become asocial.[42] Therefore, "enjoyment" and "fun" become indistinguishable from the need to consume. Whereas the Frankfurt School believed consumers were passive, Baudrillard argued that consumers were trained to consume products in the form of active labor in order to achieve upward social mobility.[43] Thus, consumers under capitalism are trained to purchase products such as pop albums and consumable fiction in order to signal their devotion to social trends, fashions, and subcultures. Although the consumption may arise from an active choice, the choice is still the consequence of a social conditioning that the individual is unconscious of. Baudrillard says, "One is permanently governed by a code whose rules and meaning—constraints—like those of language—are, for the most part, beyond the grasp of individuals".[44]
Jean Baudrillard argued that the vague conception "Public Opinion" is a subjective and inaccurate illusion, for it attributes a sovereignty to consumers that they do not really have.[45] In Baudrillard's understanding, the products of capitalist popular culture can only give the illusion of rebellion, since they are still produced by a system controlled by the powerful. Baudrillard stated in an interview, critiquing the content and production of The Matrix:
The Matrix paints the picture of a monopolistic superpower, like we see today, and then collaborates in its refraction. Basically, its dissemination on a world scale is complicit with the film itself. On this point it is worth recalling Marshall McLuhan: the medium is the message. The message of The Matrix is its own diffusion by an uncontrollable and proliferating contamination.[46]
Sources
Print culture
With the invention of the printing press in the sixteenth century, mass-produced, cheap books, pamphlets and periodicals became widely available to the public. With this, the transmission of common knowledge and ideas was possible.[47]
Radio culture
In the 1890s,
Films
Films and cinema are highly influential to popular culture, as films as an art form are what people seem to respond to the most.[49] With moving pictures being first captured by Eadweard Muybridge in 1877, films have evolved into elements that can be cast into different digital formats, spreading to different cultures.
The impact of films and cinema are most evident when analyzing in the search of what the films aim to portray.[50] Films are used to seek acceptance and understanding of many subjects because of the influence the films carry—an example of an early representation of this can be seen in Casablanca (1942): the film introduced war subjects to the public after the United States entered World War II, and it meant to increase pro-war sentiment for the allies.[51] Films are a known massive influencer to popular culture yet not all films create a movement that contributes enough to be part of the popular culture that starts movements.[citation needed] The content must resonate to most of the public so the knowledge in the material connects with the majority.[citation needed] Popular culture is a set of beliefs in trends and entail to change a person's set of ideologies and create social transformation.[52] The beliefs are still a trend that change more rapidly in the modern age that carries a continuation of outpouring media and more specifically films. The trend does not last but it also carries a different effect based on individuals that can be grouped to generalized groups based on age and education.[citation needed] The creation of culture by films is seen in fandoms, religions, ideologies, and movements. The culture of film is more evident through social media. Social media is an instant source of feedback and creates discussion on films. A repeating event that has been set in modern culture within the trend setting phase is the creation of movements in social media platforms to defend a featured subject on a film.[53]
Popular culture or mass culture, is reached easily with films which are easily shared and reached worldwide.[49]
Television programs
A television program is a segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast (other than a commercial, trailer, or other content not serving as attraction for viewership).
Television programs may be
Music
Popular music is music with wide appeal
Sports
Sports include all forms of competitive physical activity or games which,[58] through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators.[59]
Corporate branding
Corporate branding refers to the practice of promoting the
Personal branding
Personal branding includes the use of social media to promotion to brands and topics to further good repute among professionals in a given field, produce an iconic relationship between a professional, a brand and its audience that extends networks past the conventional lines established by the mainstream and to enhance personal visibility. Popular culture: is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the
Social media
Clothing
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The fashion industry has witnessed tremendous, rapid, and applaudable changes over the years, culminating in the production of masterpieces unimaginable in the past decades. This dynamic trend has compelled renowned clothing lines such as Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Balenciaga to intensify research and creative imagination to develop appealing designs that are outstanding and fascinating.[65] Fashion has changed from the classical baggy and oversized pieces to trendy and slim-fit clothes for both males and females. Fashion trends and what has been considered popular have been directly influenced and affected by the environment and the state of the world. Dating back to World Wars 1 and 2, clothing was designed for functionality as well as to be made in the cheapest way possible. This was due to collective preparation efforts through the conservation of materials. This trend can also be seen throughout the 1930s, or the Great Depression era of history. Due to the state of the economy, clothing yet again faced fundamental changes in shape and function. The term utility clothing was coined, meaning that fashion had taken a turn to more reserved silhouettes. For efficiency, handmade clothing became encouraged through government-backed campaigns.[66] Post-war and continuing throughout the 1900s fashion began to take a more individualistic tone. Primarily marked by the turbulence of the 1960s and momentous social change, younger generations started to develop their own sense of style. Catapulting influences of things like different prints or patterns that can still be seen in the present day.[66]The future of fashion is promising and is significantly inspired by past trends. Despite that influence, the fashion industry is moving towards a goal of sustainability. This is due to past actions of intense consumerism and fast fashion usage, as well as increasing environmental threats. The state of the economy continues to have a great effect on fashion, as consumers will be looking to make more of an investment in the items that they purchase, rather than participating in a constant cycle of buying. Sustainability is something that designers are actively pursuing as well. Connolly, a British menswear brand, is just one example of the many who are challenging designers and stylists to revamp and upcycle pieces of clothing from past collections.[66]Further, the past few decades have seen the reintroduction of old designs, which have been revitalized and improvised to fit the current market needs. Additionally, celebrities and influencers are at the forefront of setting fashion trends through various platforms.[citation needed]Clothing will continue to act as an area for personal expression no matter the trends, constantly shaped by the world around us.
Influences
Pop culture has had a lasting influence to the products being released in their time. Many examples of art, books, films and others, have been inspired by pop culture. These include:
Pop art
Pop art is an art movement that first emerged in the 1950s as a reaction and a counter to traditional and high-class art by including common and well-known images and references.[67] Artists known during this movement include Eduardo Paolozzi, Richard Hamilton, Larry Rivers, Robert Rauschenberg and Andy Warhol.[68]
Pop music
Pop music is a wide-ranging
Pop culture fiction
Pop culture fiction is a
Pop culture studies
See also
- Culture industry – Expression suggesting that popular culture is used to manipulate mass society into passivity
- Fads – Collective behavior that achieves intense short-lived popularity and then fades away
- The Journal of Popular Culture
- Underground culture – various alternative culturesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
- Lowbrow – Underground visual art movement
- MTV Generation – Adolescents during the 1980s through 1990s
- Pop icon – Iconic person or object in popular culture
Notes
- ^ "popular art". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
- from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
- ISBN 978-1538142691. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- ^ McGaha, Julie. "Popular Culture & Globalization". Multicultural Education 23.1 (2015): 32–37. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 5 Aug. 2016.
- ^ Strinati, D. (2004). An introduction to theories of popular culture. Routledge.
- ^ Storey, J. (2018). Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction. Routledge.
- ^ West, Gary. "What Is Pop Culture?". Mr. Pop Culture. Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ISBN 978-1405172653.
- ^ Although the Oxford English Dictionary lists the first use as 1854, it appears in an address by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in 1818: Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1818). The Address of Pestalozzi to the British Public. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
I see that it is impossible to attain this end without founding the means of popular culture and instruction upon a basis which cannot be got at otherwise than in a profound examination of Man himself; without such an investigation and such a basis all is darkness.
- ^ Per Adam Siljeström [sv], The educational institutions of the United States, their character and organization, J. Chapman, 1853, p. 243: "Influence of European emigration on the state of civilization in the United States: Statistics of popular culture in America". John Morley presented an address On Popular Culture at the Birmingham Town Hall in 1876, dealing with the education of the lower classes.
- ISBN 978-0-8032-6261-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-6518-2.
- ^ Summerscale, Kate (April 30, 2016). "Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ "Penny dreadfuls". The British Library. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
- ^ Johnson, Charles (1836). Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads and Murderers. Lloyd, Purkess & Strange. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- ^ "Learning is dishonored when she stoops to attract," cited in a section "Popular Culture and True Education" in University extension, Issue 4, The American society for the extension of university teaching, 1894.
- ^ e.g. "the making of popular culture plays [in post-revolutionary Russian theater]", Huntly Carter, The new spirit in the Russian theatre, 1917–28: And a sketch of the Russian kinema and radio, 1919–28, showing the new communal relationship between the three, Ayer Publishing, 1929, p. 166.
- ^ "one look at the sheer mass and volume of what we euphemistically call our popular culture suffices", from Winthrop Sargeant, 'In Defense of the High-Brow', an article from LIFE magazine, 11 April 1949, p. 102.
- ^ The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, volume 15, p. 85 entry Pop music
- , in LIFE magazine, 20 August 1965, p. 73 quotations:
Pop Culture–although big, mercurial, and slippery to define—is really an umbrella term that covers anything currently in fashion, all or most of whose ingredients are familiar to the public-at-large. The new dances are a perfect example... Pop Art itself may mean little to the average man, but its vocabulary...is always familiar.
- rock 'n rollrevolution of the mid-1950s and continues in a definable path to today.
- ^ John Storey. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, pp. 4–8
- ISSN 1980-6418.
- ^ Robert Weimann [de], Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition (1967)
- ^ Robert Shaughnessy, The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare and popular culture (2007) p. 24
- ISBN 978-1538107447.
- Folklore, Vol. 104, No. 1/2 (1993), pp. 144–150
- ^ Lyotard, Jean-François (1979). La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Minuit.
- ^ Frederic Jameson: Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1991.
- ISBN 0-8047-3633-2.
- ^ Adorno & Horkheimer: Dialectic of Enlightenment. p. 100.
- ^ Held, D. (1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. Berkeley, University of California Press.
- ^ Ross, Alex (8 September 2014). "The Naysayers". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on Aug 2, 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ Lee Artz (2015). Global Entertainment Media: A Critical Introduction. 167–175.
- ^ Hearts and Mines: The US Empire’s Culture Industry Tanner Mirrlees . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2016. 336 pp.
- ^ Sayre, Shay; Cynthia King (2010). Entertainment and Society: Influences, Impacts, and Innovations (2nd ed.). Oxon, New York: Routledge. p. 31.
- ^ Zipes, J. (2002). Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter. p. 175.
- ^ a b John M. MacKenzie. Imperialism and Popular Culture. 1986, Manchester University Press 155
- ^ bell hooks: https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-beyonce-is-a-terrorist-annotated Archived 2021-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ bell hooks. Beyoncé's Lemonade is capitalist money-making at its best Archived 2021-07-28 at the Wayback Machine. Guardian. 2016
- ^ Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. 1988. pp. 19–20. Noam Chomsky & Edward S. Herman
- ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 80.
- ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 110.
- ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 61.
- ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Page 86
- from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ISBN 978-1538107447.
- ISBN 978-1538107447.
- ^ ISBN 978-1538107447.
- ^ "Films as Social and Cultural History". historymatters.gmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- S2CID 191490559.
- PMID 32370280.
- ^ Hallinan, Blake. "Recommended for you: The Netflix Prize and the production of algorithmic culture". New Media and Society. 2016: 117–137.
- ^ a b Popular Music. (2015). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
- ^ "Definition of "popular music" | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-311316-9.
- S2CID 35426157. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2018-07-21.
- ^ "Definition of sport". SportAccord. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011.
- ^ Council of Europe. "The European sport charter". Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Pop Culture: An Overview – Issue 64". Philosophy Now. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
- from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- ^ a b c "How social media influences culture and language". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ T, Abdullah (2020). "mpact of Social Media Influencers on Instagram User Purchase Intention towards the Fashion Products: The Perspectives of UMK Pengkalan Chepa Campus Students. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine". Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
- from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
- ISSN 2071-1050.
- ^ a b c "A new way of living and dressing". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
- ^ Pop Art: A Brief History, MoMA Learning
- ^ Harrison, Sylvia (2001-08-27). Pop Art and the Origins of Post-Modernism. Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-521-55660-0, pp. 95–105.
- ^ Popular Music. (2015). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
- ^ a b Publisher, Author removed at request of original (2016-03-22). "6.2 The Evolution of Popular Music".
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(help) - ^ Pickard, Kevin (19 January 2016). "Should Fiction Be Timeless? Pop Culture References in Contemporary Novels". Electric Lit. January 19, 2016
- ^ ISBN 978-0813350875. Excerpt
- ^ Fox, Margalit (27 October 2009). "Ray Browne, 87, Founder of Pop-Culture Studies, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
References
- Ashby, LeRoy. "The Rising of Popular Culture: A Historiographical Sketch," OAHMagazine of History, 24 (April 2010), 11–14.
- Ashby, LeRoy. With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture since 1830 (2006).
- ISBN 3-406-47614-7.
- Bakhtin, M. M. and Michael Holquist, Vadim Liapunov, Kenneth Brostrom (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (University of Texas Press Slavic Series). Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
- Browne, Ray B.and Pat Browne, eds. The Guide to U.S. Popular Culture (2001), 1010 pages; essays by experts on many topics.
- Burke, Peter. "Popular Culture Reconsidered," Storia della Storiografia 1990, Issue 17, pp. 40–49.
- Freitag, Sandria B. "Popular Culture in the Rewriting of History: An Essay in Comparative History and Historiography," Journal of Peasant Studies, 1989, Vol. 16 Issue 3, pp. 169–198.
- ISBN 0-465-06021-8
- Gerson, Stéphane. "' A World of Their Own': Searching for Popular Culture in the French Countryside," French Politics, Culture and Society, Summer 2009, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp. 94–110
- Golby, J. M. and A.W. Purdue, The civilisation of the crowd: popular culture in England, 1750–1900 (1985) online
- Griffin, Emma. "Popular Culture in Industrializing England," Historical Journal, (2002) 45#3 pp. 619–635. online Archived 2018-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Historiography
- Hassabian, Anahid (1999). "Popular", Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, eds.: Horner, Bruce and Swiss, Thomas. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21263-9.
- Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir, 2016: Globalized Muslim Youth in the Asia Pacific: Popular Culture in Singapore and Sydney, New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-137-54264-9.
- Knight, Robert H. The Age of Consent: the Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture. Dallas, Tex.: Spence Publishing Co., 1998. xxiv, 253, [1] p. ISBN 1-890626-05-8
- Ross, Andrew. No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture. New York: Routledge, 1989. ix, 269 p. ISBN 0-415-90037-9(pbk.)
- ISBN 0-375-40504-6.
- Storey, John (2006). Cultural theory and popular culture. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-197068-7.
- Stoykov, Lubomir (January 2014). "Politics and pop culture. Celebrity and communicative perspectives of the modern politician". Media and Social Communications (19). The University of National and World Economy/Alma communication. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-3019-5.
- On Religion and Popular Culture
Further reading
- Duncan, Barry (1988). Mass Media and Popular Culture. Toronto, Ont.: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Canada. ISBN 0-7747-1262-7.
- Rosenberg, Bernard, and David Manning White, joint. eds. Mass Culture: the Popular Arts in America. [New York]: Free Press of Glencoe, 1957.
- Cowen, Tyler, "For Some Developing Countries, America's Popular Culture Is Resistible". The New York Times, 22 February 2007, sec. C, p. 3.
- Furio, Joanne, "The Significance of MTV and Rap Music in Popular Culture". The New York Times, 29 December 1991, sec. VI, p. 2.
External links
- Media related to Popular culture at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Popular culture at Wikiquote
- The dictionary definition of popular culture at Wiktionary