Raphanus raphanistrum
Raphanus raphanistrum | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Brassicales |
Family: | Brassicaceae |
Genus: | Raphanus |
Species: | R. raphanistrum
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Binomial name | |
Raphanus raphanistrum |
Raphanus raphanistrum, also known as wild radish, white charlock or jointed charlock,[1] is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. One of its subspecies, Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, includes a diverse variety of cultivated radishes. The species is native to western Asia, Europe and parts of Northern Africa. It has been introduced into most parts of the world and is regarded as a habitat threatening invasive species in many areas, for example, Australia. It spreads rapidly and is often found growing on roadsides or in other places where the ground has been disturbed.
Description
Wild radish is an
The flowering period is between May and October in northern Europe, or between June and August in Minnesota.[5] The inflorescence is a lax raceme, terminal or arising from the leaf axil, up to 34 cm long with up to 42 flowers. The flowers have four white (sometimes yellow or purple) petals, up to 24 mm long, sometimes with dark veins (especially on the underside). Each petal has a rounded "limb" above a narrow "claw", both about the same length. The four upright sepals are shorter than the petals, green or purple, and have sparse bulbous-based hairs. There are 6 stamens (2 short and 4 long) and one style with two stigmas.[2]
The fruits are borne on bristly-hairy pedicels about 3 cm long and held vertically (whether the rhachis is erect or sprawling). Each fruit consists of a pod with two segments: the lower one is about 1-2 mm long and sterile (just occasionally with one seed), while the upper one is up to 8 cm long and has 1-10 fertile segments (mericarps), each containing one oval seed up to 3 mm long. At the tip of the pod is a sterile beak up to 2.5 cm long. The fruits are terete, smooth or slightly ridged, and glabrous to roughly hairy, with a peppery taste. At the tip of the beak is the persistent, sessile white stigma.[3][2][6]
Taxonomy
It was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication 'Species Plantarum' on page 669 in 1753.[7][8][9]
The genome of wild radish is estimated to be ~515 Mb in size,[10] whereas that of the edible variety is suggested to be ~539–574 Mb.[11][12][13] Several Raphanus raphanistrum genomes have been sequenced,[10][12][13] with one study reporting 98% coverage of the gene space.[13] Researchers found evidence that the past whole-genome triplication that occurred before the divergence of Raphanus and Brassica has been followed by widespread gene loss in radish, resulting in the loss of ~38,000 genes from the wild radish genome.[10]
Raphanus raphanistrum has several known subspecies including:
- Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens[14] ('sea radish')
- Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. rostratus (DC.) Thell.[15]
- Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin[8][16]
The scientific name Raphanus derives from the Ancient Greek name for a radish, ραφανίς (raphanis).[17] It has several common names including jointed charlock,[5] jointed radish, jointed wild radish, white charlock,[18] and wild radish.[9][19]
It is often erroneously identified as
Identification
The flowers are very similar to those of the
Distribution and habitat
It is
Range
It is found in North Africa, within
Ecology
It is frost hardy, and even hard freezes only temporarily interrupt bloom. In Australia, it is regarded as a habitat threatening
In southeastern USA, the pale yellow form is common, sometimes entirely taking over fields in wintertime. It is a significant source of pollen and nectar for a variety of
Uses
All tender parts of the plant are edible. The leaves and flowers have a spicy taste or aftertaste. The seedpods can be eaten, as can the outer skin of the root (after being washed).[26] It is said that John Walker cultivated sea radish root as an alternative to horseradish after discovering the plant on the west coast of Scotland as early as 1753.[27]
Gallery
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Yellow form
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Seed pod
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Fruit
References
- ^ "Raphanus raphanistrum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 0901158208.
- ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5.
- ^ a b "Raphanus raphanistrum (Jointed Charlock)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
- ^ "Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum L." ipni.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Raphanus raphanistrum L. is an accepted name". 23 March 2012. plantlist.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Taxon: Raphanus raphanistrum L." ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ^ PMID 24876251.
- PMID 15596470.
- ^ PMID 26056784.
- ^ S2CID 5764946.
- ^ "Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden". Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ "Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden". Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ "Tropicos.org Missouri Botanical Garden". Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ISBN 0-19-860512-9.
- ^ ISBN 9780276002175.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Raphanus raphanistrum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Peltzer, Sally. "Wild radish". Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^ Western Australian Herbarium, Biodiversity and Conservation Science. "Raphanus raphanistrum (FloraBase—the Western Australian Flora)". florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
- ^ "Raphanus raphanistrum L." www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
- doi:10.4141/P04-120.
- .
- PMID 21636458.
- OCLC 965922681.
- ^ Sowerby, James; Smith, James Edward (1806). English Botany: or, Coloured Figures of British Plants (First ed.).
External links
- Raphanus raphanistrum world wide occurrence data (from GBIF)
- Genome and transcriptome resources for Raphanus raphanistrum on NCBI
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- USDA PLANTS database entry
- Comprehensive profile for Raphanus raphanistrum from MaltaWildPlants.com
- Washington Burke Museum
- UC Davis IPM
- Photo gallery
- Raphanus raphanistrum Flowers in Israel