Saccharomyces boulardii

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Saccharomyces boulardii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Saccharomyces
Species:
S. boulardii
Binomial name
Saccharomyces boulardii
Seguela, Bastide & Massot, 1923 (
nom. inval.
)
Type strain
Hansen CBS 5926
Synonyms
  • S. cerevisiae var. boulardii

Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical

S. cerevisiae strains, sharing >99% genomic relatedness, giving the synonym S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.[2][3][4]

S. boulardii is sometimes used as a

intestines and conferring protection against pathogens.[5][6][7] It grows at 37 °C (98.6 °F).[8] In addition, the popular genome-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 was proven to be effective in S. boulardii.[9] Boulard first isolated this yeast after he observed natives of Southeast Asia chewing on the skin of lychee and mangosteen in an attempt to control the symptoms of cholera. In healthy patients, S. boulardii has been shown to be nonpathogenic and nonsystemic (it remains in the gastrointestinal tract
rather than spreading elsewhere in the body).

Biology

S. boulardii was characterized as a species separate from S. cerevisiae because it does not digest

phenotypic differences, its genomic sequence defines it as a clade under S. cerevisiae, closest to those found in wine. Like ordinary S. cerevisiae, it has 16 chromosomes, a 2-micron circle plasmid, and is diploid with genes for both mating types, MATa and MATα. However, the MATa locus contains some likely disabling mutations relative to spore-forming S. cerevisiae.[2]

Both S. boulardii and ordinary S. cerevisiae produce proteins that inhibit pathogenic bacteria and their toxins, specifically 63-kDa phosphatase pho8 (inhibiting E. coli

kDa protein also inhibits changes in cAMP levels induced by cholera toxin. S. boulardii encodes extra copies of yeast adhesion proteins called flocculins that help to stick to pathogenic bacteria and stop them from binding to the intestinal mucus.[2]
: supp. text 

Medical uses

Saccharomyces boulardii
Clinical data
Trade namesDiarSafe, Florastor
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Over-the-counter
  • EU: Rx & OTC[10]
  • CN: Rx & OTC

The best-characterized "type" CBS 5926 strain is also deposited as

CNCM I-745.[11] A CNCM I-1049 strain is also used; it is unclear whether it is the same as CBS 5926.[12]

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Evidence exists for its use in the

preventive treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in adults.[13] Further evidence indicates its use to prevent AAD in children.[14]
The potential efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.
colony-forming units/day) is moderately effective (with no serious side effects) for the prevention of AAD in children and might also reduce the duration of diarrhea.[18]

Clostridium difficile infection

S. boulardii showed reduction of relapses in some specific patients with recurrent

Clostridium difficile infection and may be effective for secondary prevention of C. difficile infection.[19]

HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea

S. boulardii has been shown to significantly increase the recovery rate of stage IV

immunocompromised
patients.

Elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection

See also: Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols

The addition of S. boulardii to the standard triple medication protocol for elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection showed a significant increase in eradication rates in a meta-analysis, though eradication rates were still not exceptional. The supplement also significantly decreased usual side effects of H. pylori eradication therapy including diarrhea and nausea.[21]

Blastocystosis

Also, some evidence shows potential benefits of S. boulardii in treatment of blastocystosis.[22][23]

Acute gastroenteritis

A position paper published by ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics based on a systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials suggested that S. boulardii (low quality of evidence, strong recommendation) may be considered in the management of children with acute gastroenteritis in addition to rehydration therapy.[24]

Other uses

Veterinary use

Food and drinks

S. c. var. boulardii is usable in

beer brewing, with live yeast remaining in the finished product. It can coexist alongside other S. cerevisiae in mixed starter cultures.[25]

It can be also used for baking, where its ability to deter bacteria translates into inhibition of rope spoilage, a bread defect caused by Bacillus subtilis or B. licheniformis contamination.[26]

Research

S. boulardii has been shown to reduce body weight in an animal model of type 2 diabetes.[27]

Safety

In

immunocompromised individuals, S. boulardii has been associated with fungemia or localized infection, which may be fatal.[28] Overall, S. boulardii is safe for use in otherwise healthy populations and fungemia with S. boulardii has not been reported, to the best of the recent evidences in immunocompetent patients.[29] A review of HIV-1-infected patients given therapy with S. boulardii indicated it was safe.[30] A retrospective study on 32,000 oncohematological hospitalized patients showed no occurrence of fungal sepsis with S. boulardii use.[31]

References

  1. PMID 15750073
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 28336969
    . [Note on source: The authors assign strain names based on the supplier of the probiotic. Of these suppliers, Biocodex and EDRL both claim to use the CNCM I-745 strain on their website.]
  3. S2CID 84649167
    .
  4. ISBN 978-953-51-0776-7
    .
  5. ^ Rajkowska K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A (April 2012). "Probiotic Activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Against Human Pathogens" (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 50: 230–36. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  6. ^ Toma MM, Raipulis J, Kalnina I, Rutkis R (June 2005). "Effect of Probiotic Yeast on Genotoxicity" (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 43: 301–05. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  7. ^ Soccol CR, Vandenberghe LP, Spier MR, Medeiros AB, Yamaguishi CT, Lindner JD, Pandey A, Thomaz-Soccol V (June 2010). "The Potential of Probiotics: A Review" (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 48: 413–34. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  8. doi:10.3109/08910609309141323
    .
  9. PMID 26850302
    .
  10. ^ "Active substance: Saccharomyces boulardii" (PDF). List of nationally authorised medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. 15 October 2020.
  11. ^ "Monograph (draft): Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 5926". European Medicines Agency. May 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  12. S2CID 89283884
    .
  13. PMID 7872284
    .
  14. S2CID 71993441
    .
  15. S2CID 2070623
    .
  16. S2CID 37993276
    .
  17. S2CID 45689550
    .
  18. PMID 31039287
    .
  19. PMID 20011734
    .
  20. ^ Saint-Marc T, Blehaut H, Musial C, Touraine JL (1995). "AIDS related diarrhea: a double-blind trial of Saccharomyces boulardii". Sem Hôsp Paris. 71: 735–41.
  21. S2CID 21440489
    .
  22. PMID 24883113
    .
  23. S2CID 13646648
    .
  24. S2CID 1989479
    .
  25. S2CID 51615634
    .
  26. ^ ITMO University (27 June 2020). "Food Science: Baking Self-Healing Bread and Brewing Probiotic Beer". SciTechDaily.
  27. PMID 26565087
    .
  28. S2CID 22286501
    .
  29. PMID 22423260
    .
  30. PMID 21780551
    .
  31. PMID 28948565
    .
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