Difenoxin
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Other names | Difenoxin, Motofen |
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Difenoxin (Motofen, R-15403) is an opioid drug used, often in combination with atropine, to treat diarrhea.[2] It is the principal metabolite of diphenoxylate.[3][4]: 558
It was first approved in the US in 1978[5] and in 1980 in the former West Germany.[6]: 485
Difenoxin crosses the blood brain barrier and induces some euphoria; it is often sold with or administered with atropine to reduce the potential for abuse and overdose.[2]
Available forms
The abuse-deterring effects of atropine when used as an adulterant are reasonably effective in reducing the combination's potential for recreational use. It combines the mechanisms of
Side effects
At high doses there are strong CNS effects and the atropine at such high doses causes typical
Mechanism of action
Difenoxin has a high peripheral/central actions ratio, working primarily on various
Legal status
Difenoxin is a Schedule I drug by itself in the US; the combination with atropine is in the less-restrictive category Schedule IV on account of the adulterant (the practice of making opioids more easily available by including an abuse-deterring adulterating agent is standard practice in the United States). Pure difenoxin, in Schedule I, has a quota of 50 grammes, and an ACSCN of 9168. The combination of difenoxin and atropine, in Schedule IV, has the DEA ACSCN of 9167 and being in Schedule IV is not assigned an aggregate annual manufacturing quota.[8]
References
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ S2CID 39136903.
- ^ a b United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2005). "Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption and/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or not Approved by Governments" (PDF). New York: United Nations. p. 109. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ISBN 9780071764025.
- ^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ISBN 9780815511441.
- PMID 3682841.
- ^ "Lists of Scheduling Actions, Controlled Substances, Regulated Chemicals (Orange Book)" (PDF). DEA. May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2011-01-24.