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Revision as of 19:08, 15 February 2018

This article is about the city in Pennsylvania, United States. For other uses, see Pittsburgh (disambiguation).

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
City
City of Pittsburgh
Clockwise from top: Pittsburgh skyline; Carnegie Mellon University; PNC Park; Duquesne Incline; Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh
Clockwise from top: Pittsburgh skyline; Carnegie Mellon University; PNC Park; Duquesne Incline; Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh
Mayor
Bill Peduto (D)
 • City Council
Councilmembers
 • State House
Representatives
 • 
UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
ZIP Code
33 total ZIP codes:
  • 15106, 15120–15121, 15201, 15203–15208, 15210–15222, 15224, 15226–15227, 15230, 15232–15235, 15237, 15239, 15289
Capitol Limited, Pennsylvanian
WebsitePittsburghPA.gov
Designated1946[4]

Pittsburgh (

26th-largest in the U.S.

Located at the confluence of the

Virginians, Whiskey Rebels, and Civil War raiders.[7]

Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of

medical centers,[11] parks, research centers, libraries, a diverse cultural district and the most bars per capita in the U.S.[12]

Today,

Bayer and NIOSH have regional bases that helped Pittsburgh become the sixth-best area for U.S. job growth.[15]

In 2015, Pittsburgh was listed among the "eleven most livable cities in the world";

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction.[18]

History

Main articles:
Etymology of Pittsburgh, and Timeline of Pittsburgh
A picture of the Fort Pitt blockhouse built by the British in 1764; it is the oldest extant structure in the City of Pittsburgh.
Historical claims

French Empire 1669–1758
British Empire 1681–1781
United States 1776–present

Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The original pronunciation would have been /ˈpɪtsbrə, -bərə/ PITS-brə or PITS-bə-rə, matching similarly named places in Great Britain such as Edinburgh in Scotland and Aldeburgh in Suffolk.[19] Pittsburgh was incorporated as a township in 1771 and as a borough on April 22, 1794, with the following Act:[20] "Be it enacted by the Pennsylvania State Senate and Pennsylvania House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania...by the authority of the same, that the said town of Pittsburgh shall be...erected into a borough, which shall be called the borough of Pittsburgh for ever."[21]

The current pronunciation, which is extremely unusual in English speaking countries[

City Charter of March 18, 1816 (though not on the original document).[citation needed] The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the original pronunciation was lost and in 1890 the "h" was removed in order to make it easier to spell. After a public campaign the original spelling was officially restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911.[21]

The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the

Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River.[23] European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century. Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements.[24]

In 1749, French soldiers from

William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named "Pittsborough".[26]

During

Jeffrey Amherst ordered blankets contaminated from smallpox victims to be distributed in 1763 to the tribes surrounding the fort. The disease spread into other areas, infected other tribes, and killed hundreds of thousands.[27][28][failed verification
]

During this period, the powerful nations of the

Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the Penns were allowed to purchase the modern region from the Iroquois. A 1769 survey referenced the future city as the "Manor of Pittsburgh".[29] Both the Colony of Virginia and the Province of Pennsylvania claimed the region under their colonial charters until 1780, when they agreed under a federal initiative to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward, placing Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. On March 8, 1771 Bedford County, Pennsylvania was created to govern the frontier. On April 16, 1771, the city's first civilian local government was created as Pitt Township.[30][31] William Teagarden was the first constable, and William Troop was the first clerk.[32]

Following the American Revolution, the village of Pittsburgh continued to grow. One of its earliest industries was boat building for settlers of the Ohio Country. In 1784, Thomas Viceroy completed a town plan which was approved by the Penn family attorney. Pittsburgh became a possession of Pennsylvania in 1785. The following year, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was started, and in 1787, the Pittsburgh Academy was chartered. Unrest during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 resulted in federal troops being sent to the area. By 1797, glass manufacture began, while the population grew to around 1,400. Settlers came via routes over the Appalachian Mountains or through the Great Lakes. Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the Northwest Territory.

A historic 1857 scene of the Monongahela River in downtown Pittsburgh featuring a steamboat
Monongahela River scene, 1857
A wrought iron life-size facade of legendary steelworker Joe Magarac in downtown Pittsburgh
Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker Joe Magarac

The

Merthyr steelworks immigrated to the city following the aftermath of the Merthyr Rising. By the 1840s, Pittsburgh was one of the largest cities west of the Allegheny Mountains. The Great Fire of Pittsburgh
destroyed over a thousand buildings in 1845. The city rebuilt with the aid of Irish immigrants and by 1857, Pittsburgh's 1,000 factories were consuming 22 million coal bushels yearly. Coal mining and iron manufacturing attracted waves of European immigrants to the area.

The American Civil War boosted the city's economy with increased iron and armament demand. Andrew Carnegie began steel production in 1875 at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in North Braddock, Pennsylvania, which evolved into the Carnegie Steel Company. He adopted the Bessemer process to increase production.

In 1901, Carnegie merged several companies into

nation's 8th-largest city, accounting for between a third and a half of national steel output. The city's population swelled to over a half million with European immigration via Ellis Island in New York harbor. By 1940, non-Hispanic whites were 90.6% of the city's population.[33] Pittsburgh also became a main destination of the African-American Great Migration from the rural South during the first half of the 20th century.[34] Limited initially by discrimination, some 95% percent of the men became unskilled steel workers.[35] During World War II, demand increased and area mills operated 24 hours a day to produce 95 million tons of steel for the war effort.[26] This resulted in the highest levels of air pollution in the city's almost century of industry. The city's reputation as the "arsenal of democracy"[36][37] was being overshadowed by James Parton's 1868 observation of Pittsburgh being "hell with the lid off."[38]

Following the war, the city launched a clean air and civic revitalization project known as the "Renaissance," cleaning up the air and the rivers. The "Renaissance II" project followed in 1977, focused on cultural and neighborhood development. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1970s, but beginning in the early 1980s both the area's steel and electronics industries imploded during national industrial restructuring. There were massive layoffs from mill and plant closures.[10]

President Obama visited Carnegie Mellon University's National Robotics Engineering Center in 2011 to demonstrations of cutting edge technology.
President Barack Obama visiting Carnegie Mellon University's National Robotics Engineering Center in 2011

In the later 20th century, the area shifted its economic base to education, tourism, and services, largely based on healthcare/medicine, finance, and high technology such as robotics. Although Pittsburgh successfully shifted its economy and remained viable, the city's population has never rebounded to its industrial-era highs. While 680,000 people lived in the city proper in 1950, a combination of suburbanization and economic turbulence resulted in a decrease in city population, even as the metropolitan area population increased again.

During the

2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit.[40]

Geography

See also:
Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Regional identity

Pittsburgh has a total area of 58.3 square miles (151 km2), of which 55.6 square miles (144 km2) is land and 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2) (or 4.75%) is water. The 80th meridian west passes directly through the city's downtown.

The city is on the Allegheny Plateau, within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau,[41] The Downtown area (also known as the Golden Triangle) sits where the Allegheny River flowing from the northeast and Monongahela River from the southeast form the Ohio River. The convergence is at Point State Park and is referred to as "the Point." The city extends east to include the Oakland and Shadyside sections, which are home to the University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham University, Carnegie Museum and Library, and many other educational, medical, and cultural institutions. The southern, western, and northern areas of the city are primarily residential.

Mt. Washington

Many Pittsburgh neighborhoods are steeply sloped with two-lane roads. More than a quarter of neighborhood names make reference to "hills," "heights," or similar features.[a]

The steps of Pittsburgh comprise some 712 sets of outdoor public stairways with 44,645 treads and 24,090 vertical feet. They include hundreds of streets composed entirely of stairs, and many other steep streets with stairs for sidewalks.[42] Many provide vistas of the Pittsburgh area while attracting hikers and fitness walkers.[43]

Bike and walking trails have been built to border many of the city's rivers and hollows, but steep hills and variable weather can make biking a challenge. The Great Allegheny Passage and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath connect the city directly to downtown Washington, D.C. (some 335 miles (539 km) away) with a continuous bike/running trail.

Cityscape

Areas

See also: List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods, List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh, List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations, and List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
Pittsburgh's 90 distinct neighborhoods

The city consists of the Downtown area, called the Golden Triangle,[44] and four main areas surrounding it. These surrounding areas are subdivided into distinct neighborhoods (in total, Pittsburgh contains 90 neighborhoods).[45] Relative to downtown, these areas are known as the North Side, South Side/South Hills, East End, and West End.

Golden Triangle
Downtown Pittsburgh from Station Square

multiple bridges
leading north and south.[47] It is also home to
Uptown
.

North Side
Further information: North Side (Pittsburgh)
The North Side

The North Side is home to various neighborhoods in transition. What is known today as Pittsburgh's North Side was once known as

Andy Warhol Museum, Mattress Factory installation art museum, Children's Museum of Pittsburgh, Randyland, Highmark SportsWorks, Penn Brewery, and Allegheny Observatory. The North Side is also home to Allegheny General Hospital
, which is listed among the 1999 US News & World Report 2000 best hospitals nationwide.

South Side
Further information: South Side (Pittsburgh)

The South Side was once the site of the Pennsylvania Railroad railyards and associated dense, inexpensive housing for mill and railroad workers. Since the late 20th century, the city undertook a Main Street program in cooperation with the National Trust for Historic Preservation, encouraging design and landscape improvements on East Carson Street, and supporting new retail. The area has become a local Pittsburgher destination. The South Side is one of the most popular neighborhoods in the city in which to own a home. The value of homes in the South Side has increased in value by about 10% annually for the past 10 years.[48] East Carson Street has developed as one of the most vibrant areas of the city, packed with diverse shopping, ethnic eateries, vibrant nightlife, and live music venues.

In 1993 the

Pitt Panthers. Construction began in 1998. The SouthSide Works has been open since 2005, featuring many stores, restaurants, offices, and the world headquarters for American Eagle Outfitters.[49]

East End
The Shadyside neighborhood
The Carnegie Library, Museums of Art and Natural History (foreground), Carnegie Mellon University (background)

The East End is home to the

Children's Hospital. The Strip District to the west along the Allegheny River
is an open-air marketplace by day and a clubbing destination by night.

West End
Further information: West End (Pittsburgh) § Region

The West End includes

Sheraden and Elliott
.

Ethnicities

Pittsburgh's patchwork of neighborhoods still retain an ethnic character reflecting the city's immigrant history. These include:

Population densities

Several neighborhoods on the edges of the city are less urban, featuring tree-lined streets, yards and garages, with a more suburban character. Oakland, the South Side, the North Side, and the Golden Triangle are characterized by more density of housing, walking neighborhoods, and a more diverse, urban feel.

Images

Mt. Washington at night in 2015, with the Monongahela River
in the foreground.
Daytime photo from Mt. Washington in 2015.
Downtown Pittsburgh and the Golden Triangle as viewed from the Duquesne Incline in autumn 2015.

Regional identity

Main article:
Pittsburgh metropolitan area

Pittsburgh falls within the borders of the

Great Lakes Megalopolis, a collection of primarily Midwestern and nearby Canadian cities, reflecting Pittsburgh's socio-economic connections to Ohio and points west.[50][51]

Pittsburgh falls within the borders of Appalachia as defined by the Appalachian Regional Commission, and has long been characterized as the "northern urban industrial anchor of Appalachia."[52] In its post-industrial state, Pittsburgh has been characterized as the "Paris of Appalachia",[53][54][55][56] recognizing the city's cultural, educational, healthcare, and technological resources, as well as its status as Appalachia's largest city.

Climate

Pittsburgh lies in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfa).[57] The city and river valleys lie in the USDA plant hardiness zone 6b while higher elevated areas lie in zone 6a.[58] The area has four distinct seasons: winters are cold, cloudy, and moderately snowy, springs and falls generally mild with moderate levels of sunshine, and summers warm to hot and humid. As measured by percent possible sunshine, summer is by far the sunniest season.[59]

The warmest month of the year in Pittsburgh is July, with a 24-hour average of 72.6 °F (22.6 °C). Conditions are often humid, and combined with highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 9.5 days a year,[60] a considerable heat index arises. The coldest month is January, when the 24-hour average is 28.4 °F (−2.0 °C), and lows of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below can be expected on an average 2.6 nights per year.[60] Officially, record temperatures range from −22 °F (−30 °C), on January 19, 1994 to 103 °F (39 °C), which occurred three times, most recently on July 16, 1988; the record cold daily maximum is −3 °F (−19 °C), which occurred three times, most recently the day of the all-time record low, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 82 °F (28 °C) on July 1, 1901.[60][b] Due to elevation and location on the windward side of the Appalachian Mountains, 100 °F (38 °C)+ readings are very rare, and were last seen on July 15, 1995.[60]

Average annual precipitation is 38.2 inches (970 mm) and total precipitation is greatest in May while least in October; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 22.65 in (575 mm) in 1930 to 57.41 in (1,458 mm) in 2004.[61] On average, December and January have the greatest number of precipitation days. Snowfall averages 41.4 inches (105 cm) per season, but has historically ranged from 8.8 in (22 cm) in 1918–19 to 82.0 in (208 cm) in 1950–51.[62] There is an average of 59 clear days and 103 partly cloudy days per year, while 203 days are cloudy.[63] In terms of annual percent-average possible sunshine received, Pittsburgh (45%) is similar to Seattle (43%).[64]

Climate data for Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1874–present[d]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 75
(24) 		78
(26) 		84
(29) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		103
(39) 		103
(39) 		102
(39) 		91
(33) 		82
(28) 		74
(23) 		103
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 61.5
(16.4) 		63.2
(17.3) 		73.5
(23.1) 		81.5
(27.5) 		86.8
(30.4) 		90.4
(32.4) 		91.3
(32.9) 		90.3
(32.4) 		88.2
(31.2) 		79.9
(26.6) 		70.8
(21.6) 		62.6
(17.0) 		92.6
(33.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.3
(2.4) 		39.6
(4.2) 		49.1
(9.5) 		62.4
(16.9) 		71.9
(22.2) 		79.4
(26.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		81.7
(27.6) 		75.1
(23.9) 		63.1
(17.3) 		50.9
(10.5) 		40.6
(4.8) 		61.1
(16.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 28.8
(−1.8) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		39.7
(4.3) 		51.5
(10.8) 		61.2
(16.2) 		69.4
(20.8) 		73.2
(22.9) 		71.8
(22.1) 		64.9
(18.3) 		53.4
(11.9) 		42.6
(5.9) 		33.7
(0.9) 		51.8
(11.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.4
(−5.9) 		23.2
(−4.9) 		30.3
(−0.9) 		40.7
(4.8) 		50.6
(10.3) 		59.3
(15.2) 		63.4
(17.4) 		62.0
(16.7) 		54.8
(12.7) 		43.7
(6.5) 		34.3
(1.3) 		26.7
(−2.9) 		42.5
(5.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 1.0
(−17.2) 		5.0
(−15.0) 		11.7
(−11.3) 		25.4
(−3.7) 		35.6
(2.0) 		45.2
(7.3) 		52.5
(11.4) 		51.1
(10.6) 		41.2
(5.1) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		19.3
(−7.1) 		9.7
(−12.4) 		−1.5
(−18.6)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30) 		−20
(−29) 		−5
(−21) 		11
(−12) 		26
(−3) 		34
(1) 		42
(6) 		39
(4) 		31
(−1) 		16
(−9) 		−1
(−18) 		−12
(−24) 		−22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.96
(75) 		2.62
(67) 		3.15
(80) 		3.32
(84) 		3.83
(97) 		4.12
(105) 		4.26
(108) 		3.52
(89) 		3.30
(84) 		2.83
(72) 		2.86
(73) 		2.84
(72) 		39.61
(1,006)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 13.3
(34) 		11.7
(30) 		7.6
(19) 		1.0
(2.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(1.0) 		2.4
(6.1) 		7.7
(20) 		44.1
(112)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 16.8 13.9 14.0 13.9 13.5 12.4 11.2 10.5 9.8 11.1 12.0 14.6 153.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 12.2 9.3 5.9 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.3 7.6 40.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		69.9 67.3 64.1 59.8 63.4 66.2 68.8 71.2 72.0 68.3 70.2 71.9 67.8
Average dew point °F (°C) 17.2
(−8.2) 		18.9
(−7.3) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		34.5
(1.4) 		45.9
(7.7) 		55.2
(12.9) 		60.1
(15.6) 		59.5
(15.3) 		53.4
(11.9) 		40.8
(4.9) 		32.4
(0.2) 		23.2
(−4.9) 		39.0
(3.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 93.9 108.5 155.4 182.8 217.4 242.2 254.9 228.4 196.7 167.3 99.4 74.4 2,021.3
Percent possible sunshine 31 36 42 46 49 54 56 54 53 48 33 26 45
Average ultraviolet index 2 2 2 4 6 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 4
Source 1:
NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[60][65][59][66]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[67]

Air and water quality

"It's the best it's been in the lifetime for virtually every resident in this county...We've seen a steady decrease in pollution levels over the past decade and certainly over the past 20, 30, 40, 50 years or more."

Guillermo Cole

In a 2013 ranking of 277 metropolitan areas in the United States, the American Lung Association (ALA) ranked only six U.S. metro areas as having higher amounts of short-term particle pollution, and only seven U.S. metro areas having higher amounts of year-round particle pollution than Pittsburgh. For ozone (smog) pollution, Pittsburgh was ranked 24th among U.S. metro areas.[68][69] The area has improved its air quality with every annual survey. The ALA's rankings have been disputed by the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD), since data from only the worst of the region's 20 air quality monitors is considered by the ALA, without any context or averaging. The lone monitor used is located immediately downwind and adjacent to U.S. Steel's Clairton Coke Works, the nation's largest coke mill, and several municipalities outside the city's jurisdiction of pollution controls, leading to possible confusion that Pittsburgh itself is the source or center of the emissions cited in the survey.[70] The region's readings also reflect pollution swept in from Ohio and West Virginia, though both are outside the jurisdictional powers of local leadership.[71]

Although the county was still below the "pass" threshold, the report showed substantial improvement over previous decades on every air quality measure. Fewer than 15 high ozone days were reported between 2007 and 2009, and just 10 between 2008 and 2010, compared to more than 40 between 1997 and 1999.[72] ACHD spokesman Guillermo Cole stated that "It's the best it's been in the lifetime for virtually every resident in this county...We've seen a steady decrease in pollution levels over the past decade and certainly over the past 20, 30, 40, 50 years, or more."[73]

In the summer of 2017, a crowd sourced air quality monitoring application, Smell PGH, was made and is still used today. As air quality is still a concern of many in the area, this app allows for users to report odd smells and informs local authorities.[74][75]

The local rivers continue to have pollution levels exceeding EPA limits; however, fish catches in the city in 2007 were found to be more than twice as free of pollutants than catches on the Canadian side of Lake Erie and six times as free of pollutants than Allegheny River catches of the New York border area.[76] There are other concerns about local storm sewers and waste treatment plants frequently overflowing untreated sewage into local waterways, due to flood conditions and antiquated infrastructure.

The city contains 31,000 trees on 900 miles of streets, by the last count conducted in 2005. A 2011 analysis of Pittsburgh's total tree cover, which involved sampling more than 200 small plots throughout the city, showed a value of between $10 and $13 million in annual benefits based on the urban forest contributions to aesthetics, energy use and air quality. Energy savings from shade, impact on city air and water quality, and the boost in property values were taken into account in the analysis. The city spends $850,000 annually on street tree planting and maintenance.[77]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1760149—    
1761332+122.8%
17961,395+320.2%
18001,565+12.2%
18104,768+204.7%
18207,248+52.0%
183012,568+73.4%
184021,115+68.0%
185046,601+120.7%
186049,221+5.6%
187086,076+74.9%
1880156,389+81.7%
1890238,617+52.6%
1900321,616+34.8%
1910533,905+66.0%
1920588,343+10.2%
1930669,817+13.8%
1940671,659+0.3%
1950676,806+0.8%
1960604,332−10.7%
1970520,117−13.9%
1980423,938−18.5%
1990369,879−12.8%
2000334,563−9.5%
2010305,704−8.6%
2016303,625−0.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[78]
2015 Estimate[79]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[80]

At the 2010 Census, there were 305,704 people residing in Pittsburgh, a decrease of 8.6% since 2000. 66.0% of the population was White, 25.8% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.4% Asian, 0.3% Other, and 2.3% mixed. 2.3% of Pittsburgh's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 64.8% of the population in 2010,[81] compared to 78.7% in 1970.[82]

Racial composition 2010[81] 1990[82] 1970[82] 1950[82]
White
 66.0% 72.1% 79.3% 87.7%
—Non-Hispanic 64.8% 71.6% 78.7%[83] n/a
Black or African American
 26.1% 25.8% 20.2% 12.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 2.3% 0.9% 0.5%[83] (X)
Asian
 4.4% 1.6% 0.3% 0.1%
Map of racial distribution in Pittsburgh, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)

The five largest European ethnic groups in the city are German (19.7%), Irish (15.8%), Italian (11.8%), Polish (8.4%), and English (4.6%), while the metropolitan area is approximately 22% German-American, 15.4%

Irish American. Pittsburgh has one of the largest Italian-American communities in the nation,[84] the fifth-largest Ukrainian community.[85] Pittsburgh has over 200,000 Croatian people making it the city with the most extensive Croatian community in the United States.[86]

According to a 2010 ARDA study, residents include 773,341 "Catholics"; 326,125 "Mainline Protestants"; 174,119 "Evangelical Protestants;" 20,976 "Black Protestants;" and 16,405 "Orthodox Christians," with 996,826 listed as "unclaimed" and 16,405 as "other" in the metro area.[87]

There were 143,739 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 14.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,588, and the median income for a family was $38,795. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,816. About 15.0% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under the age of 18 and 13.5% ages 65 or older.

In a 2002 study, Pittsburgh ranked 22nd of 69 urban places in the U.S. in the number of residents 25 years or older who had completed a bachelor's degree, at 31%.[88] Pittsburgh ranked 15th of the 69 places in the number of residents 25 years or older who completed a high school degree, at 84.7%.[89]

The

metro area has shown greater residential racial integration during the last 30 years. The 2010 census ranked 18 other U.S. metros as having greater black-white segregation, while 32 other U.S. metros rank higher for black-white isolation.[90] Within city limits both Carlow University[91] and Chatham University[92] have residential gender segregation above 90%, as Duquesne University[93] and Point Park University[94] both have female populations at 60% or greater. Carnegie Mellon University has a 60% male population.[95]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Pittsburgh
See also: List of corporations in Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh skyline from Mount Washington

Pittsburgh has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and electronics industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, health care, nuclear engineering, tourism, biomedical technology, finance, education, and services. Total annual payroll of the region's technology industries, when taken in aggregate, exceeded $10.8 billion in 2007,[96] and in 2010 there were 1,600 technology companies.[97] A National Bureau of Economic Research 2014 report named Pittsburgh the second-best U.S. city for intergenerational economic mobility[98] or the American Dream.[99] Reflecting the citywide shift from industry to technology, former factories have been renovated as modern office space. Google has research and technology offices in a refurbished 1918–1998 Nabisco factory, a complex known as Bakery Square.[100] Some of the factory's original equipment, such as a large dough mixer, were left standing in homage to the site's industrial roots.[101] Pittsburgh's transition from its industrial heritage has earned it praise as "the poster child for managing industrial transition".[102] Other major cities in the northeast and mid-west have increasingly borrowed from Pittsburgh's model in order to renew their industries and economic base.[103]

Pittsburgh is the poster child for managing industrial transition.

Dr. Robert Mauro

The largest employer in the city is the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, with 48,000 employees. All hospitals, outpatient clinics, and doctor's office positions combine for 116,000 jobs, approximately 10% of the jobs in the region. An analyst recently observed of the city's medical sector: "That's both more jobs and a higher share of the region's total employment than the steel industry represented in the 1970s."[104]

Top publicly traded companies
in the Pittsburgh region for 2016
(ranked by revenues)
with Metropolitan and U.S. ranks
Metro corporation US
1 The Kraft Heinz Company 153
2 PNC Financial Services 171
3 PPG Industries 182
4
United States Steel
 244
5 Arconic 228
6 Alcoa 300
7 WESCO International 357
8 Dick's Sporting Goods 365
Source: Fortune 500[105]

Education is a major economic driver in the region. The largest single employer in education is the University of Pittsburgh, with 10,700 employees.[106]

Six Fortune 500 companies call the Pittsburgh area home. These include downtown's PNC Financial Services, PPG Industries, U.S. Steel, The Kraft Heinz Company, WESCO International, and the Findlay Township, Pennsylvania based Dick's Sporting Goods.[107] In 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Pittsburgh among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion.[108]

The region is home to

Squirrel Hill and Station Square
.

The nonprofit arts and cultural industry in Allegheny County generates $341 million in economic activity that supports over 10,000 full-time equivalent jobs with nearly $34 million in local and state taxes raised.[110]

A leader in

environmental design, the city is home to 60 total and 10 of the world's first green buildings while billions have been invested in the area's Marcellus natural gas fields.[18] A renaissance of Pittsburgh's 116-year-old film industry—that boasts the world's first movie theater—has grown from the long-running Three Rivers Film Festival to an influx of major productions including Disney and Paramount offices with the largest sound stage outside Los Angeles and New York City.[111]

Pittsburgh has hosted

INPEX, the world's largest invention trade show annually since 1984,[112] Tekko since 2003, Anthrocon since 2006, and DUG East
energy trade show since 2009.

Arts and culture

Main article: Culture of Pittsburgh

Entertainment

Phipps Conservatory
The Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh.
Downtown Pittsburgh from the North Shore in the morning.

Pittsburgh has a rich history in arts and culture dating from 19th century industrialists commissioning and donating public works, such as

Heinz Hall for the Performing Arts and the Benedum Center, home to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and Pittsburgh Opera, respectively as well as such groups as the River City Brass Band and the Pittsburgh Youth Symphony Orchestra
.

Pittsburgh has a long tradition of jazz, blues, and bluegrass music. The

Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre, Quantum Theatre, the Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh, and the early music ensemble Chatham Baroque. Several choirs and singing groups are also present at the cities' universities; some of the most notable include the Pitt Men's Glee Club and the Heinz Chapel Choir
.

Duquesne University Tamburitzans
, a multicultural academy dedicated to the preservation and presentation of folk songs and dance.

Hundreds of major films have been shot partially or wholly in Pittsburgh. The Dark Knight Rises was largely filmed in Downtown, Oakland, and the North Shore. Pittsburgh has also teamed up with a Los Angeles-based production company, and has built the largest and most advanced movie studio in the eastern United States.[111]

Pittsburgh's major art museums include the

Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University, University Art Gallery of the University of Pittsburgh, the American Jewish Museum, and the Wood Street Galleries
.

The

Heinz Field
.

Pittsburgh's Wiz Khalifa is a recent artist to have a number one record. His anthem "Black and Yellow" (a tribute to Pittsburgh's official colors) reached number one on Billboard's "Hot 100"[115] for the Week of February 19, 2011[116] Not since Grammy-winning blues guitarist George Benson has a Pittsburgh artist received such national acclaim. Perry Como and Christina Aguilera are from Pittsburgh suburbs. The city is also where the popular band Rusted Root was formed. Hip hop artist Mac Miller's album Blue Slide Park debuted at the top of Billboard's album chart; its first #1 independent release since Dogg Food in 1995.[117]

Many

Aus Rotten and Anti-Flag
, originated in Pittsburgh.

Pittsburgh is home to the world's second largest furry convention known as Anthrocon, which has been held annually at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center since 2006. In 2017 Anthrocon drew over 7,000 visitors and has had a cumulative economic impact of $53 million over the course of its 11 years of being hosted in Pittsburgh.[118]

Theatre

Benedum Center
Main article: Theatre in Pittsburgh

The city's first play was produced at the

Scotch'n'Soda organization. The Duquesne University Red Masquers, founded in 1912, are the oldest, continuously producing theater company in Pennsylvania.[citation needed] The city's longest-running theater show, Friday Nite Improvs, is an improv jam that has been performed in the Cathedral of Learning and other locations for 20 years. The Pittsburgh New Works Festival utilizes local theatre companies to stage productions of original one-act plays by playwrights from all parts of the country. Similarly, Future Ten showcases new ten-minute plays. Saint Vincent Summer Theatre, Off the Wall Productions, Mountain Playhouse, The Theatre Factory, and Stage Right! in nearby Latrobe, Carnegie, Jennerstown, Trafford, and Greensburg
, respectively, employ Pittsburgh actors and contribute to the culture of the region.

Literature

See also: List of fiction set in Pittsburgh, List of films shot in Pittsburgh, and List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh is the birthplace of Gertrude Stein and Rachel Carson, a Chatham University graduate from the suburb of Springdale, Pennsylvania.[119] Modern writers include Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright August Wilson and Michael Chabon with his Pittsburgh-focused commentary on student and college life. Two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, David McCullough was born and raised in Pittsburgh.[120] Annie Dillard, a Pulitzer Prize–winning writer, was born and raised in Pittsburgh. Much of her memoir An American Childhood takes place in post-World War II Pittsburgh. John Edgar Wideman grew up in Pittsburgh and based "Brothers and Keepers," a National Book Critics awarded novel in his hometown. Poet Terrance Hayes, winner of the 2010 National Book Award and a 2014 MacArthur Foundation Fellow, received his MFA from the University of Pittsburgh, where he is currently a faculty member. Poet Michael Simms, founder of Autumn House Press, currently resides in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Poet Samuel John Hazo, the first poet Laureate of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, also resides in the city. New writers include Chris Kuzneski who attended the University of Pittsburgh and mentions Pittsburgh in his works and Pittsburgher Brian Celio, author of Catapult Soul who captured the Pittsburgh 'Yinzer' dialect in his writing. Pittsburgh's unique literary style extends to playwrights,[121] as well as local graffiti and hip hop artists.

There are also specific Pittsburgh genres that have been adopted in globally, from children's television to sci-fi/fantasy to Yinzer Pittsburghese.

Pittsburgh's position as the birthplace for community owned television and networked commercial television helped spawn the modern children's show genres exemplified by

The Children's Corner
, all nationally broadcast.

The

Pittsburghese genre to a global YouTube
audience since 2011.

The modern fantasy, macabre and science fiction

Chiller Theatre,[122] director and writer Rusty Cundieff[123] and makeup effects guru Tom Savini.[124] The genre continues today with the PARSEC writers organization,[125] The It's Alive Show, the annual "Zombie Fest",[126] and several writer's workshops including Write or Die,[127] Pittsburgh SouthWrites,[128] and Pittsburgh Worldwrights[129][130] with Barton Paul Levenson, Kenneth Chiacchia and Elizabeth Humphreys Penrose
.

Local dialect

Main article: Western Pennsylvania English

The Pittsburgh English dialect, commonly called

Galapagos Islands of American dialect."[131] The lexicon itself contains notable loans from Polish and other European languages; examples include babushka, pierogi, and halušky.[132]

Livability

Pittsburgh from the West End Overlook

Pittsburgh often places high in lists of the nation's most livable cities. After placing fourth and first in the first two editions of Places Rated Almanac, Pittsburgh finished first in 1985, third in 1989, fifth in 1993, 14th in 1997, and 12th in 2000, before reclaiming the number one spot in 2007.[133] The survey's primary author, David Savageau, has noted that Pittsburgh is the only city to finish in the top 20 of every edition.

In 2005, 2009, and 2011, Pittsburgh was named the most livable city in the United States and in those years, between the 26th- and 29th-most livable cities worldwide by The Economist.[134][135] Pittsburgh ranked No. 28 in the book Cities Ranked and Rated (2004) by Bert Sperling and Peter Sander.

In 2010, Forbes and Yahoo! listed Pittsburgh as the most livable city in the United States.[136][137] A month later, Forbes named Pittsburgh the 7th best place to raise a family.[138] Pittsburgh was ranked the 4th best city for working mothers by Forbes in 2010[139] and the city was ranked as one of the best for entrepreneurs by Entrepreneur.[140] Forbes named Pittsburgh, in an 8-way tie, the world's 10th cleanest city for 2007.[141]

The Economist Intelligence Unit named Pittsburgh the top place to live in the United States in 2011,[142] and behind only Honolulu for 2012 and 2014.[143][144]

The city was listed among the 10 best U.S. places to retire in 2012 by CBS Money Watch and U.S. News.[145][146] In February 2013 Forbes again placed Pittsburgh among its 10 most unexpectedly romantic world locations.[147] In April 2014, Niche rated Pittsburgh the 15th best city for millennials.[148]

Livability rankings typically consider factors such as cost of living, crime, and cultural opportunities. Pittsburgh has a low cost of living compared to other northeastern U.S. cities. According to the Federal Housing Board the average price for a 3- to 4-bedroom, 2-bath family home in Pittsburgh for 2004 is $162,000, well below the national average of $264,540. Average 2010 rent for all bedrooms in Pittsburgh was $789. This compares to the nationwide average of $1,087.[149] Pittsburgh also has five city parks and several parks managed by the Nature Conservancy, the largest of which, Frick Park, provides a 664 acres (269 ha) of woodland park with extensive hiking and biking trails throughout steep valleys and wooded slopes. Birding enthusiasts love to visit Clayton Hill area of Frick Park, where well over 100 species of birds have been recorded.[150]

Enhancing Pittsburgh's livability is that the area faces little natural disaster risk such as an earthquake, hurricane, wildfire, or tornado. Forbes ranked Pittsburgh as having the 2nd lowest natural disaster risk in the nation for 2009.

Greater Pittsburgh is not entirely free of natural disasters, however. Residents living in extremely low-lying areas near the rivers or one of the 1,400 creeks and streams experience occasional floods,[152] such as those caused when the remnants of Hurricane Ivan hit rainfall records in 2004.[153] River flooding is relatively rare due to federal flood control efforts extensively managing locks, dams, and reservoirs.[152][154][155] Residents living near smaller tributary streams are less protected from occasional flooding, and the cost of a comprehensive flood control program for the region has been estimated at a prohibitive $50 billion.[152]

Pittsburgh has the most bars per capita in the nation.[12]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh hosted the

Sporting News title of "Best Sports City" in the United States.[156] and Sperling's Best Places "top 15 cities for baseball" in 2013.[157]
College sports also have large followings with the University of Pittsburgh in football and sharing Division I basketball fans with Robert Morris and Duquesne.

Pittsburgh's dedication to sports has a long history with its major professional sports teams—the

official city colors of black and gold. This tradition of solidarity is unique to Pittsburgh. The black-and-gold color scheme has since become widely associated with the city and personified in its famous Terrible Towel.[159]

"

Pittsburgh-Washington D.C. bike/walking trail. Several mountain biking trails are located within the city and suburbs, Frick Park has biking trails and Hartwood Acres Park has many miles of single track trails.[citation needed
]

Professional sports teams in Pittsburgh
Pro Club Founded League Sport Venue Championships
Pittsburgh Pirates 1882 MLB Baseball PNC Park 7[o 1]
Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 NFL Football
Heinz Field
 6[o 2]
Pittsburgh Penguins 1967 NHL Hockey PPG Paints Arena 5[o 3]
Pittsburgh Riverhounds
 1999 USL Soccer Highmark Stadium
Steel City Yellow Jackets 2014
ABA
 Basketball CCAC Allegheny Arena
  1. ^ The Pirates won championships in 1901, 1902, 1909, 1925, 1960, 1971, and 1979. 1901 and 1902 were Pre World-Series Era Champions.
  2. ^ The Steelers won championships in 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005, and 2008.
  3. ^ The Penguins won championships in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017.

**Pittsburgh's ABA franchise won the 1968 title, however the current franchise are heirs to it only in location.

Prominent D1 college sports teams in Pittsburgh
Division I Athletics Prominent sports Venues Conference National Championships
University of Pittsburgh Pitt Football (FBS)
Heinz Field
 ACC 9[o 1]
Pitt Basketball Petersen Events Center 1927–28 1929–30
Duquesne University
FCS
) 		Art Rooney Field NEC 1941, 1973, 2003
Dukes Basketball
Palumbo Center
 A10 1954–55 (NIT)
Robert Morris University Colonials Basketball Sewall Center NEC
Colonials Hockey
Island Sports Center
 AHA
  1. ^ The Panthers won championships in 1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, and 1976.

Baseball

PNC Park, home of the Pittsburgh Pirates

[t]his is the perfect blend of location, history, design, comfort and baseball…The best stadium in baseball is in Pittsburgh.

ESPN

The Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team, often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos (derived from buccaneer), is the city's oldest professional sports franchise having been founded in 1881, and plays in the Central Division of the National League. The Pirates are nine-time Pennant winners and five-time World Series Champions, were in the first World Series (1903) and claim two pre-World Series titles in 1901 and 1902. The Pirates play in PNC Park, annually ranked as one of the sports best venues; ESPN.com stated: "[t]his is the perfect blend of location, history, design, comfort and baseball…The best stadium in baseball is in Pittsburgh."[160] PNC Park hosted the team's MLB record-tying fifth All-Star game in 2006.

Pittsburgh also has a rich

Negro League history, with the former Pittsburgh Crawfords and the Homestead Grays credited with as many as 14 league titles and 11 Hall of Famers between them in the 1930s and 1940s, while the Keystones fielded teams in the 1920s. In addition, in 1971 the Pirates were the first Major League team to field an all-minority lineup. One sportswriter claimed, "No city is more synonymous with black baseball than Pittsburgh."[161]

Since the late 20th century, the Pirates had three consecutive

Sporting News' Executive of the Year.[162]

Football

Further information: American football in Western Pennsylvania
Heinz Field, home of the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Pittsburgh Panthers
(football)
Heinz Field seen from above

Football is the most popular and tradition laden sport in the region. The nation's first professional game was played in the city on November 12, 1892, between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, the first pro-team in nearby Latrobe and first organized league, the NFL and their inaugural champions: the Pittsburgh Stars.[citation needed]

The city's most popular team is the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, named after the distribution company the Pittsburgh Steeling company established in 1927. News of the team has preempted news of elections and other events, and are important to the region and its diaspora. The Steelers have been owned by the Rooney family since the team's founding in 1933, show consistency in coaching (only three coaches since the 1960s all with the same basic philosophy) and are noted as one of sports' most respectable franchises.[citation needed] The Steelers have a long waiting list for season tickets, and have sold out every home game since 1972.[163] The team won four Super Bowls in a six-year span in the 1970s, a fifth Super Bowl in 2006, and a league record sixth Super Bowl in 2009. Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 they have qualified for the most NFL playoff berths (28) and have played in (15) and hosted (11) the most NFL conference championship games.[citation needed]

Bound for Glory with Dick Butkus
both filmed in the area to capture the tradition and passion of local high school football.

national championships and recently[when?] qualifying for seven straight bowl games for 31 total. Local universities Duquesne and Robert Morris have loyal fan bases that follow their lower (FCS) teams. Duquesne, Carnegie Mellon University, and Washington & Jefferson College all posted major bowl games and AP Poll rankings from the 1920s to the 1940s as that era's equivalent of Top 25 FBS programs.[citation needed
]

Heinz Field serves as home for the Steelers, Panthers, and both the suburban and city high school championships. Playoff franchises

Ed Debartolo owned Pittsburgh Maulers featured a Heisman Trophy winner in the mid-1980s, former superstar University of Nebraska running back Mike Rozier
.

Hockey

The NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins have played in Pittsburgh since the team's founding in 1967. The team has won 6 Eastern Conference titles (1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017) and 5 Stanley Cup championships (1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017). Since 1999, Hall of Famer and back-to-back playoff MVP Mario Lemieux has served as Penguins owner. Until moving into the PPG Paints Arena in 2010 (when it was known as Consol Energy Center), the team played their home games at the world's first retractable domed stadium, the Civic Arena, or in local parlance "The Igloo".[165]

Ice hockey has had a regional fan base since the 1890s semi-pro Keystones. The city's first ice rink dates back to 1889, when there was an ice rink at the Casino in Schenley Park. From 1896 to 1956, the Exposition Building on the Allegheny River near The Point and Duquesne Gardens in Oakland offered indoor skating.[166]

The NHL awarded one of its first franchises to the city in 1924 on the strength of the back-to-back USAHA championship winning

Pittsburgh Pirates made several Stanley Cup playoff runs with a future Hall of Famer before folding from Great Depression financial pressures. Hockey survived with the Pittsburgh Hornets
farm team (1936–1967) and their seven finals appearances and three championships in 18 playoff seasons.

Frozen Four college championship in 2013 with the four PPG Paints Arena games televised by ESPN
.

Basketball

NBA inaugural season), the Pittsburgh Rens (1961–63), the Pittsburgh Condors (first American Basketball Association championship in 1968 and playing until 1972), the Pittsburgh Piranhas (CBA Finals in 1995), the Pittsburgh Xplosion (2004–08) and Phantoms (2009–10) both of the ABA. The city has hosted dozens of pre-season and 15 regular season "neutral site" NBA games, including Wilt Chamberlain's record setting performance in both consecutive field goals and field goal percentage on February 24, 1967, NBA records that still stand.[167]

Pittsburgh Panthers basketball
Palumbo Center, home of Duquesne Dukes basketball

The Duquesne University Dukes and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have played college basketball in the city since 1914 and 1905 respectively. Pitt and Duquesne have played the annual City Game since 1932. Duquesne was the city's first team to appear in a

AP Poll ranking (1954),[168] and to win a post-season national title, the 1955 National Invitation Tournament on its second straight trip to the NIT title game. Duquesne is the only college program to produce back-to-back NBA #1 overall draft picks with 1955's Dick Ricketts and 1956's Sihugo Green.[citation needed] Duquesne's Chuck Cooper was the first African American drafted by an NBA team.[169]

The Panthers won two pre-tournament era

LSU in 1935, and made a Final Four appearance in 1941. Pitt has won 13 conference titles, qualified for the NCAA tournament 25 times including a post season tournament every season since 1999–2000 and regularly sells out the Petersen Events Center
. The program has produced 27 NBA draft picks and 15 All Americans while ranking #1 in the nation as recently as 2009.

The suburban Robert Morris University's Colonials have competed in NCAA Division I basketball since the 1970s, qualifying for the NCAA tournament in each of the last four decades (8 total). In the 2013 National Invitation Tournament the Colonials notched an upset win over the defending national champions Kentucky Wildcats.

Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball has qualified for 14 post season tournaments (including 4 NCAA tournaments) and boasts of 5 All-Americans selected 6 times with 3 WNBA players. Pitt women began play in 1914 before being reintroduced in 1970. Both Duquesne and Robert Morris also have competitive Division I women's basketball programs.

Pittsburgh launched the nation's first high school all-star game in 1965.[

Championship Tournament for the Eastern Eight Conference
from 1978 until 1982.

Golf

See also:
List of people from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Golf

U.S. Amateurs
(8) have also called Oakmont home.

Golf legends

LPGA Championships (1957–58), Senior Players Championships (2012–14), and the Senior PGA Championship
(2005).

Local courses have sponsored annual major tournaments for 40 years:

Annual sports events

Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix

Pittsburgh hosts several annual major sporting events initiated in the late 20th century, including the:

The city's vibrant rivers have attracted annual world-title fishing competitions of the

Forrest Wood Cup in 2009 and the Bassmaster Classic
in 2005.

Annual events continue during the winter months at area ski resorts such as Boyce Park, Seven Springs, Hidden Valley Resort, Laurel Mountain, and Wisp. Ice skating rinks are enjoyed at PPG Place and North Park.

Professional wrestling

Many

Elias Samson
, and many more.

Pittsburgh was in the Limelight with the popular

Fineview
section of the city.

Main article: Keystone State Wrestling Alliance

The

promotion that was founded in Pittsburgh, in 2000. It is the only promotion based in Pittsburgh. It currently operates in the Lawrenceville neighborhood
of the city. The KSWA performs Monthly on Saturdays at its main venue on 51st Street.

Government and politics

Government

Main article: Government of Pittsburgh
The Pittsburgh City-County Building, the seat of government of the City of Pittsburgh.

The

plurality elections in each of nine districts. The government's official offices are located in the Pittsburgh City-County Building
.

The

Pennsylvania Supreme Court holds sessions in Pittsburgh, as well as Harrisburg and Philadelphia. Pittsburgh is represented in the Pennsylvania General Assembly by three Senate Districts and nine House Districts. Federally, Pittsburgh is part of Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district
.

Politics

In 2006, Council President Luke Ravenstahl was sworn in as mayor at age 26, becoming the youngest mayor in the history of any major American city. His successor, Bill Peduto, was sworn in January 6, 2014. Current Pittsburgh City Council members are: Darlene Harris, Theresa Kail-Smith, Natalia Rudiak, Cory O'Conner, R. Daniel Lavelle, Deborah Gross, vacant seat (awaiting special election previously held by Dan Gilman), and Rev. Ricky Burgess. They are elected from single-member districts.[170] The president of city council is Bruce Kraus.

Prior to the

1933 election. The city's current ratio of party registration is 5 to 1 Democrat.[171]

Pittsburgh is represented in the

38, Wayne D. Fontana (D)-42, and Jay Costa (D)-43) and nine House Districts (Jake Wheatley-19, Adam Ravenstahl-20, Dom Costa-21, Dan Frankel
-23, Ed Gainey-24, Dan Deasy-27, Paul Costa-34, and Harry Readshaw-36, Dan Miller-42).

Federally, Pittsburgh is part of

Michael F. Doyle
since 1995.

Law enforcement

A Ford Taurus and a Chevrolet Impala belonging to the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police

The area's largest law enforcement agency is the

Port Authority police patrols rapid transit. Pennsylvania State Police
Troop B provides patrols for the city and immediate suburbs.

The county's lead law enforcement officer is Allegheny County District Attorney Stephen Zappala while the Allegheny County Medical Examiner heads forensics. Crimes of a federal nature are covered by the U.S. Attorney for Western Pennsylvania.

Crime

Pittsburgh annually ranks as one of America's safest big cities, in 2013 being named the 3rd "most secure" big city by Farmers Insurance.

crime rates of the 60 largest U.S. cities, 43 had more instances of property crime while 16 had less when compared to Pittsburgh. More instances of violent crime were reported in 21 of the largest cities while 37 had less. The FBI recommends against using data for ranking.[173][174]
Per 100,000 persons stats (2012):

Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Theft Motor Vehicle Total Violent Total Property
City
 13.1 15.1 363.3 360.4 812.8 2,438.2 174.3 752.0 3,425.4

At the end of 2016, the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police reported 59 murders in the city, marking "one of the most violent years in recent history."[175]

Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, universities and research facilities, the most well-known of which are

The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, the Community College of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, and the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science
.

The Greater Pittsburgh area is also home to four

Penn State Fayette, The Eberly Campus, Penn State Greater Allegheny, and Penn State New Kensington
.

The campuses of Carlow, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Pittsburgh are located adjacent to each other in the Oakland neighborhood that is the city's traditional cultural center. Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university founded by

Duquesne University Tamburitzans, as well as programs in law, business, and pharmacy. Point Park University was founded in 1961 and is well known for its Conservatory of Performing Arts and its Pittsburgh Playhouse
.

Pittsburgh Public Schools teachers are paid well relative to their peers, ranking 17th in 2000 among the 100 largest cities by population for the highest minimum salary offered to teachers with a BA ($34,300).[citation needed] Pittsburgh ranked fifth in the highest maximum salary offered to teachers with an MA ($66,380).[citation needed] Local public schools include many charter and magnet schools, including City Charter High School (computer and technology focused), Pittsburgh Montessori School (formerly Homewood Montessori), Pittsburgh Gifted Center, Barack Obama Academy of International Studies 6-12, Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts 6–12, Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy, the Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children, and the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf.

Private schools in Pittsburgh include

Point Breeze neighborhood, in addition to its 6–12 middle and upper school campuses located in nearby suburban Fox Chapel. Other private institutions outside of Pittsburgh's limits include North Catholic High School and Seton-La Salle Catholic High School
.

The city also has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh's University Library System, which rank 9th-largest (public) and 18th-largest (academic) in the nation, respectively.[182]

Media

Main articles: Media in Pittsburgh, List of films shot in Pittsburgh, and List of television shows shot in Pittsburgh

Newspapers

KDKA studios at Gateway Center

There are two major daily newspapers in Pittsburgh: the

JURIST
, the world's only university-based legal news service.

Television

The Pittsburgh metro area is served by many local television and radio stations. The Pittsburgh

WPCB 40 (Cornerstone). KDKA-TV, WPCW, WINP-TV, and WPCB are network owned-and-operated stations. WEPA-CD 16 is an independent station
owned and operated by the Bruno-Goodworth Network.

Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, several National Geographic specials, and Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?[184]

Radio

There is a wide variety of

WPPJ
670 AM).

Film

Pittsburgh's 116-year-old film industry accelerated after the 2006 passage of the

Living Dead
 series.

Utilities

Further information: Allegheny County Sanitary Authority

The city is served by

Dominion Resources, Direct Energy, and Novec.[190]

Health care

See also:
List of hospitals in Pittsburgh
UPMC's flagship, UPMC Presbyterian

The two largest area health care providers are the world-renowned

U.S. News and World Report
's "Honor Roll" every year since 2000.

The first military hospital in U.S. history as well as the first west of the Atlantic Plain—General Edward Hand Hospital—served the area from 1777 to 1845.

Magee Womens Hospital in 1911. In 1954, Allegheny General (AGH) was among the first to administer Cobalt therapy.[193]

Allegheny General, the flagship of the Allegheny Health Network

In 1980, UPMC announced a $250 million ($1.05 billion today) expansion and also hired transplant pioneer Dr. Thomas Starzl.[194] In 1984, Allegheny General surgeons pioneered modern brain surgery. Dr. Starzl arranged the 1985 liver transplant of 5 year old Amie Garrison as a UPMC surgery team flew to Baylor University, starting its transplant program.[195] Also in 1985, UPMC surgeons Drs. Griffith, Hardesty, and Trento revealed a new device after a heart-lung transplant. In 1986, UPMC announced a $230 million ($639 million today) modernization. In 1996, UPMC's planned Sicily ISMETT branch was approved by the Italian government as transplant surgeons to supervise and deliver the world's third (both earlier ones done at UPMC)--and first public—cross species marrow transplant at University of California, San Francisco.[196] UPMC's Thomas Detre founded the International Society for Bipolar Disorders at a world medical conference in Pittsburgh in 1999.[197]

The $80 million ($142 million today)

Hillman Cancer Center opened in 2003 as UPMC entered into an 8-year, $420 million ($678 million today) agreement with IBM
to upgrade medical technologies & health information systems.

In 2009, the $600 million ($849 million today)

Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC opened. The campus was featured in world news in 2012 for several unique approaches to patient care.[198] UPMC officially adopted in Erie, Pennsylvania's Hamot Medical Center in 2010. The Pittsburgh Penguins announced a state of the art training facility with UPMC in 2012.[199] UPMC announced in 2013 that it had partnered with Nazarbayev University to help found its medical school.[200]

Health discoveries

UPMC has pioneered several world firsts including the first known cystic fibrosis heart-lung transplant (1983), the world's first simultaneous liver and heart transplant operation on a child (6-year-old Stormie Jones in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997),[201] the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968).[202][203]

Children's Hospital

The Lancet published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9 year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine damage to restore arm and leg muscle function was successful using robotic arms controlled via an embedded computer to translate signals near a small group of neurons with 200 needles.[204]

Transportation

At least 17 of Pittsburgh's bridges are visible in this aerial photo
Main article: Transportation in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh is a

Southside Works and Pittsburgh Technology Center. Over 2,000 bridges span the landscape of Allegheny County.[207]

Rail

Penn Station was built in 1903

Pittsburgh's rail industry dates to 1851 when the

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad entered the city in 1871. In 1865 Andrew Carnegie opened the Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works which manufactured for the industry until 1919. Carnegie also founded the Union Railroad in 1894 for heavy freight services and it still serves the area's steel industry, while George Westinghouse's Wabtec
has been a leader in rail engines and switching since 1869.

Pittsburgh is home to one of

CSX, the other major freight railroad in the eastern U.S. also has major operations
around Pittsburgh.

Pennsylvanian which use Penn Station
.

Port

The

Port of Pittsburgh ranks as the 21st-largest port in the United States with almost 34 million short tons of river cargo for 2011, the port ranked 9th-largest in the U.S. when measured in domestic trade.[208]

Expressways and highways

Expressways Other Highways
Parkway North US 19 PA 88

Parkway East & West
Truck
US 19
 PA 121
Crosstown PA 8 PA 130
Route 28 PA 50 PA 380
Route 65 PA 51 PA 837
    PA 60 PA 885
I-279

Locals refer to the interstates fanning out from

Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Belt System
serves navigation in the region.

The city announced plans to make several improvements to the expressways and highways in 2017:

  • Interstate 279/Parkway North will have emergency pull-offs and crossover areas constructed in both directions; $87.9 million project[209]
  • Interstate 376 will undergo median crossover work; $66.3 million project[209]
  • Interstate 79 will be repaved; $16.7 million project[209]
  • Route 65 will have improvements such as concrete patching, an asphalt overlay, bridge reconstruction, base repairs, drainage and guide rail updates, new signs, retaining wall repairs and pavement-marking installation; $25.3 million project[209]

Airports

Main article:
Pittsburgh metropolitan area § Airports

Pittsburgh International Airport and Arnold Palmer Regional Airport provide commercial passenger service to the metropolitan area.

Public transit

Steel Plaza subway station

Port Authority of Allegheny County, commonly known as the Port Authority, but sometimes referred to by its former nickname "PAT" or "PAT Transit", is the region's mass transit system. While serving only a portion of the Pittsburgh area (the nation's 20th largest metro area), it is the 11th largest transit agency in the nation and helped the region rank 8th on commuters that use non-car means to work, second to only Chicago in metros outside the Northeast corridor.[210] Port Authority runs a network of intracity and intercity bus routes, the Monongahela Incline funicular railway (more commonly known as an "incline") on Mount Washington, a light rail system that runs mostly above-ground in the suburbs and underground as a subway in the city, and one of the nation's largest busway systems.[211] The Duquesne Incline is operated by a non-profit preservation trust,[212]
but accepts Port Authority passes and charges Port Authority fares.

Pittsburgh, PA Public Transportation Statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Pittsburgh, PA, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min. 23% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6.3 km, while 11% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[213]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Pittsburgh

Sister cities

Pittsburgh has 25

sister cities:[214]

See also

Template:Wikipedia books

Notes

  1. Upper Hill
    .
  2. ^ The warmest daily minimum at the current observation location, Pittsburgh Int'l, is only 77 °F (25 °C) on July 23, 2010, and July 16, 1980.[60]
  3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  4. ^ Records kept September 1874 to June 1935 at the Weather Bureau Office across the Allegheny River from downtown, at Allegheny County Airport from July 1935 to 14 September 1952, and at Pittsburgh Int'l (KPIT) since 15 September 1952. Due to its river valley and urban location as well as elevation, many of the summertime warm minima temperature records set at the WBO have not even come close to being matched at KPIT, which is at-elevation and located in the western suburbs. For more information, see Threadex

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Further reading

  • Allen Dieterich-Ward, Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). viii, 347 pp.
  • Kenneth J. Kobus, City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World's Steelmaking Capital During the Carnegie Era. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.
  • Charles McCollester, The Point of Pittsburgh: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio. Pittsburgh, PA: Battle of Homestead Foundation, 2008.

External links