J. R. R. Tolkien's artwork

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Doors of Durin for The Fellowship of the Ring, with Sindarin inscription in Tengwar script, both being his inventions. Despite his best efforts, this was the only drawing, other than maps and calligraphy, in the first edition of The Lord of the Rings.[1] In early editions it was printed in black on white rather than, as here and as Tolkien wished, in white on black.[T 1]

Tolkien's artwork was a key element of his creativity from the time when he began to write fiction. The

a wide variety of materials to support his fiction, including illustrations for his Middle-earth fantasy books, facsimile artefacts, more or less "picturesque" maps, calligraphy
, and sketches and paintings from life. Some of his artworks combined several of these elements.

In his lifetime, some of his artworks were included in his novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings; others were used on the covers of different editions of these books. Posthumously, collections of his artworks have been published, and academics have begun to evaluate him as an artist as well as an author.

Early work: sketches

Ink drawing of "Quallington Carpenter", Eastbury, Berkshire, 1912[2]

Early in his life, Tolkien, taught by his mother, made many sketches and paintings from life. He drew with skill and depicted landscapes, buildings, trees, and flowers realistically. The one thing he admitted he could not draw was the human figure, where his attempts have been described as "cartoonish", as if "a different hand" was involved.

thatched roof "elaborately textured and shaded".[2]

Illustrations for his books

Tolkien's illustrations for his books consisted of drawings, paintings, artefacts, more or less "picturesque" maps, and calligraphy.[1]

The Hobbit

frontispiece of the first American edition of The Hobbit, 1938[1][T 2]
Further information: Bag End

Tolkien's illustrations contributed to the effectiveness of his writings, though much of his oeuvre remained unpublished in his lifetime. However, the first British edition of

watercolour paintings.[1]

The Lord of the Rings

The Book of Mazarbul

The first page from The Book of Mazarbul, in the form of a facsimile artefact created by Tolkien to support the story and bring readers into his fantasy. The publishers declined to include a reproduction of the artefact in the first edition of The Lord of the Rings.[1][T 3]
Further information: Cirth § Angerthas Erebor

Tolkien worked on making realistic artefacts to accompany his writing; he spent enormous effort on a

Third Age, but the text itself was English, not the Common Speech that the book's scribe would have used.[4]

The Doors of Durin

The Lord of the Rings, despite Tolkien's best efforts, appeared with only one illustration other than its maps and calligraphy. This was The Doors of Durin, in the first volume, The Fellowship of the Ring, in 1954.[1][T 6]

The

Doors of Durin were the magical stone gates forming the western entrance to Moria; they were invisible when shut, but could be made visible by moonlight, whereupon their lettering and design, worked in mithril, could be seen. That lettering in fact contained a welcome and the password, to those who could read the Feänorian script (Tengwar) and understand the Elvish language (Sindarin). Tolkien gave the design elegantly curled trees, mirroring the curls of the script.[1] The design's clean lines cost Tolkien much effort; he made numerous sketches, each one a simplification of the last, to attain the apparent simplicity of the final design.[1][5]

A Numenorean tile, such as might have been saved from the wreck of Númenor by Elendil, and taken in his ships to Middle-earth.[T 7]

He wrote to Unwin that while he was drawing it in black ink "it should of course properly appear in white line on a black background, since it represents a silver line in the darkness. How does that appeal to the Production Department?"[T 1]

The image was accompanied by a calligraphic caption in English, made to resemble "both the insular characters of Old English manuscript and the very Feänorian characters [that] it translates".[1]

The Silmarillion

Tolkien did not live to see

Elwë, and Fëanor) were used on the back cover.[T 8]

Maps

Wilderland in The Hobbit, supposedly a fair copy made by the Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, an illusion reinforced by Tolkien's own "charming hand lettering".[6]
Main article: Tolkien's maps

subcreated world of Middle-earth. The Hobbit had two maps; The Lord of the Rings had three, redrawn by his son Christopher Tolkien; The Silmarillion had two. These served multiple purposes, first as guides to the author, helping to ensure consistency in the narrative, and later to the reader through the often complex routes taken by his characters.[1][6]

Calligraphy

Tolkien's profession of

Elvish.[1]

Tolkien applied his skill in calligraphy to write the One Ring's iconic inscription, in the Black Speech of Mordor, using Tengwar. The calligraphic inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appear in The Fellowship of the Ring.[T 9]

Multiple dimensions of artistry: Tolkien used his skill in calligraphy to write the One Ring's iconic inscription, in the Black Speech of Mordor, using the Elvish Tengwar script, both of which he invented.[1][T 9]

Publication

In 1979, Tolkien's son Christopher began the process of bringing his father's artwork to the world's attention, beyond the images already published at that time on calendars, by editing Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien.[T 10] It had 48 plates, some in colour.[7]

Two major books have addressed Tolkien's artwork: Hammond and Scull's 1995 collection of his paintings,

J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator;[8] and Catherine McIlwaine's 2018 book accompanying the exhibition she curated at the Bodleian Library, Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth.[9] Hammond and Scull have also published two further collections; The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (2011)[10] and The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2015).[11]

Analysis

Influences on Tolkien's artwork identified by scholars include

dragons. The influence of Morris's book Some Hints on Pattern Designing, which Tolkien owned, appears in his designs for tiles and heraldic devices for The Silmarillion.[12]

John R. Holmes, in the

J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, states that given the struggle faced by literary critics to establish Tolkien's position as a writer, in the face of an enduringly hostile literary establishment, "the problem of evaluating Tolkien's status as a visual artist is even more daunting".[1] The Tolkien scholar Patchen Mortimer similarly comments on the "contentious debate" about him, noting that his many readers find his books and "the attendant languages, histories, maps, artwork, and apocrypha"[13] a huge accomplishment, while his critics "dismiss his work as childish, irrelevant, and worse".[13] Mortimer observes that admirers and critics treat his work as "escapist and romantic",[13] nothing to do with the 20th century. Mortimer calls this "an appalling oversight", writing that "Tolkien's project was as grand and avant-garde as those of Wagner or the Futurists, and his works are as suffused with the spirit of the age as any by Eliot, Joyce, or Hemingway".[13]

The Tolkien scholars Jeffrey J. MacLeod and Anna Smol write that as an artist, Tolkien "straddled the amateur and professional fields", something he did also in his fiction and his scholarly studies. They note that he always had pencils, paper, coloured inks, chalks, and paintboxes to hand, and that his metaphors of creativity, as in his essay On Fairy-Stories, constantly refer to colour, or as in his poem Mythopoeia, to the theme of light,[14] something that the scholar of mythology and medieval literature Verlyn Flieger calls central to the whole mythology, seen throughout The Silmarillion.[15] MacLeod and Smol write that images and text "merge" in his creative work in four ways: in drafting his tales; in shaping his descriptions of landscapes; in his explorations of the visual appearance of text, as in his invented alphabets, his calligraphy, and his "JRRT" monogram; and in his view of the relationship between illustration and fantasy. In short, they conclude, "Tolkien's art and his visual imagination should be considered an essential part of his writing and thinking."[12]

Artists inspired by Tolkien's writing

Main article: Illustrating Tolkien

Many artists and illustrators have created drawings, paintings, and book illustrations of Tolkien's Middle-earth. Tolkien was critical of some of the early attempts,[T 11] but was happy to collaborate with the illustrator Pauline Baynes who prepared the iconic map of Middle-earth.[16] Among the many artists who have worked on Middle-earth projects are John Howe, Alan Lee, and Ted Nasmith; as well as illustrating books, Howe and Lee worked as conceptual artists for Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[17]

References

Primary

  1. ^ a b Carpenter 2023, #137 to Rayner Unwin, 11 April 1953
  2. ^ a b Tolkien 1979, Figure 1
  3. ^ a b Carpenter 2023, #141 to Allen & Unwin, 9 October 1953
  4. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 5 "The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm"
  5. ^ Carpenter 2023, #139 to Rayner Unwin, 8 August 1953
  6. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 4 "A Journey in the Dark"
  7. ^ a b Tolkien 1979, Figure 46
  8. ^ Tolkien 1977, Front and back cover
  9. ^ a b Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past"
  10. ^ Tolkien 1979, Foreword
  11. ^ Carpenter 2023, #107 to Sir Stanley Unwin, 7 December 1946.

Secondary

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Holmes 2013, pp. 27–32.
  2. ^ a b c McIlwaine 2018, pp. 70–71.
  3. ^ "The Hill: Hobbiton-across-the Water". Museoteca. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  4. ^ Fimi 2010, pp. 192–194.
  5. ^ Huttar 1975, pp. 121–122.
  6. ^ a b Campbell 2013, pp. 405–408.
  7. OCLC 937613591
    . Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  8. ^ Hammond & Scull 1995.
  9. ^ McIlwaine 2018.
  10. ^ Hammond & Scull 2011.
  11. ^ Hammond & Scull 2015.
  12. ^ a b MacLeod & Smol 2017, pp. 115–131.
  13. ^ a b c d Mortimer 2005, pp. 113–129.
  14. ^ MacLeod & Smol 2008, article 10.
  15. ^ Flieger 1983, pp. 6–61, 89–90 and passim.
  16. ^ McIlwaine 2018, p. 384.
  17. ^ "76th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.

Sources

External links
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