Al-Asmaʿi
Abu Saeed ʿAbd al-Malik b. Quraib al-Aṣmaʿī Al-bahili | |
---|---|
Born | 740 |
Died | 828 Basra |
Nationality | Caliphate |
Other names | أبو سعيد عبد الملك ابن قريب الأصمعي الباهلي |
Academic background | |
Influences | Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, Abū 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' |
Academic work | |
Era | Islamic Golden Age (Abbasid era) |
Main interests | grammar, poetry, natural science, zoology |
Notable works | Asma'iyyat, Fuḥūlat al-Shu’arā’, Book of Distinction, the Book of the Wild Animals |
Al-Asmaʿi (أبو سعيد عبد الملك ابن قريب الأصمعي, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb al-Aṣmaʿī ;
The celebrated c.13th biographer
Biography
His father was Qurayb Abū Bakr from ‘Āṣim and his son was Sa’īd. He belonged to the family of the celebrated poet Abū ‘Uyaynah al-Muhallabī.[n 3][12] Al-Aṣma’ī was descended from Adnān[10] and the tribe of Bahila.[13] The governor of Basra brought him to the notice of the caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who made him tutor to his sons, Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun.[6] It was said Al-Rashid was an insomniac, and that he once held an all-night discussion with al-Asmaʿi on pre-Islamic and early Arabic poetry.[14] Al-Aṣma’ī was popular with the influential Barmakid viziers [2] and acquired wealth as a property owner in Basra.[15] Some of his protégés attained high rank as literary men.[16] Among his students was the noted musician Ishaq al-Mawsili.[17]
His ambitious aim to catalogue the complete Arabic language in its purest form, led to a period he spent roaming with desert Bedouin tribes, observing and recording their speech patterns.[5]
Rivalry between Al-Aṣma’ī and Abū ‘Ubaida
His great critic Abū ʿUbaida was a member of the Shu'ubiyya movement, a chiefly Persian cultural movement. Al-Aṣma’ī, as an Arab nationalist and champion of the Arabic language, rejected foreign linguistic and literary influences.
Al-Nadīm cites a report of Abū ‘Ubaida that al-Aṣma’ī claimed his father travelled on a horse of Salm ibn Qutaybah.[n 4] Abū ‘Ubaida had exclaimed,
- “Praise be to Allāh and thanks to Allāh, for Allāh is greater [than His creatures]. One boasting of what he does not own is like a person wearing a false robe and, by Allāh the father of al-Aṣma’ī never owned any animal other than the one inside of his robe!"
Ubaida’s reference here to al-Asma’ī’s father seems to relate to the story given by Khallikān about al-Asma’ī’s grandfather, Alī ibn Asmā, who had lost his fingers in punishment for theft.[20]
A corollary to 'Ubaida’s anecdote is related by Khallikān, that once
Shaykh Abū Sa’īd reported that Abū al-‘Abbas al-Mubarrad had said al-Aṣma’ī and Abū ‘Ubaida were equal in poetry and rhetoric, but where Abū ‘Ubaida excelled in genealogy, al-Aṣma’ī excelled in grammar – “al-Aṣma’ī, [like] a nightingale [would] charm them with his melodies”[21]
Al-Aṣma’ī died, aged 88 years[20] in Baṣra[n 5], ca. 213/828 - 217/832,[23] in the company of the blind poet and satirist Abū al-‘Aynā'.[n 6] His funeral prayers were said by his nephew and poet ‘Abd al-Raḥmān:[n 7] "To Allāh we belong and to Him we return."[n 8][26]
Works[n 9]
Al-Aṣma’ī's magnum opus Asma'iyyat, is a unique primary source of early Arabic poetry and was collected and republished in the modern era, by the German orientalist Wilhelm Ahlwardt.[27] Al-Sayyid Muʻaẓẓam Ḥusain's English translation of selected poems taken from both the Aṣma’īyyat and Mufaddaliyyat- the larger important source of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry- is available online.[28] Most other existing collections were compiled by al-Aṣma’ī's students based on the principles he taught.[2]
Of al-Aṣma’ī's prose works listed in the
- Disposition of Man or Humanity (كتاب خلق الانسان) - Kitab Khalaq al-Insan
- Categories (كتاب الاجناس)
- Al-Anwā’ (كتاب الانواء) – “Influence of the stars on the weather”[30]
- Marking with the Hamzah) (كتاب الهمز)
- Short and Long (كتاب المقصور والممدود)
- Distinction, or of Rare Animals (كتاب الفرق) - Kitab al-Farq
- Eternal Attributes [of God] (كتاب الصفات)
- Gates[n 10] (كتاب الابواب) or Merit (كتاب الاثواب)
- Al-Maysir and al-Qidāḥ[n 11] (كتاب الميسى والقداح)
- Disposition of the Horse (كتاب خلق الفرس)
- Horses (كتاب الخيل) - Kitāb al-Khail
- The Camel (كتاب الابل) - Kitāb al-Ibil
- Sheep (كتاب الشاء) - Kitāb al-Shā
- Tents and Houses (كتاب الاهبية والبيوت)
- Wild Beasts (كتاب الوحوش) - Kitab al-Wuhush
- Times (كتاب الاوقات)
- Fa‘ala wa-Af‘ala [gram.]) (كتاب فعل وافعل)
- Proverbs (كتاب الامثال)
- Antonyms (كتاب الاضداد)
- Pronunciations/Dialects (كتاب الالفاظ)
- Weapons (كتاب السلاح)
- Languages/Vernaculars (كتاب اللغات)
- Etymology (كتاب الاشتقاق)
- Rare Words (كتاب النوادر)
- Origins of Words (كتاب اصول الكلام)
- Change and Substitution [gram.] (كتاب القلب والابدال)
- The Arabian Peninsula (كتاب جزيرة العرب)
- The Utterance/Pail) (كتاب الدلو)
- Migration (كتاب الرحل)
- The Meaning of Poetry (كتاب معانى الشعر)
- Infinitive/Verbal Noun (كتاب مصادر)
- The Six Poems [n 12] (كتاب القسائد الست)
- Rajaz Poems (كتاب الاراجيز)
- Date Palm/Creed (كتاب النحلة)
- Plants and Trees (كتاب النبات والشجر)[n 13]
- The Land Tax (كتاب الخراج)
- Synonyms (كتاب ما اتفق لفظه واختلف معناه)
- The Strange in the Ḥadīth[n 14] (كتاب غريب الحديث نحو ماثتين ورقة رايتة بخط السكرى)
- The Saddle, Bridle, Halter and Horse Shoe[n 15] (كتاب السرج والنجام * والشوى والنعال)
- The Strange in the Ḥadīth-Uncultured Words (كتاب غريب الحديث والكلام الوحشى)
- Rare Forms of the Arabians/Inflections/Declensions (كتاب نوادر الاعراب)
- Waters of the Arabs (كتاب مياة العرب)
- Genealogy [n 16] (كتاب النسب)
- Vocal Sounds [n 17] (كتاب الاصوات)
- Masculine and Feminine (كتاب المذكر والمؤنث)
- The Seasons كتاب المواسم[n 18]
Contribution to Early Arabic Literature
Al-Aṣma’ī was among a group of scholars who edited and recited the
He memorised thousands of verses of rajaz poetry[21] and edited a substantial portion of the canon of Arab poets, but produced little poetry of his own. .[12] He met criticism for neglecting the ‘rare forms’ (nawādir - نوادر) and lack of care in his abridgments.[n 20]
List of Edited Poets[n 21]
- Al-Nābighah al-Dhubyānī[n 22] (whom he also abridged)
- Al-Ḥuṭay’ah[n 23]
- Al-Nābighah al-Ja‘dī[n 24]
- Labīd ibn Rabī‘ah al-‘Āmirī[n 25]
- Tamīm ibn Ubayy ibn Muqbil[n 26]
- Durayd ibn al-Ṣimmah[n 27]
- Muhalhil ibn Rabī‘ah[n 28]
- Al-A‘shā al-Kabīr, Maymūn ibn Qays, Abū Baṣīr[n 29]:[n 30]
- A‘shā Bāhilah ‘Amir ibn al-Ḥārith[n 31]
- Mutammim ibn Nuwayrah[n 32][n 33]
- Bishr ibn Abī Khāzim[n 34][n 35]
- Al-Zibraqān ibn Badr al-Tamīmī[n 36][n 37]
- Al-Mutalammis Jarīr ibn ‘Abd al-Masīḥ[n 38]
- Ḥumayd ibn Thawr al-Rājiz[n 39][n 40]
- Ḥumayd al-Arqaṭ[n 41]
- Suhaym ibn Wathīl al-Riyāḥī[n 42]
- Urwah ibn al-Ward[n 43]
- ‘Amr ibn Sha’s[n 44][n 45]
- Al-Namir ibn Tawlab[n 46][n 47]
- Ubayd Allāh ibn Qays al-Ruqayyāt [n 48][70]
- Muḍarras ibn Rib‘ī[n 49]
- Abū Ḥayyah al-Numayrī[n 50][n 51]
- Al-Kumayt ibn Ma‘rūf [n 52][100]
- Al-‘Ajjāj al-Rājaz, Abū Shāthā’ ‘Abd Allāh ibn Ru’bah.[n 53]. For his son, see Ru’bah.[108]
- Ru’bah ibn al-‘Ajjāj, called Abū Muḥammad Ru’bah ibn ‘Abd Allāh [n 54], was a contemporary of al-Aṣma’ī whose poetry al-Aṣma’ī recited.
- Jarīr ibn ‘Aṭīyah[n 55] al-Aṣma’ī was among group of editors who included Abū ‘Amr [al-Shaybānī], and Ibn al-Sikkīt.[114][115][n 56]
See also
- List of Arab scientists and scholars
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Notes
- ^ Khallikān (II, 123)
- ^ al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Muqlah, Abī ‘Abd Allāh; brother of the vizier of al-Muqtadir and al-Qāhir, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī, calligrapher[7]
- ^ Abū ibn Muḥammad ibn Abi ‘Uyaynah (late 8th -early 9th century).[11]
- ^ Salm ibn Qutaybah ibn Muslim al-Bāhilī. (d.766); governor of al-Baṣrah and later of al-Rayy during the reign of al-Manṣūr.[18][19]
- ^ Al-Nadīm and Khallikān both cite Basra, however Khallikān reports a disputed claim that he died in Merv, (now in Turkmenistan). He died either at Basra, or at Baghdad,[22][20]
- ^ Abū al-‘Aynā Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim lived at Baghdad died at al-Basrah in 895/896. [24][25]
- ^ ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Abū Muḥammad Abū al-Ḥasan, was said to have transmitted his uncle's work.[23]
- ^ Qur'ān 2:156
- ^ Cf. Flügel, Gram. Schulen, p. 78.
- ^ Prob. of Heaven; Qur’ān 38: 50)
- ^ Al-maysir was the drawing of arrows to obtain part of a slaughtered animal; see Richardson, Dictionary, p. 1542. AI-qidāḥ were arrows without heads used for fortune telling and gambling.
- BeattyMS.
- ^ botanical work identifying 276 plants or plant genus; and plants from across the Arabian Peninsula.[31]
- ^ In the hand of al-Sukkarī, about 200 folios
- ^ This title is incorrect in Flügel text and the word “halter" is badly written in Beatty MS. Perhaps al-burs, a kind of wooden camel halter.
- ^ Omitted in Beatty MS.
- ^ Omitted in Beatty MS.
- ^ Omitted in Beatty MS.
- ^ For translations of some of these ancient poems, Mufaḍḍal[32] and Abū Tammām[33]
- ^ note on various translation in Flügel and Beatty MS.[35]
- ^ Compare this list with Aṣma’ī, Fuḥālat al-Shu‘arā’.
- ^ Al-Ja‘dī, or al-Ju‘dī[45] became a Muslim and a poet of early Islam.
- ^ Abū Ka‘b; Pre-Islamic poet, became a Muslim, lived to age of about a 100 years.[51][52][53]
- ^ Tribal hero and poet, just before Islām.[54][55]
- ^ Poet, joined the Prophet late in life, died at al-Yamāmah.[58][59][60]
- ^ Almost certainly Maymūn ibn Qays, called al-Kabīr (“the elder” or "the great”)
- ^ Poet, lived just before Islām.[61][62][63][50]
- ^ Poet, became a Muslim, was deformed, lived in humiliation due to his brother’s disloyalty. Died in reign of second caliph.[64][65][66]
- ^ Only Flügel correct.
- ^ Bishr ibn Ḥāzim in Beatty MS. Tribal poet, late C6th. [67][68][69][70]
- BeattyMS has Bishr ibn Ḥāzim.
- ^ Poet and Companion of the Prophet, died 665.[71][72][73][74][70]
- ^ Omitted in Flügel.
- ^ Poet of al-Ḥīrah, late C6th.[75][76][77]
- ^ Poet lived after the Prophet, before first caliph.[78][79]
- ^ Flügel has “al-Rabbāḥī”, Beatty and Tonk MSS “al-Rājiz.”
- ^ Poet lived in caliphate of ‘Abd al-Malik (685-705). [80][81][70]
- ^ Early Islamic period poet. Beatty MS calls his father Wūthīl; Flügel adds “al-Āmilī” to his name.[82] [83][84][85]
- ^ (or Ṣu‘lūk) Pre-Islamic poet famed for charity.[86][87][88]
- ^ Pre-Islāmic poet, famously generous.[89][90][91][70]
- ^ Poet; Flügel probably correctly has Ibn Habib, meaning Muhammad ibn Ḥabīb, but Beatty and Tonk MSS have the editor Ibn Jundub
- ^ Pre-Islāmic poet, became a Muslim.[92][93]
- ^ Name correct in Flügel, garbled in Beatty and Tonk MSS.
- ^ Early poet of the Banū Asad Tribe.,[98][99] name given is Mudarris.[100]
- ^ Poet of the Numayr Tribe, lived in southern Iraq, met many caliphs. (d.800.) [101][102]
- ^ Beatty MS inserts muḥdath (“originator”), or muhaddith (“relator”) here.
- ^ Poet of a Bedouin family of poets, early period of Islam. [103][104][105]
- ^ Poet of al-Baṣrah, master of rajaz verse. Died early C8th.[106][107]
- ^ Authority on rajaz poetry and Arab folklore; lived at al-Baṣrah; died as a fugitive soon after 763. [106][109][110]
- ^ His lineage was a branch of the Tamīm Tribe; he was the famous court poet, first with caliph al-Ḥajjāj in Iraq, after with ‘Abd al-Mālik (685-705) at Damascus. He died in 728/729. [111][112][113]
- Ibn Khallikān, Biographical Dictionary, translated from the Arabic by McG. de Slane(Paris and London, 1842), vol. ii. pp. 123-127. *For his work as a grammarian, G. Flügel, Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber (Leipzig, 1862), pp. 72-80.
External links
- al-Aṣmaʿī.
- Wafayat al-Ayan The Obituaries Of Eminent Men By Ibn Khallikan, Oriental Translation Fund For Britain and Ireland.
References
- ^ Versteegh 1997, p. 110.
- ^ a b c Merriam-Webster 1995, p. 78.
- ^ Versteegh 1997, p. 25, Ar. Linguistic Trad..
- ^ Al-khateeb Shehada 2012, p. 132.
- ^ a b Chejne 1969, p. 43.
- ^ a b Carter 2004, p. 22.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 266, III.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 83, I.
- ^ a b Adamec 2009, p. 43.
- ^ a b Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 123, II.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 9, pt XVIII.
- ^ a b Dodge 1970, p. 361.
- ^ Caskel 1960, p. 921.
- ^ Ouyang 1997, p. 81.
- ^ Thatcher, p. 763.
- ^ Thatcher, p. 763, I.
- ^ Rowson, Everett K. (2012) [1998]. "Esḥāq Mawṣelī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
- ^ Ṭabarī (al-) 1960, pp. 326–27, III, II.
- ^ Ziriklī (al-) 1959, p. 168, III.
- ^ a b c Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 125, II.
- ^ a b c Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 124, II.
- ^ Adamec 2009.
- ^ a b Dodge 1970, p. 121.
- ^ Mas‘ūdī (al-) 1871, pp. 120–25, VIII.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 56, III.
- ^ Dodge 1970, p. 120.
- ^ Nasser 2012, p. 210.
- ^ Ḥusain 1938.
- ^ Van Gelder 1982, p. 2.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 126, II.
- ^ Fahd 1996, p. 814.
- ^ Mufaḍḍal (al-) 1921, Mufaḍḍalīyā.
- ^ Tammām (Abū) 1846, Al-Ḥamāsah..
- ^ Dodge 1970, p. 344.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 119–121.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 128, pt IV.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 15.1, pt VI.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 162, pt.IX.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1949, p. Index, Ma‘ani.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 70, Shi‘r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 43, pt.II.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 209,n.18, 1.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 180, Shi’r.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 312, 345, 564.
- ^ Nawawī (al-) 1847, p. 777.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 93, pt. XIV.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 137, pt.XV.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 148, Shi’r.
- ^ Nicholson 1907, p. 119.
- ^ a b c Dodge 1970, p. 345.
- ^ Ṭabarī (al-) 1901, p. 3060, Annales, I.
- ^ Ziriklī (al-) 1959, p. 71, pt. II.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 173, 345.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 470, Shi‘r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 2, pt. IX.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 64, Shi’r.
- ^ Baghdādī (al-) 1927, p. 23, Khizānat, pt.II.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 135, Shi’r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 77, pt. VIII.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 164, 166, 173, 345.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 52, pt. III.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 39, pt. XIV.
- ^ Baghdādī (al-) 1927, p. 130, Khizānat.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 66, pt. XIV.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, pp. 648–656, pt. III.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 137, 346.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 145, Shi’r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 98, pt XVI.
- ^ Aṣma’ī_(al-) 1953, p. 27, Fuḥūlat.
- ^ a b c d e Dodge 1970, p. 346.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 52, pt. II.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 166, pt. XVIII.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 174, pt. XXI.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, pp. 219, 250, Shi’r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 185, pt. XXI.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 85, Shi’r.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, pp. 618–619, III.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 98, IV.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 230, Shi’r.
- ^ Tammām (Abū) 1846, p. 335, select,816.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, pp. 242, 262, Shi’r pt.III.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 14, pt.XII.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 5, pt.XIX.
- ^ Baghdādī (al-) 1882, p. 249, Khizānat al-Adab, pt. II.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, pp. 613–614, III.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 190, pt.II.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 425, Shi’r.
- ^ Aṣma’ī_(al-) 1953, p. 21 n.8, Fuḥūlat.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 63, pt.X.
- ^ Tammām (Abū) 1846, p. 78, select.
- ^ Mas‘ūdī (al-) 1865, p. 223, IV.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 157, pt. XIX.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 173, Shi’r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 155, pt.IV.
- ^ Ṭabarī (al-) 1901, p. 812, Annales, pt.II.
- ^ Ziriklī (al-) 1959, p. 352, pt.IV.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 244, 312, 322, 328, 346.
- ^ Ziriklī (al-) 1959, p. 153, pt. VIII.
- ^ Tammām (Abū) 1846, p. 741, select, 434.
- ^ a b Dodge 1970, p. 347.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 64, XV.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 486, Shi’r.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 109, pt.XIX.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1930, pp. 35, 81, ‘Uyūn, I.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1930, p. 7, ‘Uyūn, IV.
- ^ a b Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 527, I.
- ^ Qutaybah (Ibn) 1904, p. 374, Shi’r.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 252, 348.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 84, pt. XXI.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 193, 252, 312, 348, 356.
- ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 294, I.
- ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 38, VII.
- ^ Dodge 1970, pp. 125, 209, 235, 289, 348, 349.
- ^ Dodge 1970, p. 348.
- ^ Thatcher, p. 763, Aṣmai,I.
Sources
- ISBN 9780810871601.
- Aṣma’ī (al-), Abū Sa’īd ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Qurayb (1953). Fuḥūlat al-Shu'arā'. Cairo: Al-Mūnīrīyah Press.
- Baghdādī (al-), Abd al-Qadir ibn ‘Umar (1882). Maiman, A. A. (ed.). Khizānat al-Adah wa Lubb Luhāb Lisan al-'Arab. Vol. 4. Cairo: Dār al-‘Uṣūr li-al-Ṭab‘ wa-al-Nashr.
- Baghdādī (al-), Abd al-Qadir ibn ‘Umar (1927). Maiman, A. A. (ed.). Khizānat al-Adah, Iqlīd al-Khizāna (Index). Lahore: University of the Punjab.
- Carter, M.G. (2004). ISBN 9781850436713.
- Caskel, W. (1960). "Bahila". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 1 A-B (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
- ISBN 9780816657254.
- Dodge, Bayard (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim, A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture. Vol. 1. New York & London: Columbia University Press.
- Fahd, Toufic (1996). "Botany and agriculture". In Roshdi, Rasheed (ed.). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Technology, Alchemy and Life Sciences. Vol. 3. ISBN 0415124123.
- .
- Ḥusain, al-Sayyid Muʻaẓẓam (1938). "Early Arabic Odes chosen from the selections of al-Mufaḍḍal and al-Aṣma'ī". Bulletin (University of Dacca). XIX. Delhi: Latifi Press.
- Būlāq Press.
- Iṣbahānī (1888). Kitāb al-Aghānī. Vol. 21. Leiden: Brill.
- Iṣbahānī (1900). Tables Alphabétiques. Leiden: Brill.
- Jahiz (al-), Abu 'Uthman 'Amr ibn Bahr (1955). Pellat, Charles (ed.). Kitāb al-Qawl fī al-Bighā (Le Livre des mulets). Cairo: Al-Ḥalabī Press.
- Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1843). Biographical Dictionary (Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān). Vol. I–III. Translated by de Slane, William McGuckin. Paris and London: W.H. Allen.
- Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1871). Ibn Khallikān's Biographical Dictionary (Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān). Vol. 4. London: W.H. Allen.
- Al-khateeb Shehada, Housni (2012). Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam; of Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series. Vol. 11. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 97-89-00423-4055.
- Mas‘ūdī (al-), Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn (1865). Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar/Les Prairies d'or (Ar. text with Fr. transl.) (in Arabic and French). Vol. 4. Translated by de Meynard, C. Barbier; de Courteile, Pavet. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
- Mas‘ūdī (al-), Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn (1871). Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab. Vol. 9. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature. )
- Mufaḍḍal (al-), ibn al-Ḍabbī (1885). Thorbecke, Heinrich (ed.). Die Mufaddalījāt. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
- Mufaḍḍal (al-), ibn al-Ḍabbī (1890). Shākir, Aḥmad Muḥammad; Hārūn, ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad (eds.). Al-Mufaddalīyāt. Cairo: Al-Ma’ārif Press.
- Mufaḍḍal (al-), ibn al-Ḍabbī (1921) [1918]. Lyall, Charles J. (ed.). Die Mufaddalīyāt: An Anthology of Ancient Arabian Odes (Ar. text with En. transl.). Vol. 2. Translated by Lyall, Charles J. London: Clarendon Press.
- Mufaḍḍal (al-), ibn al-Ḍabbī (1924). Bevan, A. A. (ed.). Al-Mufaddalīyāt (Index). Vol. III. London: Luzac (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial New Series).
- Nasser, Shady (2012). The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān: The Problem of Tawātur and the Emergence of Shawādhdh. ISBN 9789004241794.
- Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (The Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men)(in Arabic). Göttingen: London Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts.
- Nicholson, Reynold Aleyne (1907). A Literary History of the Arabs. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
- ISBN 9780748608973.
- Qutaybah (Ibn), Abū Muḥammad ‘Abd Allāh (1956). Kitāb al-Anwā'. Hyderabad: Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Uthmānīyah.
- Qutaybah (Ibn) (1949). Kitāb al-Ma'ānī al-Kabīr fī Abyāt al-Ma'ānī. Vol. 2. Hyderabad: Dā’irat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Uthmānīyah.
- Qutaybah (Ibn) (1850). Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). Kitāb al-Ma'ārif (Ibn Coteiba's Handbuch de Geschichte). Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht.
- Qutaybah (Ibn) (1960). ‘Ukāshah, Tharwat (ed.). Kitāb al-Ma'ārif (A new ed.). Cairo: Dār al-Kutub.
- Qutaybah (Ibn) (1904). de Goeje, Michael Jan (ed.). Kitab al-Shi'r wa-al-Shu'arā' (Liber Poësie et Poëtarum). Leiden: Brill.
- Qutaybah (Ibn) (1930) [1925]. Kitab 'Uyūn al-Akhbār. Vol. 4. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.
- Brill publishers.
- Ṭabarī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1901). de Goeje, M. J. (ed.). Ta'rīkh al-Rusul wa-al-Mulūk (Annales). Vol. 14. Leiden: Brill.
- Ṭabarī (al-) (1960). Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.). Ta'rīkh. Vol. 7. Cairo: Dār al-Ma’ārif.
- Tammām (Abū), Ḥabīb ibn Aws (1846). Rückert, Friedrich (ed.). Al-Ḥamāsah (translation of Dīwān al-Ḥamāsah). Stuttgart: Liesching.
- Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler. Aṣma'ī. Vol. 1.
- Van Gelder, G. J. H. (1982). Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem: of Studies in Arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Vol. 8. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004068544.
- ISBN 9780415157575.
- Versteegh, Kees (1977). Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking; Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics. Vol. 7. ISBN 9789004048553.
- )
- Zubaydī (al-), Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1984) [1954]. Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad (ed.). Ṭabaqāt al-Naḥwīyīn wa-al-Lughawīyīn(in Arabic). Cairo: Al-Khanjī.